Torah Reading: Va'eira (Exodus 6:
2 God spoke to Moshe; he said to him, “I am Adonai. 3 I appeared to Avraham, Yitz’chak and Ya‘akov as El Shaddai, although I did not make myself known to them by my name, Yud-Heh-Vav-Heh [Adonai]. 4 Also with them I established my covenant to give them the land of Kena‘an, the land where they wandered about and lived as foreigners. 5 Moreover, I have heard the groaning of the people of Isra’el, whom the Egyptians are keeping in slavery; and I have remembered my covenant.
6 “Therefore, say to the people of Isra’el: ‘I am Adonai. I will free you from the forced labor of the Egyptians, rescue you from their oppression, and redeem you with an outstretched arm and with great judgments. 7 I will take you as my people, and I will be your God. Then you will know that I am Adonai your God, who freed you from the forced labor of the Egyptians. 8 I will bring you into the land which I swore to give to Avraham, Yitz’chak and Ya‘akov — I will give it to you as your inheritance. I am Adonai.’”
9 Moshe said this to the people of Isra’el. But they wouldn’t listen to him, because they were so discouraged, and their slavery was so cruel.
10 Adonai said to Moshe, 11 “Go in; and tell Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to let the people of Isra’el leave his land.” 12 Moshe said to Adonai, “Look, the people of Isra’el haven’t listened to me; so how will Pharaoh listen to me, poor speaker that I am?” 13 But Adonai spoke to Moshe and Aharon and gave them orders concerning both the people of Isra’el and Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to bring the people of Isra’el out of the land of Egypt.
)• Sicilian Jews Forced to Wear Jewish Badges (1369)
On December 25, 1369 (5129), King Frederick III of Sicily ordered all Jews to wear a badge indicating their heritage. The badge consisted of a piece of red material, not smaller than the largest royal seal; men were required to wear it under the chin, and women on the chest.
Daily Quote:
What is an Alef? A dot above, a dot below, and a line in-between... The Alef of Torah is the 'Yud' above (G-d), a 'yud' below (the Jew), and a line of faith that joins them[Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi]
Daily Study:
Chitas and Rambam for today:
Chumash: Va'eira, 5th Portion Exodus 8:7-8:18 with Rashi
• English / Hebrew Linear Translation | Video Class• Exodus Chapter 8
7And the frogs will depart from you and from your houses and from your servants and from your people; only in the Nile will they remain." זוְסָר֣וּ הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִ֗ים מִמְּךָ֙ וּמִבָּ֣תֶּ֔יךָ וּמֵֽעֲבָדֶ֖יךָ וּמֵֽעַמֶּ֑ךָ רַ֥ק בַּיְאֹ֖ר תִּשָּׁאַֽרְנָה:
8And Moses and Aaron went away from Pharaoh, and Moses cried out to the Lord concerning the frogs that He had brought upon Pharaoh. חוַיֵּצֵ֥א משֶׁ֛ה וְאַֽהֲרֹ֖ן מֵעִ֣ם פַּרְעֹ֑ה וַיִּצְעַ֤ק משֶׁה֙ אֶל־יְהֹוָ֔ה עַל־דְּבַ֥ר הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִ֖ים אֲשֶׁר־שָׂ֥ם לְפַרְעֹֽה:
And Moses and Aaron went away from Pharaoh, and Moses cried out:immediately that they be destroyed on the morrow. ויצא ויצעק: מיד שיכרתו למחר:
9And the Lord did according to Moses' word, and the frogs died from the houses, from the courtyards, and from the fields. טוַיַּ֥עַשׂ יְהֹוָ֖ה כִּדְבַ֣ר משֶׁ֑ה וַיָּמֻ֨תוּ֙ הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִ֔ים מִן־הַבָּתִּ֥ים מִן־הַֽחֲצֵרֹ֖ת וּמִן־הַשָּׂדֹֽת:
10They gathered them into many heaps, and the land stank. יוַיִּצְבְּר֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם חֳמָרִ֣ם חֳמָרִ֑ם וַתִּבְאַ֖שׁ הָאָֽרֶץ:
many heaps: Heb. חֳמָרִם חֳמָרִם, many piles, as the Targum [Onkelos] renders: דְּגוֹרִין, heaps. חמרם חמרם: צבורים צבורים כתרגומו דגורין גלין:
11When Pharaoh saw that there was relief, he hardened his heart, and he did not hearken to them, as the Lord had spoken. יאוַיַּ֣רְא פַּרְעֹ֗ה כִּ֤י הָֽיְתָה֙ הָֽרְוָחָ֔ה וְהַכְבֵּד֙ אֶת־לִבּ֔וֹ וְלֹ֥א שָׁמַ֖ע אֲלֵהֶ֑ם כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהֹוָֽה:
he hardened his heart: Heb. וְהַכְבֵּד. It is the infinitive form, like “continually traveling” (הָלוֹ וְנָסוֹעַ) (Gen. 12:9); “and similarly, and slew (וְהַכּוֹת) the Moabites” (II Kings 3:24); “and by inquiring (וְשָׁאוֹל) of God on his behalf” (I Sam. 22:13); “striking and wounding (הכֵּה וּפָצֹעַ)” (I Kings 20:37). והכבד את לבו: לשון פעול הוא, כמו (בראשית יב ט) הלוך ונסוע, וכן (מלכים ב' ג כד) והכות את מואב, (שמואל א' כב יג) ושאול לו בא-להים, (מלכים א' כ לז) הכה ופצוע:
as the Lord had spoken: Now at what point did He speak? “But Pharaoh will not hearken to you” (Exod. 7:4). כאשר דבר ה': והיכן דבר (שמות ז ד) ולא ישמע אליכם פרעה:
12The Lord said to Moses, "Say to Aaron, 'Stretch forth your staff and strike the dust of the earth, and it shall become lice throughout the entire land of Egypt.' " יבוַיֹּ֣אמֶר יְהֹוָה֘ אֶל־משֶׁה֒ אֱמֹר֙ אֶל־אַֽהֲרֹ֔ן נְטֵ֣ה אֶת־מַטְּךָ֔ וְהַ֖ךְ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֑רֶץ וְהָיָ֥ה לְכִנִּ֖ם בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם:
Say to Aaron: It was inappropriate for the dust to be smitten through Moses since it had protected him when he slew the Egyptian and had hidden him in the sand. [Therefore,] it was smitten through Aaron [instead]. — [from Tanchuma, Va’era 14, Exod. Rabbah 10:7] אמר אל אהרן: לא היה העפר כדאי ללקות על ידי משה לפי שהגין עליו כשהרג את המצרי ויטמנהו בחול ולקה על ידי אהרן:
13They did so, and Aaron stretched forth his hand with his staff and struck the dust of the earth, and the lice were upon man and beast; all the dust of the earth became lice throughout the entire land of Egypt. יגוַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵ֗ן וַיֵּט֩ אַֽהֲרֹ֨ן אֶת־יָד֤וֹ בְמַטֵּ֨הוּ֙ וַיַּךְ֙ אֶת־עֲפַ֣ר הָאָ֔רֶץ וַתְּהִי֙ הַכִּנָּ֔ם בָּֽאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה כָּל־עֲפַ֥ר הָאָ֛רֶץ הָיָ֥ה כִנִּ֖ים בְּכָל־אֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם:
and the lice were: The swarming, pedoiliee in Old French, the swarming of lice. [This accounts for the singular verb form.] ותהי הכנם: הרחישה דולייר"א בלעז [רחישת כינים]:
14And the necromancers did likewise with their secret rites to bring out the lice, but they could not, and the lice were upon man and beast. ידוַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵ֨ן הַֽחַרְטֻמִּ֧ים בְּלָֽטֵיהֶ֛ם לְהוֹצִ֥יא אֶת־הַכִּנִּ֖ים וְלֹ֣א יָכֹ֑לוּ וַתְּהִי֙ הַכִּנָּ֔ם בָּֽאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָֽה:
to bring out the lice: To create them (another version: to bring them out) from someplace else. להוציא את הכנים: לבראותם ממקום אחר:
but they could not: Because a demon has no power over a creature smaller than a barleycorn. — [from Sanh. 67b, Tanchuma, Va’era 14, Exod. Rabbah 10:7] ולא יכלו: שאין השד שולט על בריה פחותה מכשעורה:
15So the necromancers said to Pharaoh, "It is the finger of God," but Pharaoh's heart remained steadfast, and he did not hearken to them, as the Lord had spoken. טווַיֹּֽאמְר֤וּ הַֽחַרְטֻמִּם֙ אֶל־פַּרְעֹ֔ה אֶצְבַּ֥ע אֱלֹהִ֖ים הִ֑וא וַיֶּֽחֱזַ֤ק לֵֽב־פַּרְעֹה֙ וְלֹא־שָׁמַ֣ע אֲלֵהֶ֔ם כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהֹוָֽה:
It is the finger of God: This plague is not through sorcery; it is from the Omnipresent. — [from Exod. Rabbah 10:7] אצבע א-להים הוא: מכה זו אינה על ידי כשפים, מאת המקום :
as the Lord had spoken: “But Pharaoh will not hearken to you” (Exod. 7:4). כאשר דבר ה': . (ולא ישמע אליכם פרעה (ז ד
16And the Lord said to Moses, "Arise early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh, behold, he is going out to the water, and you shall say to him, 'So said the Lord, "Let My people go out and serve Me. טזוַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהֹוָ֜ה אֶל־משֶׁ֗ה הַשְׁכֵּ֤ם בַּבֹּ֨קֶר֙ וְהִתְיַצֵּב֙ לִפְנֵ֣י פַרְעֹ֔ה הִנֵּ֖ה יוֹצֵ֣א הַמָּ֑יְמָה וְאָֽמַרְתָּ֣ אֵלָ֗יו כֹּ֚ה אָמַ֣ר יְהֹוָ֔ה שַׁלַּ֥ח עַמִּ֖י וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי:
17For if you do not let My people go, behold, I will incite against you and against your servants and against your people and in your houses a mixture of noxious creatures, and the houses of Egypt will be filled with the mixture of noxious creatures, as well as the land upon which they are. יזכִּ֣י אִם־אֵֽינְךָ֘ מְשַׁלֵּ֣חַ אֶת־עַמִּי֒ הִנְנִי֩ מַשְׁלִ֨יחַ בְּךָ֜ וּבַֽעֲבָדֶ֧יךָ וּבְעַמְּךָ֛ וּבְבָתֶּ֖יךָ אֶת־הֶֽעָרֹ֑ב וּמָ֨לְא֜וּ בָּתֵּ֤י מִצְרַ֨יִם֙ אֶת־הֶ֣עָרֹ֔ב וְגַ֥ם הָֽאֲדָמָ֖ה אֲשֶׁר־הֵ֥ם עָלֶֽיהָ:
incite against you: Heb. מַשְׁלִיחַ בְּ, incite against you. Similarly, “and the tooth of beasts I will incite (אִשַׁלַּח) against them” (Deut. 32:24), an expression of inciting, antiziyer in Old French, to incite, to set upon. — [from Jonathan] משליח בך: מגרה בך, וכן (דברים לב כד) ושן בהמות אשלח בם, לשון שסוי אינציטי"ר בלעז [לשסות]:
a mixture of noxious creatures: [which includes] all species of wild beasts, snakes, and scorpions in a mixture, and they were destroying among them [i.e., among the Egyptians]. There is a reason [given] for this matter in the Aggadah, [i.e.,] for each plague, why this one and why that one. Following a king’s war strategy did He come upon them [the Egyptians], according to the order of a kingdom when it besieges a city. First they [the King’s army] destroy its [the city’s] springs, and then they blow and sound rams’ horns to frighten them and confuse them; thus did the frogs croak and make noise, etc., as is stated in the Midrash of Rabbi Tanchuma (Bo 4). את הערב: כל מיני חיות רעות ונחשים ועקרבים בערבוביא והיו משחיתים בהם. ויש טעם בדבר באגדה בכל מכה ומכה למה זו ולמה זו. בטכסיסי מלחמות מלכים בא עליהם, כסדר מלכות כשצרה על עיר, בתחלה מקלקל מעיינותיה, ואחר כך תוקעין עליהם ומריעין בשופרות ליראם ולבהלם, וכן הצפרדעים מקרקרים והומים וכו'. כדאיתא במדרש רבי תנחומא:
18And I will separate on that day the land of Goshen, upon which My people stand, that there will be no mixture of noxious creatures there, in order that you know that I am the Lord in the midst of the earth. יחוְהִפְלֵיתִי֩ בַיּ֨וֹם הַה֜וּא אֶת־אֶ֣רֶץ גּ֗שֶׁן אֲשֶׁ֤ר עַמִּי֙ עֹמֵ֣ד עָלֶ֔יהָ לְבִלְתִּ֥י הֱיֽוֹת־שָׁ֖ם עָרֹ֑ב לְמַ֣עַן תֵּדַ֔ע כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהֹוָ֖ה בְּקֶ֥רֶב הָאָֽרֶץ:
And I will separate: Heb. וְהִפְלֵיתִי, and I will set apart. Similarly, “And the Lord will set apart (וְהִפְלָה) ” (Exod. 9:4), and similarly, “it is not separated (נִפְלֵאת) from you” (Deut. 30:11); it is [not] set apart and separated from you. — [from Onkelos] והפליתי: והפרשתי, וכן (שמות ט ד) והפלה ה', וכן (דברים ל יא) לא נפלאת היא ממך. לא מובדלת ומופרשת היא ממך:
in order that you know that I am the Lord in the midst of the earth:Although My Shechinah is in heaven, My decree is fulfilled in the lower worlds. — [from Onkelos] למען תדע כי אני ה' בקרב הארץ: אף על פי ששכינתי בשמים גזרתי מתקיימת בתחתונים:
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Daily Tehillim: Chapter 119, Verses 97-176
