Today in Jewish History:
• Jeroboam Barricades Jerusalem (797 BCE)
After King Solomon's passing in 797 BCE, ten of the twelve tribes of Israel, led by Jeroboam ben Nebat of the tribe of Ephraim, rebelled against Solomon's son and heir, Rehoboam. The Holy Land split into two kingdoms: the "Kingdom of Israel" in the north, with Jeroboam as its king and the city of Samaria as its capital; and the southern "Kingdom of Judah" with its capital Jerusalem, where Rehoboam ruled over the two tribes (Judah and Benjamin) that remained loyal to the royal house of David. The spiritual center of the land, however, remained Jerusalem, where the Holy Temple built by Solomon stood, and where every Jew was obligated to make a thrice-yearly pilgrimage for the festivals of Passover, Shavuot and Sukkot. Seeing this as a threat to his sovereignty, Jeroboam set up, on Sivan 23 of that year, roadblocks to prevent the people's pilgrimage to Jerusalem, introducing instead the worship of two idols, in the form of gold calves, which he enshrined on the northern and southern boundaries of his realm.
The barricades remained in place for 223 years, until Hoshea ben Elah, the last king of the Northern Kingdom, had them removed on the 15th of Av of 574 BCE. By then, the ten tribes residing there were already being expelled from the land in a series of invasions by various Assyrian and Babylonian kings. The last of these occurred in 556 BCE, when Shalmaneser of Assyria completely conquered the Kingdom of Israel, destroyed its capital, exiled the last of the Israelites residing there, and resettled the land with foreign peoples from Kutha and Babylon. These peoples -- later known as the "Samaritans" -- assumed a form of Judaism as their religion, but were never accepted as such by the Jewish people; they subsequently built their own temple on Mount Gerizim and became bitter enemies of the Jews. The "Ten Lost Tribes of Israel" were never heard from again, and await the coming of the Moshiach to be reunited with the Jewish people.
Links:
• Haman's Decree Counteracted (357 BCE)
Even after Haman was hanged on the 17th of Nissan of 357 BCE, his evil decree "to destroy, kill and annihilate all the Jews, from young to old, infants and women, in one day, the 13th day of the 12th month (Adar)" remained in force. Queen Esther pleaded with King Achashverosh to annul the decree, but Achashverosh insisted that "a writ that has been written in the king's name, and sealed with the king's seal, cannot be returned." Instead, he suggested to Esther and Mordechai to "inscribe, regarding the Jews, as you please, and seal it with the king's seal." On the 23rd of Sivan, Mordechai drafted a royal decree giving the Jews the license to defend themselves and kill all who rise up against them to kill them, and dispatched it to all 127 provinces of Achashverosh's empire. (Book of Esther, chapter 8)
Links:
- Timeline of the events connected with the Purim miracle
- A Momentous Year
- Daily Quote:
- Daily Study:
Chumash: Shlach, 4th Portion Numbers 14:26-15:7 with Rashi
• English / Hebrew Linear Translation | Video Class• Numbers Chapter 14
26The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying, כווַיְדַבֵּ֣ר יְהֹוָ֔ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה וְאֶל־אַֽהֲרֹ֖ן לֵאמֹֽר:
27"How much longer will this evil congregation who are causing to complain against Me [exist]? The complaints of the children of Israel which they caused them to complain against Me, I have heard. כזעַד־מָתַ֗י לָֽעֵדָ֤ה הָֽרָעָה֙ הַזֹּ֔את אֲשֶׁ֛ר הֵ֥מָּה מַלִּינִ֖ים עָלָ֑י אֶת־תְּלֻנּ֞וֹת בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל אֲשֶׁ֨ר הֵ֧מָּה מַלִּינִ֛ים עָלַ֖י שָׁמָֽעְתִּי:
this evil congregation: This refers to the spies; [we derive] from here that a congregation numbers [a minimum of] ten. — [Meg. 23b]
לעדה הרעה וגו': אלו המרגלים, מכאן לעדה שהיא עשרה:
who are causing: the Israelites…
אשר המה מלינים: את ישראל עלי:
to complain against Me. The complaints of the children of Israel which they: the spies, caused them to complain against Me, I have heard.
