American Association of People with
Disability Daily – Monday, 2 December 2013
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NATIONAL
OPINION: Treaty on Disability Rights. The
New York Times (12/1)
Re “How to Do Right by the Disabled”
(editorial, Nov. 25):
We find it inexplicable that the United
States’ ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons With
Disabilities is subject to debate. Ratification would provide the United States
with legitimacy and access to share the protections and values of the American
With Disabilities Act with other countries.
People with disabilities are entitled to
the same rights and freedoms as anyone else, to live and enjoy a full life
without discrimination. Claims that the treaty “crushes” American sovereignty
and jeopardizes parental rights simply aren’t true.
By exporting our values about people with
disabilities, we are expanding United States sovereignty. The treaty in no way
affects the rights of home-schooled children or their parents.
The role of the United States as a leader
in the field of human rights is at stake. We can only hope that the Senate will
do the right thing.
STEPHEN E. FREEMAN
New York, Nov. 26, 2013
The writer is chief executive of YAI, a
provider of programs for the disabled.
---
STATE/LOCAL
'Racist' Michigan cop who made man with
mental health condition singing and make animal noises on film is suspended.
Mail Online (11/26) by Becky Evans
A Michigan police officer has been taken
off patrol duty after admitting telling a black man with disabilities to sing
and dance.
Officers in Grosse Pointe Park will also
be made to undergo sensitivity training after the humiliating videos were made
public.
The grainy clips, apparently filmed on
cell phones, show a man making strange noises and being told to sing.
In another, a man off camera says: 'Go
ahead. Do your song - the song... drink, drink, drink'.
The clips were apparently shared among
officers and their families.
According to Steve Neavling, who first
published the videos on his Motor City Muckraker blog, African-Americans were
ordered to sing or 'dance like a chimp'.
He also published an image of a man
riding in a trailer, that an officer allegedly forwarded to others in a text
that read: 'Got to love the coloreds'.
The blog named one officer in one of the
videos as Mike Najm.
Michael Scipio, 55, from Detroit, says he
is the man filmed in the videos.
He told reporters that he is regularly
stopped by police but does not know who filmed the video.
He added: 'It made me feel like a fool.'
Greg Bowens, spokesman for Grosse Pointe
Park police, said an officer had claimed responsibility for the video but did
not name him.
Mr Neavling said on his blog that he has
seen other, even more humiliating videos of officers filming black men in the
area and that he was working on passing them to police.
The videos have caused outrage since they
were made public last week.
Minister Malik Sahazz of the Marcus
Garvey Movement, voiced his support for Mr Scipio and called on all officers
involved to be fired.
He told The Detroit News: 'What kind of
fun is it to take advantage of someone. It's humiliating.'
The police have since apologized.
Mr Bowens said: 'We all feel deeply,
deeply sorry for the video we saw on the website. This is not a true reflection
of the people of the city of Grosse Pointe Park.'
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OPINION: The debate on solitary
confinement. Los Angeles Times (12/1)
Treatment of prison inmates has finally
begun to capture the attention of California's lawmakers and public, in large
part because two lawsuits over constitutionally inadequate medical and mental
health care resulted in a federal court order to reduce the inmate population
by thousands. The Dec. 31 deadline has been pushed back to February as the
state negotiates with plaintiffs in the consolidated suits, and lawmakers and
the administration of Gov. Jerry Brown work through plans to devote more
funding to treatment and alternative sentencing for mentally ill felons. Mental
illness, and its pervasiveness among criminal offenders and inmates, has
emerged as a major focus.
So has solitary confinement. The
two-month-long inmate hunger strike at Pelican Bay State Prison brought needed
attention to the use of extended isolation throughout the state's prison
system. The United Nations' special investigator on torture, Juan Mendez, who
has petitioned the State Department for permission to visit and inspect
California prisons, told The Times' editorial board this year that the state
should provide better justification for sending inmates to isolation in secure
housing units, generally known as SHUs. Inmates currently are confined to SHUs
either for set periods, as punishment for behavior, or indefinitely, officials
say, to combat prison gangs.
Those two issues — mental illness and
solitary confinement — come together in harrowing fashion. Many California
inmates deal with some form of mental illness, which in turn can result in
behavioral problems, which in turn can get them sent to isolation. Brief
periods of separation from most human contact may be necessary for an inmate's
own well-being, but extended isolation is no treatment and can hardly be deemed
a useful disciplinary measure for a person whose behavior is a symptom of
illness.