• Hebrew text
• English text
• Verses 97-176
97. O how I love Your Torah! All day it is my discussion.
98. Your commandments make me wiser than my enemies, for they are ever with me.
99. From all my teachers I have gained wisdom, for Your testimonies are my discussion.
100. I will be more perceptive than elders, because I have guarded Your precepts.
101. I have restrained my feet from every evil path, that I might keep Your word.
102. I have not turned away from Your judgments, for You have instructed me.
103. How sweet are Your words to my palate, [sweeter] than honey to my mouth!
104. From Your precepts I gain understanding, therefore I hate every path of falsehood.
105. Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path.
106. I have sworn-and I will fulfill it-to keep Your righteous judgments.
107. I am afflicted to the extreme; grant me life, O Lord, according to Your promise.
108. Accept with favor, O Lord, the offerings of my lips, and teach me Your laws.
109. My soul is in danger always, yet I have not forgotten Your Torah.
110. The wicked laid a snare for me, yet I have not strayed from Your precepts.
111. I have taken Your testimonies as an eternal heritage, for they are the joy of my heart.
112. I have inclined my heart to perform Your statutes, forever, to the last.
113. I despise vain thoughts, but I love Your Torah.
114. You are my refuge and my shield; I place hope in Your promise.
115. Turn away from me, you evildoers, and I will keep the commandments of my God.
116. Support me according to Your promise, and I will live; let me not be shamed because of my hope.
117. Sustain me, and I will be saved, and I will be engrossed in Your statutes always.
118. You trample all who stray from Your statutes, for their ploy is a lie.
119. You have purged all the wicked of the earth like dross, therefore I love Your testimonies.
120. My flesh bristles from fear of You, and I am in awe of Your judgments.
121. I practiced justice and righteousness; leave me not to my oppressors.
122. Guarantee Your servant goodness; let not the wicked exploit me.
123. My eyes long for Your salvation, and for the word of Your righteousness.
124. Treat Your servant according to Your kindness, and teach me Your statutes.
125. I am Your servant; grant me understanding, that I may know Your testimonies.
126. It is time to act for the Lord; they have abrogated Your Torah.
127. Therefore I love Your commandments more than gold, even fine gold.
128. Therefore I affirmed all Your precepts; I have hated every path of falsehood.
129. Your testimonies are wondrous, therefore does my soul guard them.
130. Your opening words illuminate, enlightening the simple.
131. I opened my mouth and swallowed, because I craved Your commandments.
132. Turn to me and favor me, as is [Your] law for those who love Your Name.
133. Set my steps in Your word, and let no iniquity rule over me.
134. Deliver me from the oppression of man, and I will keep Your precepts.
135. Let Your face shine upon Your servant, and teach me Your statutes.
136. My eyes shed streams of water, because they do not keep Your Torah.
137. Righteous are you, O Lord, and Your judgments are upright.
138. You commanded Your testimonies in righteousness and great faithfulness.
139. My zeal consumes me, because my enemies have forgotten Your words.
140. Your word is very pure, and Your servant cherishes it.
141. I am young and despised, yet I do not forget Your precepts.
142. Your righteousness is an everlasting righteousness, and Your Torah is truth.
143. Trouble and anguish have taken hold of me, yet Your commandments are my delight.
144. Your testimonies are righteous forever; give me understanding, that I may live.
145. I call out with all my heart; answer me, O Lord; I will keep Your statutes.
146. I call out to You; save me, and I will observe Your testimonies.
147. I rose before dawn and cried out; my hope is in Your word.
148. My eyes preceded the night watches, that I may discuss Your word.
149. Hear my voice in keeping with Your kindness; O Lord, grant me life as is Your practice.
150. Those who pursue mischief draw near; they are far from Your Torah.
151. You are near, O Lord, and all Your commandments are truth.
152. From the beginning I discerned from Your testimonies that You had established them forever.
153. Behold my affliction and deliver me, for I have not forgotten Your Torah.
154. Wage my battle and redeem me; grant me life for the sake of Your word.
155. Salvation is far from the wicked, for they seek not Your statutes.
156. Your mercies are great, O Lord; grant me life as is Your practice.
157. My pursuers and my enemies are many, yet I did not turn away from Your testimonies.
158. I saw traitors and I quarreled with them, because they do not keep Your words.
159. Behold how I love Your precepts; grant me life, O Lord, according to Your kindness.
160. The beginning of Your word is truth, and forever are all Your righteous judgements.
161. Princes have pursued me without cause, but it is Your word my heart fears.
162. I rejoice at Your word, like one who finds abundant spoil.
163. I hate falsehood and abhor it, but Your Torah I love.
164. Seven times a day I praise You, because of Your righteous judgments.
165. There is abundant peace for those who love Your Torah, and there is no stumbling for them.
166. I hoped for Your salvation, O Lord, and I performed Your commandments.
167. My soul has kept Your testimonies, and I love them intensely.
168. I have kept Your precepts and Your testimonies, for all my ways are before You
169. Let my prayer approach Your presence, O Lord; grant me understanding according to Your word.
170. Let my supplication come before You; save me according to Your promise.
171. My lips will utter praise, for You have taught me Your statutes.
172. My tongue will echo Your word, for all Your commandments are just.
173. Let Your hand be ready to help me, for I have chosen Your precepts.
174. I long for Your salvation, O Lord, and Your Torah is my delight.
175. Let my soul live, and it will praise You, and let Your judgment help me.
176. I have gone astray like a lost sheep; seek out Your servant, for I have not forgotten Your commandments.
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Tanya: Likutei Amarim, beginning of Chapter 14
• Lessons in Tanya• English Text
Tanya: Likutei Amarim, beginning of Chapter 14
• Lessons in Tanya• English Text
• Hebrew Text
• Audio Class: Listen | Download
• Video Class• Thursday, Tevet 26, 5776 · January 7, 2016
• Audio Class: Listen | Download
• Video Class• Thursday, Tevet 26, 5776 · January 7, 2016
Today's Tanya Lesson
Likutei Amarim, beginning of Chapter 14
In previous chapters the Alter Rebbe explained that though the Beinoni is unsullied by sin in thought, speech or action, the internal evil of his animal soul remains strong enough to desire evil. That these desires do not find any practical expression is due only to the divine soul’s restraining them, with the aid given it by the Almighty. The Alter Rebbe now continues:
והנה מדת הבינוני היא מדת כל אדם ואחריה כל אדם ימשוך
Now, the rank of Beinoni is one that is attainable by every man; each person should strive after it if he has not yet attained it, and should not think it beyond his reach,
שכל אדם יכול להיות בינוני בכל עת ובכל שעה
for every person can, at any time or hour, be a Beinoni,
כי הבינוני אינו מואס ברע
because a Beinoni does not abhor evil; unlike the tzaddik, he does not find worldly pleasures revolting and loathsome.
שזהו דבר המסור ללב
For this is a matter entrusted to the heart, and as explained earlier, the Beinoni has yet to conquer [the evil in] his heart; consequently, he does not loathe evil.
ולא כל העתים שוות
Also, not all times are alike.
There are times — such as during prayer — when one’s heart is open and receptive; at such time he may evoke a loathing towards evil. At other times the heart may be “blocked” and spiritually insensitive, and one is incapable of loathing evil.
Inasmuch as the Beinoni’s attitude towards evil varies, while his status of Beinoni remains constant, it is understood that loathing evil is not the measure of the Beinoni.
אלא סור מרע ועשה טוב דהיינו בפועל ממש במעשה דבור ומחשבה
Rather, the task of the Beinoni is only to “turn away from evil and do good,” in actual practice — in deed, speech and thought.
שבהם הבחירה והיכולת והרשות נתונה לכל אדם
In these matters, as opposed to “matters of the heart,” every man is given the choice, ability and freedom
לעשות ולדבר ולחשוב גם מה שהוא נגד תאות לבו והפכה ממש
to act, speak and think even that which is contrary to the desire of his heart and diametrically opposed to it.
כי גם בשעה שהלב חומד ומתאוה איזו תאוה גשמיית בהיתר, או באיסור חס ושלום
For even when one’s heart craves and desires a material pleasure, whether permitted, in which case it is only the lustful nature of the desire that is evil (instead of desiring the pleasure “for the sake of heaven,” as he should, he seeks self-gratification), or whether, G‑d forbid, he desires that which is forbidden, and the desire is intrinsically evil; whatever sort of craving it is —
יכול להתגבר ולהסיח דעתו ממנה לגמרי, באמרו ללבו
he can conquer [this desire] and divert his attention from it altogether, by declaring to himself (“saying to his heart”) [as follows]:
אינני רוצה להיות רשע אפילו שעה אחת
“I do not want to be a rasha — in succumbing to the blandishments of the animal soul — even for a moment,
כי אינני רוצה להיות מובדל ונפרד חס ושלום מה׳ אחד בשום אופן, כדכתיב: עונותיכם מבדילים וגו׳
because under no circumstances do I want to be parted and severed, heaven forbid, from the One G‑d; as is written,1 “Your iniquities separate. [you from G‑d].”
By reflecting that sin separates one from G‑d, one will conclude that he does not wish to be a rasha, since he will thereby sever his bond with Him. In this way, one can always “turn away form evil” and refrain from sin although his heart craves it.
Similarly, in order for one to “do good” and actively perform the mitzvot, he should declare to himself:
רק אני רוצה לדבקה בו נפשי רוחי ונשמתי, בהתלבשן בשלשה לבושיו יתברך
“I desire, instead, to unite my Nefesh, Ruach and Neshamah with G‑d through investing them in ‘His’ three garments,
שהם מעשה דבור ומחשבה בה׳ ותורתו ומצותיו
namely, action, speech and thought dedicated to G‑d, His Torah and His commandments.
These are called “His” (G‑d’s) three garments because they lend expression to His wisdom (Torah) and Will (mitzvot), which are one with G‑d Himself.
מאהבה מסותרת שבלבי לה׳, כמו בלב כללות ישראל שנקראו אוהבי שמך
“This desire to unite with G‑d arises out of the love of G‑d that is (surely) hidden in my heart though I do not feel it,just as [this love is found] in the heart of all Jews, who are called2 ‘lovers of Your (G‑d’s) Name’ by reason of their inherent love of G‑d, although they do not all feel this love consciously.