את תלנות בני ישראל אשר המה מלינים: המרגלים מלינים אותם עלי שמעתי:
28Say to them, 'As I live,' says the Lord, 'if not as you have spoken in My ears, so will I do to you. כחאֱמֹ֣ר אֲלֵהֶ֗ם חַי־אָ֨נִי֙ נְאֻם־יְהֹוָ֔ה אִם־לֹ֕א כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֥ר דִּבַּרְתֶּ֖ם בְּאָזְנָ֑י כֵּ֖ן אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֥ה לָכֶֽם:
As I live: A term denoting an oath. “If not…so will I do” [i.e., if I do not do as you have spoken into My ears] it is as if I do not live, as it were.
חי אני: לשון שבועה:
as you have spoken: that you requested from Me,“or if only we had died in this desert” (verse 2).
אם לא וגו' כן אעשה: כביכול איני חי:
29In this desert, your corpses shall fall; your entire number, all those from the age of twenty and up, who were counted, because you complained against Me. כטבַּמִּדְבָּ֣ר הַ֠זֶּ֠ה יִפְּל֨וּ פִגְרֵיכֶ֜ם וְכָל־פְּקֻֽדֵיכֶם֙ לְכָל־מִסְפַּרְכֶ֔ם מִבֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וָמָ֑עְלָה אֲשֶׁ֥ר הֲלִֽינֹתֶ֖ם עָלָֽי:
your entire number, all those…who were counted: All those counted in any census which was numbered, for example going to or returning from war, contributing shekels; all those listed in those tallies will die. They are: All those from the age of twenty and up, excluding the tribe of Levi, who were not counted from the age of twenty [but from the age of one month].
וכל פקדיכם לכל מספרכם: כל הנמנה לכל מספר, שאתם נמנין בו, כגון לצאת ולבא לצבא ולתת שקלים, כל המנויים לכל אותן מספרות ימותו, ואלו הן מבן כ' שנה וגו', להוציא שבטו של לוי שאין פקודיהם מבן עשרים:
30You shall [not] come into the Land concerning which I raised My hand that you would settle in it, except Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua the son of Nun. לאִם־אַתֶּם֙ תָּבֹ֣אוּ אֶל־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֤ר נָשָׂ֨אתִי֙ אֶת־יָדִ֔י לְשַׁכֵּ֥ן אֶתְכֶ֖ם בָּ֑הּ כִּ֚י אִם־כָּלֵ֣ב בֶּן־יְפֻנֶּ֔ה וִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֖עַ בִּן־נֽוּן:
31As for your infants, of whom you said that they will be as spoils, I will bring them [there], and they will come to know the Land which You despised. לאוְטַ֨פְּכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲמַרְתֶּ֖ם לָבַ֣ז יִֽהְיֶ֑ה וְהֵֽבֵיאתִ֣י אֹתָ֔ם וְיָֽדְעוּ֙ אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ אֲשֶׁ֥ר מְאַסְתֶּ֖ם בָּֽהּ:
32But as for you, your corpses shall fall in this desert. לבוּפִגְרֵיכֶ֖ם אַתֶּ֑ם יִפְּל֖וּ בַּמִּדְבָּ֥ר הַזֶּֽה:
But as for you, your corpses: As the Targum renders: וּפִגְרֵיכוֹן דִילְכוֹן, and your corpses of yours. Since [in the previous verse] He spoke about bringing the children into the Land, and now He wants to say, But as for you, you shall die, it is appropriate to use the term אַתֶּם [literally “you”].