A 1995 court ruling in the case of Madrid
vs. Gomez banned solitary confinement for mentally ill prisoners at Pelican
Bay. The federal court that is overseeing California's prisons could extend
that ban systemwide. That would be a welcome development.
But lawmakers need not rely on the court.
A joint legislative committee conducted hearings this year that exposed the
cruelty, and foolishness, of holding prisoners in solitary for prolonged
periods. As lawmakers prepare for the second half of their two-year session,
they ought to work through the various definitional challenges — What
constitutes solitary? What qualifies as mental illness? — and put forward a
bill to apply the Pelican Bay ban to all California inmates.
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INTERNATIONAL
Brazilian polio survivor who has lived 43
years in a hospital. CNN (12/2) by Shasta Darlington
Sao Paulo (CNN) -- Paulo Henrique Machado
shares pictures of some of his most cherished memories: the first time he saw
the beach, a Formula One race and a party from his childhood when all his
friends dressed as clowns.
And yet he has lived the last 43 years --
almost his entire life -- in Brazil's biggest hospital.
As an infant, he contracted polio and was
left paralyzed from the waist down. He breathes with the help of a respirator.
It was the 1970s, before vaccines
eradicated polio in Brazil, and Machado was sent to live in the polio ward with
eight other children.
"It was a wonderful time. I'll never
forget it," he said during a recent interview from his hospital bed.
"Even though most of our friends are no longer with us, I never stopped
dreaming about them."
His mother died two days after he was
born and the rest of Machado's family soon stopped visiting.
He points to a black and white picture of
a boy in a pointy hat and clown makeup curled up in a wheelchair.
Paulo has lived most of his 43 years in a
hospital
"That's Pedro," he says.
"Back then, it was him and me, we were very close. He was my friend."
Over the years many of the children died,
including Pedro.
"It was December 26, the day after
Christmas," he says. "Everything that I planned with my friend, life
didn't have the same meaning. But it made me stronger."
The children were given little chance of
surviving past the age of 10, but two people did: Machado and his lifelong
friend and roommate Eliana Zagui.
They still live together in a room tucked
inside the Intensive Care Unit of Sao Paulo's Clinicas Hospital.
"We're like brother and sister and
we look after each other," Machado says.
Zagui suffered paralysis caused by polio
when she was a baby. She has lived in the hospital for 38 years.
"I've been here since I was 1 year
and 9 months old," she tells us. "I learned to write, to paint, to use
a cell phone, a computer, things I like."
They were both encouraged to push beyond
their physical limitations.
More polio cases confirmed in Syria, WHO
says
Zagui recently wrote a book about her
experience growing up in the hospital.
She also discovered painting, patiently
dabbing at the canvas with a brush taped to a tongue depressor.
The wear and tear on her teeth meant she
had to limit herself but she hasn't stopped.
Machado trained as a computer animator
and wrote a screenplay for an animated series. With the help of crowd-funding
and a group of animators, the series is coming to life.
"They're inspirational," says
Dr. Nuno Da Silva, a physician who has worked in the ICU since 1988.
He says that when they have patients who
have been paralyzed in car accidents they take them to spend some time with
Machado and Zagui.
"They're examples to show it isn't
the end of the world," he says.
Still, they both wish they could visit,
or even live, in the outside world.
"When I turned 10, the hospital
tried to convince my relatives to take me in," says Machado. "But
that's not what happened. So we stayed here."
Machado's biggest passions are movies and
videogames, opportunities to escape his own world.
"I like to live outside my
reality," he says. "To get out of reality I play games, because in
the games I can go where I want without suffering any pain."
There was a decade of freedom when
Machado used an electric wheelchair to come and go with relative ease.
But then post-polio syndrome set in, causing
gradual weakening in muscles that were affected by the original infection.
It became impossible for him to
straighten his legs enough to sit in a wheelchair -- so travel is now only done
lying down in hospital beds.
But that hasn't stopped him. On one of
our visits he invites us to join him on an outing to a big videogame
convention.
Moving around is complicated -- he
travels in an ambulance with medical technicians paid for by donations.
Another complication: the respirator.