ואפילו קל שבקלים יכול למסור נפשו על קדושת ה׳, ולא נופל אנכי ממנו בודאי
“For this reason, even a kal shebekalim (a most unworthy Jew) is capable of sacrificing his life for the sanctity of G‑d should he be forced to deny Him, G‑d forbid. Surely I am not inferior to him.
As will be explained in later chapters, the ability of even the lowliest Jew to give up his very life for G‑d stems from every Jew’s innate, hidden love of G‑d, which is activated and aroused whenever he feels that he is being torn away from Him. But if the kal shebekalim does indeed love G‑d so deeply that he will surrender his life for Him, why is he a kal shebekalim? Why does he sin? Why does he not observe the mitzvot?
אלא שנכנס בו רוח שטות, ונדמה לו שבעבירה זו עודנו ביהדותו, ואין נשמתו מובדלת מאלקי ישראל
“It is only that a spirit of folly has overcome (lit., ‘entered’) him, as our Sages say:3 ‘No man sins unless overcome by a spirit of folly’; he imagines that committing this sin will not affect his Jewishness, and that his soul will not be severed thereby from the G‑d of Israel.
In fact, at the moment that a Jew sins he becomes separated from G‑d. Were the kal shebekalim to realize this, he would never sin. The “spirit of folly,” however, deludes him into thinking otherwise.
וגם שוכח אהבתו לה׳ המסותרת בלבו
“Similarly, the kal shebekalim neglects the positive mitzvot, although his natural love of G‑d dictates that he fulfill them, because he also forgets the love of G‑d hidden in his heart. Were he aware of this love, he would seek out mitzvot to perform in order to unite with G‑d.
אבל אני אינני רוצה להיות שוטה כמוהו לכפור האמת
All this applies to the kal shebekalim. “But as for me — one should say to himself — I have no desire to be such a fool as he, to deny the truth!”
For the truth of the matter is that sin does separate man from G‑d, and that one does have a natural love of G‑d that dictates the performance of mitzvot. “These truths,” one must say to himself, “I do not wish to deny.”
Such arguments are effective in a conflict with one’s animal soul over actual thought, speech and action. Using the above-mentioned reasoning one can prevail over his evil inclination at all times (in both “turning from evil” and “doing good”), and thereby attain the rank of the Beinoni.
| FOOTNOTES | |
| 1. | Yeshayahu 59:2. |
| 2. | Tehillim 5:12. |
| 3. | Sotah 3a. |
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Rambam:
• Sefer Hamitzvos:• English Text | Hebrew Text |
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Rambam:
• Sefer Hamitzvos:• English Text | Hebrew Text |
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• Thursday, Tevet 26, 5776 · January 7, 2016
Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
Positive Commandment 165
Resting on Yom Kippur
"[Yom Kippur] shall be a Sabbath of solemn rest for you"—Leviticus 16:31.
We are commanded to rest, by abstaining from creative work, on the tenth day of Tishrei—Yom Kippur.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
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Negative Commandment 329
Working on Yom Kippur
"And you shall do no work on that very day [of Yom Kippur]"—Leviticus 23:28.
We are forbidden to engage in any creative work on the tenth of Tishrei, Yom Kippur.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
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Positive Commandment 164
Fasting on Yom Kippur
"You shall afflict your souls"—Leviticus 16:29.
We are commanded to fast on the tenth of Tishrei, Yom Kippur. We afflict ourselves by abstaining from food and drink, the nourishment of the soul.
We are also commanded to refrain on Yom Kippur from bathing, applying creams or ointments, wearing [leather] shoes and engaging in marital relations.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
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Negative Commandment 196
Eating on Yom Kippur
"For any soul that shall not be afflicted... shall be cut off..."—Leviticus 23:29.
It is forbidden to eat on the tenth of Tishrei, Yom Kippur.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
Positive Commandment 165
Resting on Yom Kippur
"[Yom Kippur] shall be a Sabbath of solemn rest for you"—Leviticus 16:31.
We are commanded to rest, by abstaining from creative work, on the tenth day of Tishrei—Yom Kippur.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
Resting on Yom Kippur
Positive Commandment 165
Translated by Berel Bell
The 165th mitzvah is that we are commanded to refrain from the various categories of melachah1 and prohibited activities2 on this day [of Yom Kippur]
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement,3 "It is a Sabbath of Sabbaths to you."
We have already explained many times4 that the term Shabbason indicates a positive commandment.5
FOOTNOTES
1.See first footnote in N320.
2.. Kapach, 5731, footnote 23 points out that the Arabic word, "ashgal" refers in this context to all other types of prohibited activity.
3.Lev. 16:31.
4.See P90, P135, P159, and P163.
5.Since this mitzvah prohibits melachah, it would seem to be a negative commandment. However, since the term "Shabbason" is used, the mitzvah is counted among the positive commandments.
Negative Commandment 329
Working on Yom Kippur
"And you shall do no work on that very day [of Yom Kippur]"—Leviticus 23:28.
We are forbidden to engage in any creative work on the tenth of Tishrei, Yom Kippur.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
Working on Yom Kippur
Negative Commandment 329
Translated by Berel Bell
The 329th prohibition is that we are forbidden from performing melachah1 on Yom Kippur.
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement,2 "Do not do any melachah [on this day, because it is a day of atonement]."
If one intentionally transgresses this commandment, the punishment is kores3 as explained in Scripture.4 If the act was unintentional, he must bring a sin-offering.5
The details of this commandment are explained in tractate Beitza6 and Megillah.7
FOOTNOTES
1.See first footnote in N320.
2.Lev. 23:28.
3.See Principle 14, where the Rambam defines kores as losing one's portion in the World to Come (unless the person does teshuvah before death). See also Hilchos Teshuvah, Chapter 8, Halachah. 1.
4.Lev. 23:30. "If one does any work on this day, I will destroy him [i.e. punish him with kores] from among his people."
5.See P69. This offering is called a "fixed sin-offering," to distinguish it from the offering of adjustable value (P72).
6.18b.
7.30b.
Positive Commandment 164
Fasting on Yom Kippur
"You shall afflict your souls"—Leviticus 16:29.
We are commanded to fast on the tenth of Tishrei, Yom Kippur. We afflict ourselves by abstaining from food and drink, the nourishment of the soul.
We are also commanded to refrain on Yom Kippur from bathing, applying creams or ointments, wearing [leather] shoes and engaging in marital relations.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
Fasting on Yom Kippur
Positive Commandment 164
Translated by Berel Bell
The 164th mitzvah is that we are commanded to fast on the tenth of Tishrei [i.e. Yom Kippur].
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement1 (exalted be He), "You must afflict your lives."
The Sifra explains: "The expression 'You must afflict your lives' refers to 'affliction' that affects one's actual life. What is that? Eating and drinking."
The Oral Tradition2 explains that one must also refrain from bathing, anointing, wearing leather shoes, and engaging in marital relations.
The source that one must refrain from all these activities is the verse,3 "It is a Sabbath of Sabbaths to you, and you must afflict your lives." The verse says, "Sabbath of Sabbaths," to indicate that one must refrain [observe a "Sabbath"] from the various categories of melachah4 and prohibited activities, and that one must refrain [observe a "Sabbath"] from those things which nourish and sustain the body. The Sifra says, "What is the source that bathing, anointing, and marital relations are forbidden on Yom Kippur? From the verse, 'Sabbath of Sabbaths.' " This means that one must refrain [observe a "Sabbath"] from these activities in order to reach the state of affliction.5
FOOTNOTES
1.Lev. 16:29.
2.See Yoma 73a.
3.Lev. 16:31.
4.See P165.
5.Therefore the verse says, "It is a Sabbath of Sabbaths to you, and you must afflict your lives": through making a "Sabbath" (i.e. refraining from these activities), one reaches a state of affliction.
Negative Commandment 196
Eating on Yom Kippur
"For any soul that shall not be afflicted... shall be cut off..."—Leviticus 23:29.
It is forbidden to eat on the tenth of Tishrei, Yom Kippur.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
Eating on Yom Kippur
Negative Commandment 196
Translated by Berel Bell
The 196th prohibition is that we are forbidden from eating on Yom Kippur.
There is no verse in the Torah that explicitly prohibits this act.1 However, since the punishment – that one who eats is punished by kores – is mentioned, we know that eating is counted as a prohibition.
The source which describes the punishment is G‑d's statement,2 "If anyone does not fast on this day, he shall be punished by kores."
In the beginning of Tractate Kerisus, all those who are punished by kores are listed, and one who eats on Yom Kippur is listed among them. It also explains that all mitzvos which are punishable by kores are prohibitions, except for the Pesach sacrifice and circumcision. Therefore, clearly eating on Yom Kippur counts as a prohibition.
Therefore, if one intentionally transgresses this commandment, the punishment is kores, and if the act was unintentional, he must bring a sin-offering, as explained in the beginning of Tractate Kerisus.
This [i.e. that eating on Yom Kippur counts also as a prohibition] is also explained in the Tractate Horiyos,3 which rules that one is required to bring a sin-offering only if one violates a prohibition. The proof for this is G‑d's statement4 (may He be exalted and elevated) regarding those who are required to bring a sin-offering, "[And they violate] one of the prohibitory commandments of G‑d."
The Sifra says5: "The verse, 'If anyone does not fast on this day, he shall be punished by kores", describes the punishment for not fasting. However, we do not have a verse to serve as the actual prohibition.
But [there is an "extra" verse that serves as the actual prohibition;] we do not really need a verse to tell you the punishment for doing melachah on Yom Kippur, because we could derive it from the following kal vechomer:6 if for the prohibition of fasting, which [applies only on Yom Kippur, and] not on Shabbos and holidays, one receives punishment, then certainly for the prohibition of melachah, which applies on holidays and Shabbos [and is therefore more strict] one should receive punishment. If so, why is there a verse stating the punishment for doing melachah? From it we learn the actual prohibition of eating on Yom Kippur: just as the punishment for melachah follows its prohibition, so too the punishment for eating follows its prohibition."
The details of this mitzvah are explained in Tractate Yoma.
FOOTNOTES
1.The rule is that every prohibition has one verse which tells you that the act is prohibited, and another verse which gives the punishment for the transgression. (See N195.) Regarding not eating on Yom Kippur, the only apparent verse is the one describing the punishment. The Rambam therefore first explains how we know that eating on Yom Kippur counts as a prohibition, and then explains which verse tells us the actual prohibition.
2.Lev. 23:29.
3.See Rambam's Commentary on the Mishneh, Ch. 2, Mishneh 4.
4.Lev. 4:13.
5.After having established that not eating on Yom Kippur must be a prohibition, the Rambam now quotes the Sifra, which identifies the verse that serves as the actual prohibition itself.
6.This general principle of the Oral Tradition allows one to generalize from one case to a more obvious one. Here, since the less serious prohibition (eating on Yom Kippur) is punished by kores, certainly the more serious prohibition (doing melachah on Yom Kippur) would punished by kores, even if the verse regarding melachah (Lev. 23:30, N329 above) would not have been written.
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• 1 Chapter: Terumot Terumot - Chapter 14 • English Text | Hebrew Text | Audio: Listen | Download | Video Class
• 1 Chapter: Terumot Terumot - Chapter 14 • English Text | Hebrew Text |
Audio: Listen | Download | Video Class
• Terumot - Chapter 14
Halacha 1
[The following laws apply when] there were fifty dark figs and fifty1 light figs and one fig that is terumah fell among them. If it was light, the dark figs are permitted2 and the light figs are considered miduma.3 If it was dark, the dark figs are miduma and the light figs are permitted. If it is not known whether it was light or dark, it can be nullified when the mixture is 101 times [the weight of] the original fig.4 If he knew what type of fig it was but forgot, they are all considered miduma.5
Halacha 2
Similar laws apply when there are cakes of pressed figs or blocks of pressed figs and a cake or block of [figs that are] terumah falls among them. If it is not known whether the one which fell in was a block or a cake, the cakes and the blocks are combined and the terumah can be nullified if their [combined weight] is 101 times that of the terumah. [Similarly,] when there are large cakes of figs and small ones and a cake of figs [that is terumah] falls among them, but it is not known whether the cake which fell in was large or small, [the existing cakes] can nullify the one which fell in whether by weight or by number.
What is implied? A cake [of figs] fell into a mixture of 100 other cakes, both large and small. We assume that a small cake6 fell in and one may remove one of the small cakes.7 If a cake fell into 40 cakes, 20 of them weighing fourlitra each and 20 of them, weighing one litra each, since the combined weight is 101 litra, we assume a small one fell in and remove one of the small ones.8
Halacha 3
Flour and finely sifted flour cannot be combined together to nullify terumah.9
Halacha 4
When a se'ah of wheat which is terumah falls on the mouth of the storage vat of wheat, we do not measure it against the 101 times [its weight or ordinary grain found] in the storage vat. For we do not make such an assessment unless the terumah has been mixed with the ordinary produce10 or we do not know where the terumah fell.11
What should be done? We consider the terumah as if it is wheat placed above barley and separate the terumah itself which fell unto the storage vat with some of the ordinary produce upon which they fell as one would be collecting wheat from barley.
Halacha 5
[The following laws apply when] there are two containers or two storage vats and terumah fell into one of them. It became mixed with [the contents of the container or storage vat] and it is not known which one it fell into. If the two storage vats were in the same building, they are considered as if they were combined and the terumah is nullified if the entire quantity is 101 times its weight. It is as if they were both contained in a single storage vat. Moreover, the containers are considered as combined together even if they are in two separate buildings, for it is possible to gather the two in one building.12 If, however, the two containers were in two cities, they are not combined.
Halacha 6
How should he remove the se'ah which fell in?13 If he desires to remove it from one of them, he may. If he desires to remove half from one and half from the other, he may.
[The following laws apply when] there are jugs filled with dried figs that are ordinary produce and [the owner] pressed a litra of figs that are terumah into the opening of one of them, but he does not remember which one. If there are 101 jugs, the terumah is considered nullified. He should take one jug and sell it to a priest except for the worth of the litra [of terumah]14 and the remainder [of the jugs] are permitted. If there are less than 100 jugs, [the figs at] the openings [of the jugs] are considered miduma and those at the bottom are permitted.15
Halacha 7
Similar laws apply if one pressed [a litra of] figs into the opening of akaveret16or into the top of a cake.17 If he pressed them onto the top of a cake, but does not know whether he pressed them onto the northern portion [of the cake] or its southern portion, nor does he know which cake he pressed them onto, we look at all the figs as if they were separate entities and [the figs that are terumah] should be nullified based on weight. If all the cakes weigh 10018litra, the terumah is nullified19 proved each of the cakes weighs more than twolitra so that in each cake, the terumah is nullified because there is a majority of ordinary produce.20 The rationale is that when there is a doubt concerning the presence of terumah, it is nullified when there is a majority of ordinary produce.
Halacha 8
When terumah is definitely [present in a mixture], it is forbidden if the mixture is 100 [or less times its weight]. If there is merely a doubt concerning the presence of terumah, it is forbidden if there are only fifty. It is permitted only if one adds a majority [of the new mixture].21 If there are more than fifty, one need not add such a majority.
What is implied? One fig that is terumah fell into 99 figs and they are all present. They are all forbidden to non-priests, as explained.22
Halacha 9
If, [after a fig that is terumah fell into 50 other figs, and then] one of the mixture becomes lost, it is possible that one of the ordinary figs was the one that was lost, but it is possible that it was the fig that fell in. Hence, the mixture is forbidden until one adds ordinary produce to it from another source,23 adding 51 figs to the entire quantity. If one fig fell into 51 figs and one of the mixture was lost, the remainder is permitted to non-priests.24
Halacha 10
[The following rules apply when] a se'ah of terumah fell into less than 100se'ah of the first tithe from which terumat ma'aser was not separated or into [produce from] the second tithe or consecrated property that was not redeemed and the entire mixture became miduma. If [the terumah] fell into the first tithe, the terumat ma'aser should be designated,25 and the entire mixture sold to the priests with the exception of the worth of the terumah that fell into it and the worth of the terumat ma'aser.26 If it fell into [produce from] the second tithe or consecrated property that was not redeemed, they should be redeemed27and then sold to a priest with the exception of the worth of theterumah.
Halacha 11
When a se'ah of impure terumah falls into less than 100 se'ah of ordinary produce or into produce that is from the first tithe, or from the second tithe, or from consecrated property - whether [the latter three] are ritually pure or ritually impure - [the mixture] is miduma.28 Hence, the entire mixture is like impure terumah which is forbidden to everyone. Thus it is all forbidden and must be left until it rots.29
When does the above apply? With regard to an entity that is not eaten raw.30When, by contrast, it is normal practice to partake of a type of produce uncooked,31 one should not set them aside lest someone encounter them and partake of it.32 Instead, the entire mixture should be used as fuel, like impureterumah is used as fuel.
Halacha 12
When a se'ah of pure terumah falls into less than 100 se'ah of ordinary produce that is impure, the entire mixture should be sold to a priest with the exception of the worth of the terumah. The priest should eat this mixture which is miduma as roasted kernels33 or he should make them into a dough using fruit juice which does not render produce fit to contract impurity,34 so that [contact with] the impure ordinary produce will not render the terumah as impure.35
Alternatively, he should make this mixture that is miduma into a dough that is less than the size of an egg. [This is beneficial], because impure food does not cause other food to become impure until [the impure food] is the size of an egg.36 Or he may divide the mixture that is miduma and place a portion of it that is less than the size of an egg in each dough so that the terumah in it will not become impure.
Halacha 13
When a se'ah of impure terumah falls into 100 se'ah of ordinary produce that is pure or a se'ah of pure terumah falls into 100 se'ah of ordinary produce that is impure, it should be removed and the terumah is nullified, because the new mixture is 101 times [the size of the terumah that fell in. That se'ah] should be eaten as roasted kernels, or it should be made into dough with fruit juice, or into dough that is less than the size of an egg.37 [The rationale is that] these'ah which fell in is not [necessarily] the se'ah that was removed.38
Halacha 14
Halacha 15
There were two containers [of grain, each containing less than 100 se'ah]. Ase'ah of terumah fell into one of them and it was known into which one it fell.41Afterwards, a second se'ah of terumah, but it was not known into which it fell. [The rationale is that] we assume that the second se'ah fell into the same place as the first se'ah, for we associate the problematic issue with the [previous] problem.
If, however, the first se'ah fell into one of the containers, but it was not known into which it fell and afterwards, a second se'ah fell into one and it was known into which one it fell, we do not say that the first one fell into the same place as the second. Instead, both are considered to be problematic.42
Halacha 16
Halacha 17
When there are two containers, one containing pure terumah45 and one containing impure ordinary produce,46 should a se'ah of pure terumah fall into one of them,47 we assume that it fell into the one containing terumah.48 The ordinary produce should, however, be eaten in a state of ritual purity liketerumah.49
Halacha 20
Halacha 21
If a se'ah of impure terumah fell into one of these containers, both of them are forbidden.56 [The rationale is that when] there is a doubt [whether produce is] impure terumah, it is forbidden to be eaten, while when there is a doubt whether it is miduma, it is permitted. For the prohibition against partaking of impure terumah is Scriptural in origin,57 while the prohibition against partaking of a mixture that is miduma is Rabbinic in origin58 based on the principles explained in Hilchot Ma'achalot Assurot.59
| FOOTNOTES | |
| 1. |
The same laws also apply if there are 30 light figs and 70 dark ones, or any other combination of numbers (Radbaz).
|
| 2. |
Because the fig that was terumah was not dark.
|
| 3. |
Because there are not enough to nullify its presence. We do not count the dark figs together with the light figs, because there is no possibility to mix the two with each other.
|
| 4. |
Although the fig that was mixed in has a specific color, both types of figs can be counted together to nullify it, for it is possible to press all the figs into a single cake of figs (Rav Ovadiah of Bartenura, Terumot 4:7). Alternatively, since we do not know which type of fig fell in, the fact that it was of a specific color is not significant to us (Yayin Malchut).
|
| 5. |
The rationale is that since at the outset he knew the color of the fig and there are neither enough dark figs or light figs to nullify it, the fig is considered as forbidden. And once it is forbidden, his forgetting its color does not cause it to become permitted again (Radbaz).
|
| 6. |
If, however, we know that a large cake fell in, but we are uncertain about its size, we cannot merely count 101 cakes both large and small to nullify it (Rabbi Akiva Eiger).
|
| 7. |
I.e., since there were 101 cakes, 101 times the number of cakes that fell in, the cake that wasterumah could be nullified. We assume that it was small and hence, to fulfill the obligation to remove a cake, we remove a small one.
|
| 8. |
The remainder are permitted, because it is possible that there was 101 times the weight of theterumah in the mixture. It is sufficient to remove a small one. The rationale is that since theterumah has been nullified, the removal of the cake is required only as a financial matter: to give the priest his due. Hence, to receive a larger cake, the priest must prove that a larger cake did indeed fall in.
|
| 9. |
I.e., there is one container of flour and one container of finely sifted flour. Terumah fell into one of the containers, but we do not know which one. We do not say that the two containers of flour should be considered like the two groups of figs and considered as a single entity. Instead, we judge them individually. The rationale is that once the terumah becomes mixed with the flour or the finely sifted flour, it is part of one mixture and not the other. Hence it is not appropriate to combine them (Radbaz).
|
| 10. |
And in this instance, that is not true, for it is positioned at the top of the storage container.
|
| 11. |
And in this instance, we do.
|
| 12. |
In his Commentary to the Mishnah (Terumot 12:4), the Rambam writes that containers are frequently moved and in the process of their being moved, the two containers could be combined. Hence, we view them as if they were combined at present. This ruling is also quoted in other contexts; see Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 111:7).
|
| 13. |
I.e., as stated in Chapter 13, Halachah 1, one se'ah must be removed from the mixture and given to the priest. How should that be done in the present instance? For the terumah fell into only one of the containers and we do not know which one.
|
| 14. |
Although only the figs on the top of the opening are terumah, we require himself to sell the entire jug, because of the impression that might be created (Shita Mekubetzet, Beitzah 4a).
|
| 15. |
Since we are talking about compressed figs, they will not mix with the contents of the jugs, but instead will be found on the top of a jug. Hence, when considering nullifying the figs, only the tops of the jugs are considered, but not the bottoms. Therefore we require 101 jugs, not 101 times the weight of the initial amount of terumah.
The Radbaz explains that this situation differs from that described in Halachah 1. In that situation, although the light figs and the dark figs could be distinguished from each other, they were all mixed together. Hence, it is possible to speak about one type being combined with the other to nullify theterumah. In the situation described by our Halachah, the tops and the bottoms will always remain discrete.
|
| 16. |
The term kaveret literally means "bee-hive." Here we are talking about a storage compartment that is built like a bee-hive.
|
| 17. |
I.e., we require 101 of the containers and count only the figs at the openings of the containers.
|
| 18. |
I.e., without the terumah, 101 litra with the terumah.
|
| 19. |
I.e., we consider the entire mixture as a single entity unlike the previous instances where the bottoms of the containers were considered as separate from the tops. In the previous instances, he knew that he pressed the terumah onto the tops of the container. Therefore only the tops are considered. In the present instance, he does not know the portion of the cakes unto which he pressed the figs. That lack of knowledge works to his advantage, enabling us to count in the entire mixture.
|
| 20. |
In addition to considering the status of the entire mixture, we must consider the status of each cake individually. Each cake must have enough figs to nullify the presence of the terumahaccording to Scriptural Law.
|
| 21. |
I.e., as the Rambam explains in the following halachah, one must add enough figs so that there is 101 times the amount of terumah that fell in (Kessef Mishneh).
|
| 22. |
As stated in Chapter 13, Halachah 1, it is necessary to have 101 times the amount of terumah.
|
| 23. |
It is, however, permitted to add such produce. We do not apply the principle that, as an initial preference, one should not nullify the presence of a forbidden substance, because here we are not certain that there is a forbidden substance present, for one fig has been lost.
|
| 24. |
Since one fig has been lost, 51 figs are sufficient. We do not require 101. Note th contrast to Chapter 15, Halachah 2.
|
| 25. |
So that the mitzvah of separating it has been fulfilled.
|
| 26. |
For such produce must be given to the priests as a present. The majority of the mixture, however, belongs to its owner. Even though it is being given to the priest, because the owner may not make use of it, the priest must reimburse the owner for its value. Nevertheless, as mentioned previously, the value of produce that is terumah is less than that of ordinary produce.