Machado doesn't need it 24 hours, but he feels more secure,having it just in
case.
But once inside the videogame convention,
we enter Machado's world.
He laughs with excitement as a group of
medical technicians and friends roll him around on a mobile hospital bed.
Then he tries his hand at a few games.
"You don't pay attention to anything
else around you," he says. "It's great, you just want to discover
more."
For a day, at least, the tubes, the
respirator, the hospital bed, they all fade into the background, and Machado
becomes invincible.
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CULTURE/MEDIA
Katy Perry Takes Cheerleader With Down
Syndrome to AMAs. ABC News (11/26) by Katie Kindelan
A cheerleader with Down syndrome whose
high school came in as a runner-up in the ‘Good Morning America’s ‘Roar’ With
Katy Perry Contest,” got the ultimate consolation prize by attending the
American Music Awards on Sunday with Perry herself.
Watch the ‘Roar’ Video Starring Megan
Squire
Megan Squire, 17, caught Perry’s eye
earlier this year when her high school, Verrado High School in Buckeye, Ariz.,
made Squire’s inspirational story of fulfilling her dream to become a
cheerleader the focus of their video for the “GMA” contest, which featured a
live concert by the “Roar” singer as the grand prize.
Squire’s school did not win–the honor
went to a Lakewood High School in Colorado instead–but Perry was so touched by
Squire’s story that she invited the cheerleader to attend one of her upcoming
concerts as a special guest.
“I want to bring Megan to a special event
this fall with me as my date. … It’s going to be very exciting. We are going to
get dressed up,” Perry told the teen when she announced the winner on “GMA” in October.
“I just want to celebrate her and hear her roar in person. Megan, thank you so
much. I love you. I love your spirit. You have really inspired me.”
American Music Awards 2013: Hits and
Misses on the Red Carpet
Squire’s consolation prize became an even
bigger deal when Perry instead flew Squire and her entire family — plus Clayton
Mueller, the student who directed the school’s video — from Arizona to Los
Angeles to attend the star-studded awards show as her guests.
“For someone like Katy Perry to tell her
that she’s amazing in somewhat surreal,” Squire’s mother, Kimberly, told local
ABC affiliate KNXV.
Squire’s father, Michael, agreed.
“What a fantastic honor for Megan and how
sensitive of Katy Perry,” he said in an interview with “Good Morning America.”
Squire and her family got to walk the red
carpet alongside Hollywood’s biggest stars. Squire even sat right behind Lady
Gaga to watch as Perry, wearing a geisha-inspired outfit, opened the AMAs with
her song “Unconditionally.”
---
Canine Named ‘Dog Of The Year’ For
Helping Autistic Boy. Disability Scoop (11/26) by Michelle Diament
A puppy that was once abandoned and left
for dead has now been named “Dog of the Year” for changing the life of a boy
with autism.
The pit bull who came to be known as Xena,
the Warrior Puppy, was discovered in Georgia last year severely malnourished. A
rescue group brought the pooch back to health before she was adopted by Jonny
Hickey, 8, and his family.
Xena had an instant connection with
Hickey, who has autism. Once closed-off, the dog helped the boy come out of his
shell.
“We have laughter in our home where it
used to be silent before,” Hickey’s mother Linda Hickey told NBC News.
The story of Hickey and Xena — which they
chronicle on Facebook — has been shared in 95 countries as the duo work to
raise awareness of autism and encourage kindness to animals.
Now, Xena has been named “Dog of the
Year” by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Hickey
and his family traveled to New York last week with Xena in tow to accept the
award.
“I just knew that out of all of the money
that I spent on therapy, that (Xena) standing right there in my family room was
the best therapy money could buy,” Linda Hickey said.
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EDUCATION
Boston College plans to move facility
criticized. The Boston Globe (12/2) by Michael Levenson
Parents are deeply upset that Boston
College is planning to merge a school for disabled children that has been
located on its Chestnut Hill campus for 43 years with another school located
about 3 miles away at the Franciscan Hospital for Children.
Boston College officials say they are
exploring the merger because enrollment at the Campus School has declined to 38
from 49 in 2007, and say the Kennedy Day School at the Franciscan in Brighton
has a new 20,000-square-foot facility with better amenities and programs.
But parents say they have been blindsided
by the move and believe the school’s unique culture will be lost if it is
relocated from a college campus to a hospital.