The Radbaz mentions another possible solution to this difficulty: If the Levite has a large amount of produce from which terumat ma'aser has not been separated, he may make this entire mixtureterumat ma'aser for that produce and in this way, not suffer any financial loss.
|
| 27. |
At which point they are considered as ordinary produce and the laws mentioned in Chapter 13, Halachah 2, apply.
|
| 28. |
Because there are less than 100 se'ah to nullify the se'ah of terumah.
|
| 29. |
One would think that it should be used as fuel and thus the person will derive some benefit from it. The Radbaz explains that this is not allowed for the following reason. Since there is not enough other produce to nullify the terumah, the entire mixture is considered as terumah. Nevertheless, since it is not impure, it should not be burnt, because it is forbidden to burn pure terumah. This stringency is, however, only observed when there is no danger that the terumah will be eaten, as the Rambam proceeds to explain.
|
| 30. |
E.g., wheat or barley.
|
| 31. |
E.g., oil.
|
| 32. |
See Chapter 12, Halachah 12, which states that impure terumah should be placed in repugnant container so that no one will accidentally partake of it.
|
| 33. |
In which instance, the impure grain does not cause the pure terumah to become impure, for produce does not become fit to contract impurity until comes in contact with one of seven liquids (Hilchot Tumat Ochalin 1:1-2). Since the kernels of the terumah are roasted without contact with water, they are never fit to contract impurity.
|
| 34. |
Fruit juice is not one of these seven liquids. Hence dough made with fruit juice is not susceptible to ritual impurity (Ibid. 3; 13:13).
|
| 35. |
It is not only that the priest will be suffering a loss because the terumah becomes impure. It is forbidden to cause terumah to become impure as stated above.
|
| 36. |
See Ibid. 4:1, 12. Making the mixture into small loaves is the Rambam's interpretation of the termnikudim in the Mishnah (Terumot 5:1).
|
| 37. |
I.e., he should use the grain in a manner that will prevent it from contracting ritual impurity, as described in the previous halachah.
|
| 38. |
I.e., and hence it is permitted to be eaten.
|
| 39. |
There is no need for any safeguards.
|
| 40. |
As explained in Halachah 11.
|
| 41. |
And the contents of that container was considered as miduma.
|
| 42. |
I.e., they are both miduma. The rationale is that the problematic status of the two containers was established before the second one fell in and the fact that we know into which one it fell cannot resolve the existing problem.
Rav Yosef Korcus maintains that this is the interpretation of the Rambam's ruling. Nevertheless, he and the Radbaz both maintain that this law applies even if the first container contains 100 se'ahand the first se'ah is nullified. Since one se'ah has to be removed from it, it can also be considered as problematic.
|
| 43. |
The Kessef Mishneh explains that this law applies whether the grain in the containers wasterumah or ordinary produce.
|
| 44. |
I.e., we follow the same principle mentioned in the first clause of the previous halachah, because the impure grain is also considered as "problematic."
|
| 45. |
The Kessef Mishneh suggests that the text should read "impure terumah."
|
| 46. |
The Kessef Mishneh suggests that the text should read "pure ordinary produce." His rationale for these emendations is that if the ordinary produce is impure, it is not proper to say that it should be "eaten in a state of ritual purity." With these emendations, he resolves the objections of the Ra'avad. As will be explained, the Radbaz offers an interpretation that preserves the standard version of the text.
|
| 47. |
But we do not know which.
|
| 48. |
This represents the converse of the principle mentioned in Halachah 15, just as there, we associate the problematic issue with the existing problem, here we associate the produce that is of a positive nature (terumah) with the existing terumah (Radbaz).
|
| 49. |
I.e., according to one of the three suggestions given in Halachah 12. The intent is that we are not certain that the terumah did indeed fall into the container containing terumah. Were it to have fallen into the other container, it would be forbidden to prepare a dough from it in the ordinary manner, because that would cause the terumah to contract ritual impurity which is forbidden.
|
| 50. |
Our text is taken from the Shabsei Frankel printing of the Mishneh Torah which is based on authentic manuscripts and early printing. The standard printed text is both redundant and problematic.
|
| 51. |
For we assume that the terumah fell into terumah.
|
| 52. |
To prevent it from contracting ritual impurity as mentioned above.
|
| 53. |
Here also the Kessef Mishneh suggests inverting the words pure and impure in the text. Otherwise, this ruling would be a contradiction to Halachah 17.
|
| 54. |
And thus the entire mixture is considered as impure terumah.
|
| 55. |
So that the terumah will not be subject to contracting ritual impurity (Kessef Mishneh).
|
| 56. |
I.e., the leniencies of assuming that the problematic se'ah fell into the produce that was already problematic or that terumah fell into terumah are not granted, because, as the Rambam continues to explain, here a Scriptural prohibition is involved.
|
| 57. |
See Chapter 7, Halachah 3. The impure terumah does not become nullified because it was mixed with a larger quantity of other produce.
|
| 58. |
For according to Scriptural Law, as long as there is a majority of non-terumah produce, theterumah is nullified.
|
| 59. |
See Chapter 15:1-3, 13, 15.
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• 3 Chapters: Shevitat Asor Shevitat Asor - Chapter One, Shevitat Asor Shevitat Asor - Chapter Two, Shevitat Asor Shevitat Asor - Chapter Three • English Text | Hebrew Text | Audio: Listen | Download• Shevitat Asor - Chapter One
• 3 Chapters: Shevitat Asor Shevitat Asor - Chapter One, Shevitat Asor Shevitat Asor - Chapter Two, Shevitat Asor Shevitat Asor - Chapter Three • English Text | Hebrew Text |
Audio: Listen | Download• Shevitat Asor - Chapter One
Halacha 1
It is a positive commandment1 to refrain from all work on the tenth [day] of the seventh month2, as [Leviticus 16:31] states: "It shall be a Sabbath of Sabbaths3 for you." Anyone who performs a [forbidden] labor negates the observance of [this] positive commandment and violates a negative commandment4, as [Numbers 29:7] states, "You shall not perform any labor."
What liability does a person incur for performing a [forbidden] labor on this day? If he performs [the forbidden labor] willfully, as a conscious act of defiance,5 he is liable for karet.6If he performs [the forbidden labor] inadvertently, he is liable to bring a sin offering whose nature is fixed.7
Halacha 2
All the [forbidden] labors8 for which one is liable to be executed by stoning for performing on the Sabbath cause one to be liable for karet if performed on the tenth [of Tishrei].9 Any activity that incurs the obligation of a sin offering on the Sabbath incurs the obligation of a sin offering on Yom Kippur.
Any activity that is forbidden to be performed on the Sabbath10- although it is not a forbidden labor - is forbidden to be performed on Yom Kippur. If one performs such an act, one is punished by stripes for rebellion, as one is punished [for performing the same act] on the Sabbath.11
Whatever is forbidden to be carried on the Sabbath is forbidden to be carried on Yom Kippur.12 Whatever is forbidden to be said or done at the outset on the Sabbath is likewise forbidden on Yom Kippur.13 The general principle is that there is no difference between the Sabbath and Yom Kippur14 in this regard, except that a person who willfully performs a forbidden labor on the Sabbath is liable for execution by being stoned to death, and on Yom Kippur [such an act warrants merely] karet.
Halacha 3
It is permitted to trim a vegetable on the day of Yom Kippur from mid-afternoon15 onward.16 What is meant by trimming a vegetable? To remove the wilted leaves, and to cut the others to prepare them for consumption. Similarly, it is permitted to crack open nuts and to open pomegranates on Yom Kippur from mid-afternoon onward. [These leniencies were granted] so that one will not endure hardship.17
When Yom Kippur falls on the Sabbath, it is forbidden to trim vegetables and open nuts and pomegranates the entire day.18 It has already become the universally accepted custom in Babylon and in North Africa not to perform these activities during the fast.19Instead, [Yom Kippur is observed] as the Sabbath is with regard to all its particulars.
Halacha 4
There is another positive commandment on Yom Kippur, to refrain from eating and drinking, as [Leviticus 16:29] states: "You shall afflict your souls." According to the Oral Tradition, it has been taught: What is meant by afflicting one's soul? Fasting.20
Whoever fasts on this day fulfills a positive commandment.21 Whoever eats or drinks on this day negates the observance of [this] positive commandment and violates a negative commandment22, as [ibid. 23:29] states, "Any soul that does not afflict itself will be cut off." Since the Torah punishes a person who does not fast with karet, we can derive from this that we are forbidden to eat and drink on this day.23
A person who eats or drinks inadvertently on this day is liable to bring a sin offering of a fixed nature.
Halacha 5
Similarly, according to the Oral Tradition, it has been taught that it is forbidden to wash, anoint oneself, wear shoes, or engage in sexual relations on this day.24 It is a mitzvah to refrain from these activities in the same way one refrains from eating and drinking.
This is derived from [the exegesis of the expression,] "A Sabbath of Sabbaths." "A Sabbath" implies refraining from eating; "of Sabbaths," refraining from these activities.25
One is liable, however, for karet or a sin offering only for eating and drinking. If one washes, anoints oneself, wears shoes, or engages in sexual relations, one receives stripes for rebelliousness.
Halacha 6
Just as [the obligation to] refrain from work applies both during the day and at night, so too, [the obligation to] refrain from [these activities and thus to] afflict oneself applies both during the day and at night.
It is obligatory to add [time]26 from the mundane to the sacred at both the entrance and departure of the holiday, as [implied by ibid. 23:32]: "And you shall afflict your souls on the ninth of the month in the evening."27 [Since the date of the fast is the tenth,] the intent is [obviously] that one begin fasting and afflicting oneself in the afternoon of the ninth, which directly precedes the tenth.
Similarly, at the departure [of the holiday], one should prolong the affliction slightly, [entering] the night of the eleventh, which follows the tenth, as [implied by ibid.]: "From evening to evening, you shall keep this day of refraining."
Halacha 7
When women eat and drink until nightfall, without knowing that we are obligated to add [time] from the weekday to the holiday, they should not be rebuked,28 lest they perform [the transgression] willfully. It is impossible for there to be a policeman in every person's house to warn his wives. Thus, it is preferable to let [the situation] remain [as it is], so that they will transgress unintentionally, instead of intentionally. The same [principle] applies in other similar instances.29
| FOOTNOTES | |
| 1. |
Sefer HaMitzvot (Positive Commandment 165) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 317) both include this as one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.
|
| 2. |
I.e., Tishrei, which is the seventh month when reckoning from Nisan.
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| 3. |
Shabbat 24b states that the word shabbaton, literally, "a day of rest," implies a positive mitzvah.
|
| 4. |
This is also considered to be one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah [Sefer HaMitzvot (Negative Commandment 329) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 315)].
|
| 5. |
The Radbaz (Vol. V, Responsum 1510) notes that the Rambam uses the expression "willingly, as a conscious act of defiance" with regard to the transgressions of idolatry (Hilchot Avodat Kochavim 3:1), the Sabbath laws (Hilchot Shabbat 1:1), and the laws of Yom Kippur. With regard to all other transgressions punishable by כרת, the Rambam merely states "as a conscious act of defiance."
The Radbaz explains that it is possible that the Rambam mentioned the concept of "willingly" with regard to these three transgressions because they are the first cases of כרת mentioned in theMishneh Torah. After mentioning the concept on these three occasions, he does not consider that further repetition is necessary.
|
| 6. |
כרת means "cut off." Mo'ed Katan 28a relates that a person liable for כרת would die prematurely, before reaching the age of fifty. The Rambam (Hilchot Teshuvah 8:1) emphasizes that being "cut off in this world" is not the sum total of Divine retribution for such a transgression. In addition, the person's soul is also cut off and prevented from reaching the world to come.
|
| 7. |
The Rambam uses this term to differentiate the sin offering required here from a קרבן עולה ויורד - a guilt offering - which differs depending on the financial status of the person bringing it. (See Hilchot Shegagot 1:4.)
|
| 8. |
The 39 labors forbidden on the Sabbath are listed in Hilchot Shabbat 7:1 and explained in the subsequent chapters there. Unlike the holidays, on which the forbidden labors involved in the preparation of food are permitted, on Yom Kippur these activities are forbidden.
|
| 9. |
The Or Sameach notes that in contrast to the remainder of the halachah, in this instance the Rambam does not refer to the day with the name Yom Kippur. He explains that the name Yom Kippur, meaning "the day of atonement," is not relevant to a person who performs a forbidden labor on this day. Since the person acts in contrast to the holy nature of the day, he is not granted atonement.
|
| 10. |
The commentaries explain that this refers to the activities defined as sh'vut, which are forbidden by the Torah. The specification of which activities should be included in this category was, however, made subject to our Sages' definitions. (See Hilchot Shabbat, Chapters 21-23.)
|
| 11. |
See Hilchot Shabbat 1:3. (See Hilchot Edut 18:6 for a definition of this punishment.)
|
| 12. |
This refers to the laws of muktzeh mentioned in Hilchot Shabbat, Chapters 25-26.
|
| 13. |
This refers to the prohibitions mentioned in Hilchot Shabbat, Chapter 24, which are not associated with forbidden labors, but are prohibited in order to make the Sabbath distinct from the other days of the week.
|
| 14. |
On a theoretical basis, there are commentaries that take issue with the Rambam's statements, explaining that there is another difference. On the Sabbath, we follow the principle of chiluk melachot, that one can incur liability for every forbidden labor as a separate entity. Therefore, if a person inadvertently performed two different types of forbidden labor, he would have to bring two sin offerings.
These authorities maintain that on Yom Kippur (as on the holidays) this principle does not apply, and one is liable for only a single sin offering even when one inadvertently performs several types of forbidden labor. (See Sha'agat Aryeh, Responsum 70.)
|
| 15. |
Mid-afternoon refers to minchah katanah, 3:30 PM (according to seasonal hours).
|
| 16. |
Earlier it is forbidden, lest one eat from the vegetable. Nevertheless, by this late hour one is conscious that the evening is approaching and will refrain from breaking the fast (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 611:7).
|
| 17. |
The Maggid Mishneh explains that the intent is the hardship a person would suffer if he had to labor to prepare food at night after fasting the entire day.
|
| 18. |
So as not to distinguish between this and the other Sabbaths of the year, and thereby to emphasize that the leniency was granted only because of the fast (Shulchan Aruch HaRav611:6).
|
| 19. |
Shabbat 115a relates that even in the time of the Talmud, this restriction was observed.
|
| 20. |
In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Yoma 8:1), the Rambam explains that since the connection between the body and the soul is established through nourishment, withholding such nourishment is considered an affliction to the soul. See Yoma 74b.
|
| 21. |
Sefer HaMitzvot (Positive Commandment 164) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 313) both include this as one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.
|
| 22. |
This is also considered one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah [Sefer HaMitzvot (Negative Commandment 196) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 316)].
|
| 23. |
It is an established tradition that there are only two positive commandments - circumcision and offering a Pesach sacrifice - whose lack of observance are punishable by karet. Therefore, the fact that eating on Yom Kippur is punishable by karet indicates that it violates a negative commandment [Sefer HaMitzvot (Negative Commandment 196)].
|
| 24. |
In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Yoma 8:1), the Rambam explains that the Torah mentions the concept of afflicting oneself on Yom Kippur five times. As such, the Oral Tradition (Yoma 76a) explains that there are five different activities forbidden on that day and cites (ibid. 76a-77a) various allusions to these five prohibitions. The terms he uses for allusions, asmachta'ot, indicates that he does not view the four prohibitions other than eating and drinking as having the status of a Torah commandment.
Similarly, the punishment that he states should be given for these activities, "stripes for rebellion," is the punishment received for transgressing a Rabbinic commandment.
[It must be noted that this matter was a question on which the Rambam deliberated. For an early edition of his Commentary on the Mishnah states that one should receive lashes for performing these activities, indicating that, at that time, he saw them as forbidden by the Torah itself. Similarly, the Rambam's wording in Sefer HaMitzvot (loc. cit.) appears to indicate that these prohibitions are forbidden by the Torah itself. This view is advanced by several authorities including Rabbenu Nissin, the Magen Avraham 611, and the Shulchan Aruch HaRav 611:2.]
Based on the explanations above, it would appear that the term "according to the Oral Tradition" as used in this halachah has a different meaning from that in the previous halachah. In the previous halachah, the term denoted an interpretation of a verse in the Torah. Therefore, the prohibition was given the status of a Torah commandment. In this halachah, the term refers to a concept that has been transmitted through a chain of tradition extending back to Moses. Nevertheless, it is a decree that does not stem from a Biblical verse and is therefore considered to be Rabbinic in origin.
Other Rabbinic authorities (Rabbenu Asher and the Ashkenazic authorities) clearly state that the prohibitions against these other activities are Rabbinic in nature. Therefore, certain leniencies are granted in their regard, as reflected in Chapter 3, Halachah 1 (Kessef Mishneh).
|
| 25. |
The reference to the phrase "a Sabbath of Sabbaths" is taken from Yoma 74a. The interpretation is, however, the Rambam's.
Based on the concepts explained above - that the prohibition against the remaining four types of afflictions is Rabbinic in origin and is not based on the explanation of a verse in the Torah - theMa'aseh Rokeach suggests amending the text to read, "'A Sabbath' from work; 'of Sabbaths' from these other matters." He supports this view by noting that in Halachah 1, the Rambam had cited this expression as a proof-text for the commandment to refrain from work on Yom Kippur.
|
| 26. |
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 608:1) states that there is no limit to the amount of time one must add to the fast. This addition must, however, be made before (and after) beyn hash'mashot.
|
| 27. |
From the Rambam's citation of a proof-text, it is clear that the obligation to add time to the fast of Yom Kippur stems from the Torah itself. The Maggid Mishneh adds that the Rambam's wording indicates that the obligation to add "from the mundane to the sacred" - i.e., to include some of the previous day in the fast - applies only with regard to the prohibition against eating and drinking, but not to the prohibition against performing labor.
He mentions that other authorities do not share this opinion and maintain that this obligation applies also to the prohibition against work, and that it applies also on the Sabbath and on other holidays aside from Yom Kippur.
The Radbaz (Vol. V, Responsum 1486) differs with the Maggid Mishneh. Although he agrees that the fact that, in his discussion of the prohibition of labor on the Sabbath, the Rambam does not mention the need to add "from the mundane to the sacred" supports the Maggid Mishneh's view, he is reluctant to state that the Rambam differs with all the other authorities on this issue.
(See Likkutei Sichot, Vol. XV, which explains the difference between the two perspectives. If we derive the concept of adding "from the mundane to the sacred" from Yom Kippur, the obligation revolves around the person, a chiyuv gavra in yeshivah terminology. If, by contrast, the obligation is derived from the prohibition against working on the Sabbath, it is a function of the cheftza, a result of the atmosphere of Sabbath holiness that prevents labor from being performed.)
|
| 28. |
Shulchan Aruch HaRav 608:4 and the Mishnah Berurah 608:3 explain that this applies only when one is absolutely sure that the women will not accept the admonishment. If there is the possibility that they will accept the admonishment and modify their conduct, they should be admonished.
|
| 29. |
The Maggid Mishneh and the Ramah (Orach Chayim 608:2) explain that this refers to any prohibition that is not explicitly stated in the Torah, even if it has its source in the interpretation of one of the Torah's verses.
If, however, a prohibition is explicitly mentioned in the Torah, rebuke should be given even when one is certain that the person committing the transgression will not accept the reproof. Further laws governing the situations when and how rebuke should be given are mentioned in Hilchot De'ot 6:7-8.
|
Shevitat Asor - Chapter Two
Halacha 1
On Yom Kippur, a person is liable for eating [an amount of] food that is fit for humans to eat1 and is equivalent to the size of a large ripe date2 - i.e., slightly less than the size of an egg.3 All foods [that one eats] are combined to produce this measure.
Similarly, one who drinks a cheekful of liquid fit to be drunk by humans is liable. The size of a cheekful is [not a standard measure,] but rather dependent on the size of the cheek of every individual.
What is meant by a cheekful? Enough [liquid] for a person to swish to one side of his mouth and for his cheek to appear full. For an ordinary person, this measure is less than a revi'it.4
All liquids [that one drinks] are combined to produce this measure. Foods and liquids are not combined in a single measure.5
Halacha 2
One is liable for karet for eating on Yom Kippur if one eats food that is fit for human consumption, regardless of whether it is permitted or forbidden.6 [This includes] piggul,7 notar,8 tevel,9 the flesh of an animal that died without ritual slaughter, the flesh of an animal that is trefah,10 fat, or blood.11
Halacha 3
If a person eats or drinks less than the above-mentioned measures, he is not liable for karet. Although the Torah forbids partaking of less than the measure [for which punishment is given], one is not liable for karet unless [one partakes of] that measure.12
A person who eats or drinks less than the minimal measure is given "stripes for rebellion."
Halacha 4
[The following rules apply when] a person eats a small amount, [pauses,] and eats again: If the time from when he begins eating until he concludes eating is less than the time it takes to eat an amount of bread and relish equal in size to three eggs, [the food that he eats] is included in the same measure.13 If not, it is not included in the same measure.14
[Similar rules apply when] a person drinks, [pauses,] and drinks again: If the time from when he begins drinking until he concludes drinking is less than the time it takes to drink a revi'it,15 [the liquid that he drinks] is included in the same measure. If not, it is not included in the same measure.
Halacha 5
When a person eats foods that are not fit for human consumption - e.g., bitter herbs or foul-tasting syrups - or drinks liquids that are not fit to to be drunk - e.g., fish brine, pickle brine16 or undiluted vinegar - he is not liable for karet17even if he eats or drinks a substantial amount. He should, however, be given "stripes for rebellion."
Halacha 6
A person who drinks vinegar mixed with water is liable. One who chews dried pepper, dried ginger, or the like is not liable. [If, however, one chews] fresh ginger, one is liable.18
A person who eats the leaves of the vine is not liable,19 but one who eats the buds of the vine is liable.20 What is meant by the buds of the vine? The buds that have sprouted in Eretz Yisrael from Rosh HaShanah until Yom Kippur. If they sprouted earlier, they are considered as wood, and the person is not liable. The same rules apply in all analogous situations.
Halacha 7
When a person eats roast meat that has been salted, the salt is included in the mass of the meat.21 Similarly, brine on a vegetable is included,22 because condiments that make food fit to be eaten and are mixed together with the food are considered to be part of the food.
If a person was already sated [because he] had overeaten to the extent that he was jaded by food, and then ate more,23 he is not liable. It is comparable to a person who eats food that is not fit for consumption. Although this additional amount is fit to be eaten by a person who is hungry, it is not fit for a person who is sated to this extent.24
Halacha 8
When a person who is dangerously ill25 asks to eat on Yom Kippur, he should be fed26 because of his request until he says, "It is enough,"27 even though expert physicians say that it is unnecessary.28
When the sick person says that it is unnecessary for him to eat,29 and a physician says that it is necessary, he should be fed according to [the physician's] instructions, provided the physician is an expert.30
When one physician says that it is necessary [for a sick person to eat], and another physician says that it is unnecessary, the person should be fed. If several physicians say that it is necessary [for a sick person to eat], and other physicians say that it is unnecessary, [the ruling] follows the majority, or those with the most expertise.31 [This applies] provided the sick person does not himself say that it is necessary [for him to eat]. If, however, he makes such a statement, he should be fed.
If the sick person does not say that he must [eat], the physicians were divided on the issue, they were all experts, and an equal number took each side, he should be fed.
Halacha 9
When a pregnant woman smells food, [and is overcome by desire for it,] we should whisper in her ear that today is Yom Kippur.32If this reminder is sufficient to calm her senses, it is desirable; if not, she should be fed until her desire ceases.