“I don’t want him to be in a hospital
setting; I want him to be in a school setting,” said Kelly Sutton, whose son,
Devon, 17, has been a student at the Campus School for 11 years. “Who sends
their kids to a hospital to go to school?”
She and other parents accuse Boston
College of betraying its moral obligation to serve young people with severe
special needs. Like other students at the Campus School, Devon uses a
wheelchair, is blind, and requires a feeding tube. But he has thrived at the
school, Kelly Sutton said, and enjoys being outside and listening to music. The
school is private, but publicly funded and has served as a training ground for
BC students who volunteer there.
“I think it’s shameful. I really do,”
Kelly Sutton said of the merger. “I think it’s the antithesis of what the
Jesuit mission is all about.”
BC officials say that consolidating the
Campus School with the Kennedy Day School will result in better services for
the students.
College officials say that, while the
Campus School is located in a crowded section of the Lynch School of Education,
the Kennedy Day School boasts a 1o-acre campus with a sensory motor room,
therapy pool, gymnasium, and adaptive communication and assistive technology in
each classroom.
“Both schools are under-capacity and face
declining enrollment as the local school districts increasingly seek to retain
their special-needs students,” BC’s interim provost, Joseph F. Quinn, wrote in
a letter to parents.
“As a result, we feel compelled to
explore the possibility of an affiliation with the goal of melding the best of
the Campus School, including our students, staff and volunteers, with the best
of the Kennedy Day School.”
Jack Dunn, a BC spokesman, said the
merger is still in the planning stages, but if it is finalized, students and
staff from the Campus School would be moved to the Kennedy Day School in fall
2014.
“The reality is, they have vastly superior
facilities,” Dunn said.
“The most important thing from our
perspective is we have limited space,” Dunn added.
Parents have started online petitions and
appealed to BC’s president, Rev. William P. Leahy, to reconsider the merger.
“The unique culture and environment of
our school is exactly why we chose BC for our children,” Kristen Morin, the
chairwoman of the Parent’s Advisory Council at the Campus School, said in a
letter to Leahy. “The [college’s] student body and their uncontrollable
enthusiasm to make a difference in the world make them a constant in our
children’s unpredictable lives. This relationship cannot be transferred or
replicated three miles away at an institution run by hospital administrators.”
Dunn said BC is trying to be responsive
to parents and hopes they will tour the Kennedy Day School.
“We understand their concerns, and
recognize that change is difficult, particularly for parents of special-needs
students,” Dunn said.
“But in light of the changing landscape
of special education, we’re asking the parents to keep an open mind.”
Michael Levenson can be reached at
mlevenson@globe.com. Follow him on Twitter @mlevenson.
---
Deaf student at WSU College of Veterinary
Medicine changes professor’s teaching. KLEWTV (11/26) by Rachel Dubrovin
PULLMAN, WA - Kimi Ross is just one of
many animal lovers at Washington State University's College of Veterinary
Medicine, but she's a little different than the rest.
Palouse Reporter Rachel Dubrovin
introduces us to the first deaf student to attend the veterinary school, and explains
the impact she's having.
"What do I like about working with
animals?" said WSU Veterinary Student Kimi Ross. " They don't talk
back."
Kimi Ross is a second-year student at
Washington State University's College of Veterinary Medicine. She said her
primary interests are sheep and goats.
"Animals for the most part are very
forgiving," said Ross. They're sometimes easier to work with than people."
Ross is also the first deaf student to attend
veterinary school at WSU.
"If I'm standing right next to
Paris, or CV or somebody, I can usually hear them if they vocalize, if I'm
standing right there," said Ross. "I can usually hear cows that are
on the other end of the barn here."
Her instructors said working with a deaf
student led to some changes in their teaching.
"It makes you think harder about
what you do, and how you do it, because you realize that not everything that
you do, or have done for the last 24 years, is accessible to Kimi," said
WSU College of Veterinary Medicine Professor Steve Himes. "And so you have
to think ahead a little harder, you have to think a little bit more about why
you do some things."
"Kind of slowing down, and checking
in has made me I guess be a little bit of a better teacher," said WSU
College of Veterinary Medicine Resident, Melissa Ackerman. "Not only with
Kimi, but with everybody."