Halacha 10
[From the time] a child is nine or ten years old36 [onward], he should be trained [to fast] for several hours. What is implied? If he is used to eating two hours after daybreak, he should be fed in the third hour. If he is used [to eating] after three hours, he should be fed in the fourth. According to the child's stamina, we should add hours to his anguish.
When a child is eleven years old, whether male or female,37 it is a Rabbinic ordinance that he complete his fast so that he be trained in [the observance of] the mitzvot.
Halacha 11
A female who is twelve years old and one day38 and a male who is thirteen years old and one day, who manifest [signs of physical maturity - i.e.,] two [pubic] hairs, are considered to be adults with regard to [the observance of] all the mitzvot, and are obligated to complete their fast according to the Torah. If, however, they did not manifest [signs of physical maturity], they are still considered to be minors, and are obligated to complete their fast only by virtue of Rabbinic decree.39
A child who is less than nine years old should not be afflicted at all on Yom Kippur, lest this lead to danger.40
| FOOTNOTES | |
| 1. |
If, however, the foods are not fit for human consumption, different rules apply. (See Halachah 5.)
|
| 2. |
Although most prohibitions against forbidden foods involve a smaller measure - a k'zayit (the size of an olive) - an exception is made in this instance, because a person's appetite will not be sated if he eats an amount of food smaller than the size of a date. In contrast to the measure for drinking, this is a standard measure, regardless of a person's size (Yoma 80a).
|
| 3. |
According to Shiurei Torah an egg is 57.6 cubic centimeters; according to Chazon Ish (when the smaller measure is more stringent), it is 41 cubic centimeters. Thus, the size of a date would be a slightly smaller figure. The laws regarding eating less than this amount are mentioned in Halachah 3.
|
| 4. |
The commentaries interpret this to mean slightly less than a revi'it. Note, however, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 271:13), which states that this measure is slightly more than half a revi'itwith regard to the laws of kiddush. (Note the comments of the Be'ur Halachah 271.)
|
| 5. |
For this will sate neither one's appetite nor one's thirst (Yoma 81a).
|
| 6. |
For even forbidden food will sate one's hunger (Rabbenu Manoach).
|
| 7. |
A sacrifice that was offered with the intent that it - or any of its sacred elements - be offered on the altar or eaten at a time when it is forbidden to be eaten; e.g., a peace offering the blood of which one thought to have poured on the altar at nightfall, or to have its flesh consumed on the third day after its sacrifice (Hilchot Pesulei HaMukdashim 13:1).
|
| 8. |
Sacrificial meat that was left over past the time during which it is allowed to be eaten - e.g., a sin offering on the morning of the following day or a peace offering on the morning of the third day (Hilchot Pesulei HaMukdashim 18:10).
|
| 9. |
Produce from which the agricultural requirements of terumah and the tithes were not separated (Hilchot Ma'achalot Asurot 10:19).
|
| 10. |
An animal that will not live longer than twelve months, because of a wound or blemish (Hilchot Ma'achalot Asurot 4:6-8; Hilchot Shechitah 5:1).
|
| 11. |
By eating from this prohibited food on Yom Kippur, one violates two prohibitions: the consumption of the prohibited food and eating on Yom Kippur (Merkevet HaMishneh). See Hilchot Shegagot 6:4 and the conclusion of Chapter 14 of Hilchot Ma'achalot Assurot.
|
| 12. |
Since the substance that he is eating is forbidden, it is merely lacking in quantity (Rabbi Yochanan's view, Yoma 74a).
|
| 13. |
Our translation is based on the Rambam's statements in Hilchot Tu'mat Tzara'at 16:6.
Whenever the Torah mentions a prohibition - and similarly, a mitzvah - that involves eating, the intent is that the person partake of a minimum measure within a specific time. The standard time for all prohibitions (and mitzvot) is כדי אכילת פרס, which the Rambam defines as the time it takes to eat the above amount. [There are opinions that state an amount of bread equivalent to four eggs (Maggid Mishneh). This opinion is mentioned in the notes on Halachah 8.]
In time, כדי אכילת פרס is defined as six minutes by the Tzemach Tzedek in one place and seven minutes in another (Sha'ar HaMiluim, sec. 9). Other opinions mention nine minutes, 8, 7 1/2, 6, 5, 4 1/2, 4. (See Ketzot HaShulchan 3:15.)
|
| 14. |
And it is considered as if the person ate less than the minimum measure. For this reason, as mentioned in the notes on Halachah 8, when a person must eat on Yom Kippur, there are times when at first he is given less than the minimal amount, his eating is interrupted, and then he is given less than the minimal amount again, so as to minimize the extent of his transgression.
|
| 15. |
I.e., the amount of time it takes to drink a revi'it leisurely (Radbaz, Vol. V, Responsum 1554). This is, nevertheless, a much smaller measure than the amount of time it takes to eat three eggs.
The Ra'avad (in his gloss on Hilchot Terumah 10:3) differs and states that even regarding drinking, the minimum measure is the amount of time it takes to eat three eggs. (Significantly, the source on which his opinion is based, Keritot 13a, is cited by the Rambam as halachah in Hilchot Sha'ar Avot HaTum'ah 8:11.)
Although the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 612:10) appears to favor the Rambam's view,Shulchan Aruch HaRav 612:15 and the Mishnah Berurah 612:31 suggest following the more stringent view.
|
| 16. |
Our translation is taken from Rav Kapach's translation of an Arabic term in his edition of the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah (Yoma 8:2, Nedarim 6:4). In the latter source, the Rambam also states that the brine is sometimes made from fish. The Mishnah Berurah 612:28 renders the Hebrew term as referring to fat that exudes from a fish.
|
| 17. |
When describing the fast, Leviticus 23:29 uses the expression, "Every soul that will not afflict itself shall be cut off." Eating food that is not fit for human consumption is also a form of affliction. Hence, one is not liable for punishment (Rabbenu Manoach).
|
| 18. |
From the fact that the text mentions only fresh ginger, and not fresh peppers, the Maggid Mishnehstates that one might infer that one is not liable for eating fresh peppers. He differs with this conclusion and suggests amending the text based on the Rambam's statements in Hilchot Berachot 8:7. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 612:8) also makes a distinction between fresh and dried peppers.
|
| 19. |
The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:7) quotes the version of Yoma 81b that we have, which states, "the leaves of reeds." The Rambam's wording is based on the version quoted by Rabbenu Chanan'el.
|
| 20. |
I.e., the leaves just as they emerge from the stem of the vine.
|
| 21. |
I.e., when calculating whether or not a person ate a quantity of food equivalent to the size of a date.
|
| 22. |
Although the brine is a liquid, and liquids and foods are not ordinarily combined (Halachah 1), since the brine is used to flavor the vegetable, it is considered to be a food (Yoma 80b).
|
| 23. |
The Rambam's wording requires some clarification. He is referring to a person who had overeaten before the commencement of Yom Kippur, and then despite being disgusted by food, continued to eat on Yom Kippur itself (Maggid Mishneh; Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 612:6). If a person began eating in the midst of the fast and then overate, he would be liable, because of the first morsels of food that he ate.
|
| 24. |
If, however, the person is not jaded with the taste of the food, e.g., because the food is prepared in a very flavorful manner, he is liable even though he overate.
|
| 25. |
Compare to Hilchot Shabbat 2:5, which explains that the classification "dangerously ill" means that "he has a wound in his body cavity, from his lips inward." Such a person does not need the assessment of a physician to determine whether or not the Sabbath should be violated on his behalf. In situations where the seriousness of the person's ailment is not as obvious, the Sabbath may be violated on his behalf based on a physician's pronouncement. Also, in this category is a women within three days after childbirth.
Significantly, when stating this law, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 618:1) mentions only "a sick person who must eat," without stating that he must be dangerously ill. The Be'ur Halachahemphasizes that in many instances, even mildly serious conditions can become life-threatening if the person fasts.
|
| 26. |
See Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah 5:6, which states that with the exception of the prohibitions against idol worship, murder, and incestuous or adulterous relations, any of the Torah's prohibitions may be violated to save a person's life. As mentioned in Hilchot Shabbat 2:1, even if there is a doubt regarding the matter, the Sabbath should be violated, and moreover, it should be the leaders of the people and the wise who violate the Sabbath on the sick person's behalf, so that the people at large will appreciate that this is the course of action that should be taken.
|
| 27. |
Significantly, the Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:7) mentions that when a sick person is fed on Yom Kippur, he should first be fed less than the size of a date within the amount of time it takes to eat four eggs (the more stringent view regarding the time of כדי אכילת פרס). If, however, that is not sufficient, the more lenient opinions concerning the measure of כדי אכילת פרס can be relied upon. If even that is not sufficient, the person should be fed in the normal manner.
|
| 28. |
The sick man's own opinion should followed, because "the heart knows the bitterness of his soul." Nevertheless, the person should be reminded that it is Yom Kippur. If he persists in his desire to eat, we assume that he does not desire to transgress, but cannot bear the fast (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 618:1; Mishnah Berurah 618:5).
|
| 29. |
This is speaking about a person who genuinely does not think that it is necessary for him to eat. It must be emphasized that the Rabbis frowned on the supposed "piety" of a sick person who knows that he should eat, but refrains from doing so because of the fast, and applied the verse (Genesis 9:5): "I will demand an account of the blood of your own lives" (Mishnah Berurah, loc. cit.). He should be forced to eat, even against his will.
|
| 30. |
The Mishnah Berurah 618:1 quotes opinions that state that a Jew need not be an expert physician to render such an opinion. Since he is aware of a threat to life and knows the seriousness of Yom Kippur, his view is accepted. A gentile, however, must be an expert physician for his view to be considered.
|
| 31. |
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 618:4) differs and states that if two physicians say that the sick person should eat, their opinion should be followed. Since two physicians have made such a statement, no further risks should be taken with a person's life.
|
| 32. |
Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi gave this suggestion when asked regarding such a problem (Yoma 83a).
|
| 33. |
This refers to a sense of infirmity that overcomes a person because of lack of nourishment; he becomes, dizzy, faint, and unable to focus his eyes.
|
| 34. |
If all that is immediately available is non-kosher food, he should be fed food that involves a prohibition that is least severe first. [See Hilchot Ma'achalot Asurot 14:17, the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah (Yoma 8:4), and the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 618:9). See theNoda BiY'hudah, Vol. I, Orach Chayim, Responsum 36, which focuses on this issue.]
|
| 35. |
The intent is non-kosher species. Even if their flesh is tasty, they are considered loathsome by Jewish law.
|
| 36. |
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 616:2) explains that when a child's constitution is strong, his training to fast should begin at age nine. If he is weak, the training can be postponed a year.
|
| 37. |
The Ra'avad differs and maintains that since males and females reach maturity at different ages, that factor should be taken into account in this law. According to his view, a male child is not obligated to complete the fast until he is twelve, and a female must complete the fast at age eleven.
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim, loc. cit.) quotes the Rambam's view. The Ramah mentions a third opinion, which does not require children to complete a fast at all. He states that when a child's constitution is weak, this view should be followed.
|
| 38. |
Even a fraction of a day is considered to be a day. Therefore, if a girl's birthday is on Yom Kippur, she is obligated to fast from her twelfth birthday onward.
|
| 39. |
In this instance, however, even a child with a weak constitution should make every effort to complete the fast. For it is possible that the child had pubic hairs, which would cause him or her to be considered to be an adult, but they fell off (Ramah, Orach Chayim 616:2).
|
| 40. |
Even if a child desires to fast, he should be prevented from doing so (Ramah, Orach Chayim, loc. cit.).
|
Shevitat Asor - Chapter Three
Halacha 1
It is forbidden to wash on Yom Kippur,1 whether using hot or cold water.2 One may not wash one's entire body [at one time], nor any individual limb. It is even forbidden to immerse one's small finger in water.