And Ross said she's received nothing but
support since she arrived on campus.
"It's been a really good experience
for me," said Ross. "And I was very, very surprised. It wasn't what I
expected, at all. In a positive way."
Ross plans on graduating in 2016. She
said she'll go back home to Alaska, where she'll bring her veterinary services
to rural areas that wouldn't otherwise have access to it.
"I do like working with animals, but
the main reason I decided to become a vet was because I was interested in
serving people," said Ross.
Ross said she has an amplified
stethoscope that allows her to hear heart sounds, but she can't hear the
animals breathing. She said she's learning to tell an animal's symptoms based
on touch.
---
HEALTH
How Autistic Girls Are Being
Shortchanged. Huffington Post (11/26) by Catherine Pearson
Suzanne Amara's daughter, Janey, was 3
years old when she was diagnosed with autism.
These days, no one would mistake that her
daughter has the neuro-developmental disorder, Amara said. Janey, who is now 9,
is nonverbal and has what is considered severe autism. But there were signs
early on that Amara believes she may have overlooked simply because of her
daughter's sex.
"There might've been things she was
demonstrating that I didn't see because she was a girl," said the mother
of three, who writes the blog Rarer In Girls ... My Daughter With Autism.
"Maybe, I sort of comforted myself
with thinking, 'Well, she's not autistic, because she's a girl,'" Amara
said.
According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, autism spectrum disorders, or ASDs, are five times more
common among boys than girls. One in 54 boys in the U.S. has been diagnosed
with autism, compared to just 1 in 252 girls. But a growing body of research
hints that the significant sex-based differences in autism diagnoses are a
result not just of biological differences, but of a failure to recognize ASD in
girls.
One study, published in the November
edition of the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent
Psychiatry, analyzed data from more than 3,600 children, many of whom were
considered to exhibit autism-like traits, according to a checklist scoring
various social behaviors.
The children were then given two tests.
In one, they were shown photos of other children and asked to identify whether
those kids were happy, sad, angry or fearful. In a second, they were shown an
animated triangle and circle that moved across a screen and asked to describe
what the movement revealed about the shapes' "emotions." A triangle
moving in a purposeful manner, for example, was meant to evoke a happy feeling.
Both girls and boys with autism-like
traits struggled to identify the correct emotions in the triangle task, and
boys with autism-like traits also struggled with the facial recognition task.
However, girls with autism-like traits
were able to recognize emotions from photos just as well as girls without
autism did. Because many experts believe failure to recognize facial
expressions is one of the more direct signs of autism, the researchers argue
that doctors may need to use more subtle assessments to accurately diagnose the
disorder in girls.
"If girls with ASD are developing
strategies to compensate for ASD like traits (such as [difficulty with] emotion
recognition), then it is possible that they are less likely to be
diagnosed," study researcher Radha Kothari, a research associate with
University College London's Institute of Child Health, wrote in an email to
HuffPost.
"Much of the research conducted on
autism, which goes on to define our idea of the disorder, is conducted on males
rather than females," Kothari wrote, adding, "This creates a cyclical
system, in which our understanding of ASD is mainly based upon presentation of
it in males, which means that more males are likely to be diagnosed."
"It's likely that we are missing
girls who are high-functioning and don't have additional co-morbid
problems," echoed Francesca Happe, a professor of cognitive neuroscience
at King's College London and president of the International Society for Autism
Research.
Happe cautioned against overstating the
new study's potential implications but called it interesting. In February 2012,
she was an author on another autism investigation, which found that girls who
had similarly high levels of autism-like traits as their male counterparts, but
who did not have additional intellectual or behavior problems, were less likely
to meet diagnostic criteria. Those results suggested the girls might be
"fly[ing] under the radar," Happe said.
With so much about autism still a mystery
and so many questions about its causes unanswered, experts warn that it is
difficult to tell whether sex-based differences in autism rates are a
reflection of biology, under-diagnosis or both. Evidence does suggest there is
a "female protective effect." In other words, it may take more genetic
or environmental risk factors to "tip [girls'] brain development into the
realm of autism," as the nonprofit Autism Speak's website puts it.
Whatever the reasons, parents of girls
with autism, like Amara, say the experience can be a lonely one. "I've
thought, 'Are there no other girls like Janey?'" she said. Amara has
connected with families in similar situations online, but day-to-day she and
Janey have never encountered another girl with similarly severe autism.