A king and a bride may wash their faces:3 a bride so that she will not appear unattractive to her husband, and a king so that he will appear splendorous, as [Isaiah 33:17] states: "Your eyes shall behold the king in his splendor."4 Until when is a wife considered to be a "bride"? For thirty days.5
Halacha 2
When a person is soiled with filth or mud, he may wash off the dirt in an ordinary manner without reservation.6 [Similarly,] a woman may wash one hand in water and give a piece of bread to a child.7
A person who is ill may wash in an ordinary manner even though he is not dangerously ill. Similarly, all those who are obligated to immerse themselves [for the sake of ritual purity] should immerse themselves in an ordinary manner. This applies both on Tish'ah B'Av and on Yom Kippur.8
Halacha 3
[The following rules apply] in the present age9 when a man has a seminal emission on Yom Kippur: If it is still moist, he should wipe it off with a cloth; this is sufficient. If it is dry, or he has become soiled, he may wash the soiled portions of his body and pray.10 It is, however, forbidden for him wash his entire body or to immerse himself.
For a person who immerses himself in the present age is not ritually pure11 - [he is impure regardless - ] because of ritual impurity contracted from a human corpse.12 The practice of washing after a nocturnal emission before prayer in the present age is only a custom. And a custom may not nullify a prohibition; it may only prohibit that which is permitted.13
The statement that a person who had a seminal emission on Yom Kippur should immerse himself was applicable only [in the era] when it was required to immerse oneself after a seminal emission and, as explained, this ordinance has already been nullified.
Halacha 4
It is forbidden to sit on mud that is moist14 enough that if a person places his hand on it, sufficient moisture will rise up with it so that if he joins this hand to his other hand, the other hand will also become moist.15
A person should not fill an earthenware container with water and use it to cool himself, for the water permeates through its walls. It is even forbidden to use a metal container [for this purpose], lest water sprinkle on his flesh.16 It is permitted to cool off [by holding] fruit [against one's flesh].
Halacha 5
On the day preceding Yom Kippur, a person may take a handkerchief and soak it in water, wring it out slightly,17 and place it under clothes [so that it will not be exposed to the heat of the sun]. On the following day, he may wipe his face with it without any reservation,18 despite the fact that it is very cold.
Halacha 6
A person who is going to greet his teacher,19 his father,20 or someone who surpasses him in knowledge, and similarly, a person who is going to study in the House of Study, may pass through water21 that is neck-high22 without any reservation.23
[Moreover, after] he performs the mitzvah that he intended to perform, he may return to his home via the water. For if we did not allow him to return, he would not go, [and with this restriction, we would] thwart [his observance of] the mitzvah.
Halacha 7
It is forbidden to wear a [leather] shoe or a sandal,26 even on one foot. It is, however, permitted to wear a sandal made of reeds, rushes,27or the like. Similarly, a person may wind cloth over his feet or the like, for his feet remain sensitive to the hardness of the ground and he feels as if he is barefoot.28
Although children are allowed to eat, drink, wash, and anoint themselves, they should be prevented [from wearing] shoes and sandals.29
Halacha 8
All people are allowed to wear sandals [to protect themselves] from being bitten by scorpions and the like.
A woman who has just given birth may wear sandals for thirty days, lest she be chilled. The same law applies to other people who are sick, even if their illness is not dangerous.30
Halacha 9
[Just as it is forbidden to anoint] one's entire body, so too, is it forbidden to anoint a portion of one's body. [This restriction applies] both to anointment that brings one pleasure and to anointment that does not bring one pleasure.31
When a person is sick, however, or if he has sores on his scalp, he may anoint himself in an ordinary manner without any reservation.
Halacha 10
There are communities where it is customary to light a candle on Yom Kippur, so that one will be modest with regard to one's wife and thus not be prompted to engage in sexual relations. There are, by contrast, other communities where it is customary not to light a candle, lest one see one's wife, be attracted to her, and be prompted to engage in sexual relations.32
If Yom Kippur falls on the Sabbath, it is an obligation to light [a candle incumbent on the members] of all communities. For lighting a candle on the Sabbath is an obligation.33
Blessed be God who grants assistance.
| FOOTNOTES | |
| 1. |
Our Sages instituted this prohibition based Solomon's description (I Kings 2:26) of David's affliction, which included being forced to go without washing (Yoma 77a).
|
| 2. |
With regard to the prohibition against washing on the Sabbath and holidays, a distinction is made between washing with hot water and washing with cold water, because that prohibition was instituted lest the keepers of the baths heat water on these holy days. On Yom Kippur, the prohibition was instituted to prohibit washing per se. In this regard, we find a verse (Proverbs 25:25), "Like cold water on a wearied soul," including even cold water.
|
| 3. |
From this leniency, some authorities infer that the prohibition against washing is Rabbinic in origin. If its source had been in the Torah, the Sages would not have granted such a leniency. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain that since the Torah's prohibition applies only to washing for the sake of pleasure, washing for other reasons is permitted when necessary.
|
| 4. |
See Hilchot Melachim 2:5.
|
| 5. |
The Mishnah Berurah 613:26 mentions opinions that do not allow this leniency in the present age.
|
| 6. |
For it is only washing for the sake of pleasure that is forbidden, and not washing for the sake of cleanliness (Yoma 77b).
|
| 7. |
Yoma, ibid. explains that this refers to shibta, which Rashi interprets as meaning a spirit of impurity that rests on one's hands after sleep. For this reason, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 613:2) allows one to wash one's hands upon arising in the morning.
|
| 8. |
This applied only in the ages when the people observed the laws of ritual purity. At present, since we do not possess the ashes of the red heifer, there is no way we can purify ourselves from the impurity contracted through contact with a human corpse, and we are all ritually impure. Hence, it is forbidden to immerse oneself on Yom Kippur and Tish'ah B'Av. Even a woman who is obligated to immerse herself on this day to purify herself from the niddah state should postpone her immersion. (See Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 613:12, 554:8.)
|
| 9. |
I.e., in contrast to the era of Ezra, who ordained that a person who saw a nocturnal emission must immerse himself in the mikveh before reciting the Shema, praying, or engaging in Torah study. (See Hilchot Kri'at Shema 4:8, Hilchot Tefillah 4:4-6 and notes.)
|
| 10. |
For it is forbidden to pray while there is a trace of semen on one's body.
|
| 11. |
I.e., although a seminal emission conveys ritual impurity and immersion in a mikveh removes that impurity, this is not of consequence in the present age.
|
| 12. |
Which can be removed only when the ashes of the red heifer are sprinkled on a person.
|
| 13. |
I.e., a person may accept a custom that requires more stringent conduct than that obligated by the letter of Torah law for various reasons. He may not, however, adopt any leniency in Torah law for such reasons.
|
| 14. |
This would also be done for the purpose of cooling off (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 613:9).
|
| 15. |
This is the explanation of the Rabbinic expression, טופח על מנת להטפיח.
|
| 16. |
One may, however, use an empty container for this purpose (Shulchan Aruch, loc. cit.).
|
| 17. |
I.e., he must wring it out so that it will no longer be טופח על מנת להטפיח, as explained in the previous halachah.
|
| 18. |
The Ramah (Orach Chayim 613:9) forbids this, lest the person squeeze water from the cloth and thus perform one of the forbidden labors.
|
| 19. |
For it is a mitzvah to greet one's teacher (Chaggigah 5b).
|
| 20. |
Since honoring one's parents is a mitzvah.
|
| 21. |
For his intent is to perform the mitzvah and not to take pleasure in bathing.
|
| 22. |
The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit. 613:5) emphasizes that one should not enter water in which the current is fast-moving, because of the danger involved.
|
| 23. |
The Ramah (Orach Chayim 613:8) states that even if there is a circuitous route that does not require one to pass through water, one may take a direct route through the water. Shulchan Aruch HaRav 613:13 and the Mishnah Berurah 613:22 differ, and prohibit passing through water if there is an alternative route, even one that is much longer.
|
| 24. |
Although guarding one's produce is not a mitzvah, this leniency was granted because of a person's concern for his money. In this instance, the person is not allowed to return through water on Yom Kippur (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 613:12).
|
| 25. |
Forcing the person to deviate from his ordinary pattern will remind him not to squeeze the water from his garments (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 613:8).
|
| 26. |
Yoma 77a also regards going without shoes as an affliction, based on Solomon's statements describing David's afflictions (I Kings 2:26) cited previously, for II Samuel 15:30 describes how David walked barefoot when fleeing from Avshalom.
|
| 27. |
Our translation for שעם is based on the gloss of Rabbenu Manoach. He also offers an alternative meaning of the word, "tree bark." In modern Hebrew, שעם means cork.
|
| 28. |
The Mishnah Berurah 614:5 states that in his time, it was customary to wear socks and not shoes or sandals made of rubber or similar materials. Nevertheless, at present it has become customary to wear such shoes or sandals.
|
| 29. |
Refraining from any of the other four activities mentioned could affect the child's health and growth. This is not true with regard to wearing shoes and sandals. On the contrary, children often go without shoes.
|
| 30. |
The halachic equivalence between a woman who has just given birth and a sick person is established in Hilchot Shabbat 2:14.
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 614:3) also grants this leniency to a person who has a wound on his foot. The Ramah (loc. cit.:4) states that shoes may also be worn outside if the streets are very muddy.
|
| 31. |
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 614:1) interprets this to mean that it is prohibited to anoint oneself even for purposes of cleanliness.
|
| 32. |
Shulchan Aruch HaRav 610:1 explains that it is an obligation to honor Yom Kippur by kindling lights, just as it is a mitzvah to honor other holidays. Nevertheless, because of the fear that one might be prompted to engage in sexual relations, certain communities adopted the custom of nullifying this mitzvah in homes where a husband and wife live together. Pesachim 53b applies the verse (Isaiah 60:21) "And your nation are all righteous" to both customs.
In all communities, it is customary to light candles for Yom Kippur, either at home or in the synagogue. The above explanation clarifies the decision of the Ramah, who maintains that one should recite a blessing over these candles. There are, however, other explanations, and for this reason, there are authorities (see Sha'ar HaTziyun 610:5) who maintain that a blessing should not be recited.
|
| 33. |
See Hilchot Shabbat 5:1.
|
---------------------
Hayom Yom:
• English Text | Video Class• Thursday, Tevet 26, 5776 · 07 January 2016
"Today's Day"
Sunday Tevet 26 5703
Torah lessons: Chumash: Va'eira, first parsha with Rashi.
Tehillim: 119, 97 to end.
Tanya: Ch. 14. The rank of (p. 59)...to deny the truth!" (p. 59).
In the b'racha V'lamalshinim (p. 55, "Let thee..." in English), pause slightly between ut'mageir ("crush") and v'tachnia ("and subdue"), in consonance with the kavana1 that t'akeir ut'shabeir ut'mageir ("uproot, break, crush") refer to the three kelipot2that must be completely eradicated. V'tachnia ("subdue") refers to kelipat noga3 that must be subdued, but can be purified.
FOOTNOTES
1. "Inner meaning" of the word.
2. "Shells of evil." See Tanya, Ch. 6 (end).
3. "Shell of brightness."---------------------• Daily Thought:
Hayom Yom:
• English Text | Video Class• Thursday, Tevet 26, 5776 · 07 January 2016
"Today's Day"
Sunday Tevet 26 5703
Torah lessons: Chumash: Va'eira, first parsha with Rashi.
Tehillim: 119, 97 to end.
Tanya: Ch. 14. The rank of (p. 59)...to deny the truth!" (p. 59).
In the b'racha V'lamalshinim (p. 55, "Let thee..." in English), pause slightly between ut'mageir ("crush") and v'tachnia ("and subdue"), in consonance with the kavana1 that t'akeir ut'shabeir ut'mageir ("uproot, break, crush") refer to the three kelipot2that must be completely eradicated. V'tachnia ("subdue") refers to kelipat noga3 that must be subdued, but can be purified.
FOOTNOTES
1. "Inner meaning" of the word.
2. "Shells of evil." See Tanya, Ch. 6 (end).
3. "Shell of brightness."---------------------• Daily Thought:
Deep Love
You cannot touch the depths of another until you have touched the depths of your own soul.
If you love yourself for your achievements, your current assets, the way you do things and handle the world—and despise yourself for failure in the same—it follows that your relationship with another will also be transient and superficial.
To achieve deep and lasting love of another person, you need to first experience the depth within yourself—an inner core that doesn’t change with time or events.
If it is the true essence, it is an essence shared by the other person as well, and deep love becomes unavoidable.
---------------------
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