"It's pretty isolating," Amara
said. "It's almost all parents of boys."
---
OPINION: Scary new statistics about ADHD.
The Boston Globe (12/2) by Dr. Claire McCarthy
Adapted from the MD Mama blog on
Boston.com.
More than 1 in 10 children in the United
States haveADHD.
That’s astounding — and frightening.
New statistics from the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention show that 11 percent of children ages 4 to 17 in
the United States have been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder, or ADHD — an increase of 41 percent since 2003, when 7.8 percent were
diagnosed.
Some of that rise is because of a greater
awareness of ADHD; therefore it is diagnosed more. But some of that growth
represents a real increase.
The majority of kids with ADHD (69
percent) are taking medications. While it’s good that they are getting
treatment, a study earlier this year showed that taking medications doesn’t
necessarily help kids academically. Behavioral therapy can make a difference,
especially when kids get to learn life skills to manage their ADHD, but not
everybody gets therapy or life skills training.
And life skills are what they need,
because ADHD is not just a condition of childhood. Another study published this
year showed that it often persists into adulthood, and people who had ADHD as
children were more likely to suffer from other problems such as alcohol or drug
abuse, anxiety, depression, or other mental health problems. They are also more
likely to try to commit suicide.
I guess that’s what’s freaking me out
about these statistics. This isn’t just about a few more active and distracted
kids who struggle in school and with friendships and with keeping out of
trouble. This is about the adults those kids will grow into — adults who are
likely to struggle in many ways too, and whose struggles are likely to affect
those around them in just as many ways.
In families, it puts stress on parents
and marriages and siblings. It plays out in classrooms, too: These numbers
translate into at least two kids withADHD in every classroom, which can affect
everyone’s learning. It costs our health care and educational system millions
of dollars. Adults with ADHD can end up needing resources to help them, and
those resources cost money too. The ripple effects of 11 percent of children having
ADHD could be staggering.
It’s becoming clear that ADHD is a public
health problem — like obesity or heart disease or HIV. We will never succeed in
tackling it if we don’t start thinking of it that way, and give it real
attention, thought, and resources. But unlike with other public health
problems, we don’t really understand all of the causes of ADHD or the best way
to treat it. Which makes fighting it hard.
We need to take this problem as seriously
as we’ve taken cancer or asthma or influenza. This isn’t a problem of a few
badly behaving kids; this is much bigger and more dangerous. We need to find
better ways to prevent and treat it.
There are lives that need saving. Let’s
not wait any longer. Let’s get started.
Read more of this blog at
www.boston.com/mdmama.
---
SPORTS
VIDEO: The Gallaudet Way. ESPN (11/21)
http://espn.go.com/video/clip?id=espn:10012460
There isn't a college anywhere quite like
Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. The school, exclusively for the deaf
and hard of hearing, finished with an unprecedented 9-1 record to clinch its
first conference title in school history.
---
Sochi 2014 set for largest winter
Paralympic audience. SportBusiness (11/27)
Sochi 2014 set for largest winter
Paralympic audience
Date: 27 NOVEMBER 2013
The International Paralympic Committee
has said that it expects the 2014 Paralympic winter Games to set record levels
of global broadcasting reach when it is staged in Sochi, Russia next year.
The IPC said it is confident of a
cumulative television audience in excess of the 1.6 billion recorded by
Vancouver’s 2010 Games.
Sochi 2014 already has deals in place
with US network NBC, UK commercial broadcaster Channel 4 and the European
Broadcasting Union consortium of public-service broadcasters.
The IPC says it expects to announce
further deals shortly.
Sir Philip Craven, IPC president, said:
“The deal we announced this year with NBC in the USA is huge as it opens up the
Games to millions of new viewers who will be able to watch the Paralympics for
the very first time.
“All the deals we have announced, and are
on the verge of announcing, are also for more hours. In 2014 people will have
more chance to see the Games around the world and will be able to watch far
more too. The signs are that more people than ever before will watch the
Paralympic Winter Games in Sochi next March.”
The London 2012 Paralympic summer Games
attracted a cumulative television audience of 3.8 billion in more than 115
countries.
Athletes from 45 countries will compete
across five sporting disciplines in Sochi, Russia from March 7-16.
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