ופגריכם אתם: כתרגומו לפי שדבר על הבנים להכניסם לארץ ובקש לומר ואתם תמותו, נופל לשון זה כאן לומר אתם:
33Your children shall wander in the desert for forty years and bear your defection until the last of your corpses has fallen in the desert. לגוּבְנֵיכֶ֠ם יִֽהְי֨וּ רֹעִ֤ים בַּמִּדְבָּר֙ אַרְבָּעִ֣ים שָׁנָ֔ה וְנָֽשְׂא֖וּ אֶת־זְנֽוּתֵיכֶ֑ם עַד־תֹּ֥ם פִּגְרֵיכֶ֖ם בַּמִּדְבָּֽר:
forty years: Not one of them died before the age of sixty. This is why forty [years] was decreed, so that those who were twenty years old would reach the age of sixty. The first year was included although it preceded the dispatching of the spies. For from the time they made the [golden] calf, this decree had been in [God’s] mind, but He waited until their measure [of wickedness] was filled. This is what is stated, “But on the day I make an accounting”-at the time of the spies-“I shall reckon their sin” (Exod. 32:34). Here too, it says, “you will bear your iniquities” [in the plural, indicating] two iniquities: the [one of the] calf and the [one of] the complaint. In calculating their ages, Scripture considers part of a year like a whole year, and when they their sixtieth year, those who had been twenty years old [now] died. - [Midrash Tanchuma Shelach 13]
ארבעים שנה: לא מת אחד מהם פחות מבן שישים, לכך נגזר ארבעים, כדי שיהיו אותם של בני עשרים מגיעין לכלל ששים. ושנה ראשונה היתה בכלל, ואף על פי שקדמה לשלוח המרגלים, לפי שמשעשו את העגל עלתה גזירה זו במחשבה אלא שהמתין להם עד שתתמלא סאתם, וזהו שנאמר (שמות לב, לד) וביום פקדי, במרגלים, ופקדתי עליהם חטאתם, ואף כאן נא' תשאו את עונותיכם, ולא עונתכם, שתי עונות של עגל ושל תלונה. וחשב להם במנין חייהם מקצת שנה ככולה, וכשנכנסו לשנת ששים מתו אותם של בני עשרים:
and bear your defection: As the Targum renders,“They will endure your guilt.”
ונשאו את זנותיכם: כתרגומו ויקבלון ית חוביכון:
34According to the number of days which you toured the Land forty days, a day for each year, you will [thus] bear your iniquities for forty years; thus you will come to know My alienation. לדבְּמִסְפַּ֨ר הַיָּמִ֜ים אֲשֶׁר־תַּרְתֶּ֣ם אֶת־הָאָ֘רֶץ֘ אַרְבָּעִ֣ים יוֹם֒ י֣וֹם לַשָּׁנָ֞ה י֣וֹם לַשָּׁנָ֗ה תִּשְׂאוּ֙ אֶת־עֲוֹנֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם אַרְבָּעִ֖ים שָׁנָ֑ה וִֽידַעְתֶּ֖ם אֶת־תְּנֽוּאָתִֽי:
My alienation: Heb. תְּנוּאָתִי, that you alienated your hearts from following Me. [The word] תְּנוּאָה denotes ‘removal,’ as in,“for her father obstructed [in the sense of removed] (הֵנִיא) her” [from her vow] (30:6).
את תנואתי: שהניאותם את לבבכם מאחרי. תנואה לשון הסרה, כמו (במדבר ל, ו) כי הניא אביה אותה:
35I, the Lord, have spoken if I will not do this to the entire evil congregation who have assembled against me; in this desert they will end, and there they will die. להאֲנִ֣י יְהֹוָה֘ דִּבַּ֒רְתִּי֒ אִם־לֹ֣א | זֹ֣את אֶֽעֱשֶׂ֗ה לְכָל־הָֽעֵדָ֤ה הָֽרָעָה֙ הַזֹּ֔את הַנּֽוֹעָדִ֖ים עָלָ֑י בַּמִּדְבָּ֥ר הַזֶּ֛ה יִתַּ֖מּוּ וְשָׁ֥ם יָמֻֽתוּ:
36As for the men whom Moses had sent to scout the Land, who returned and caused the entire congregation to complain against him by spreading [a slanderous] report about the Land" לווְהָ֣אֲנָשִׁ֔ים אֲשֶׁר־שָׁלַ֥ח משֶׁ֖ה לָת֣וּר אֶת־הָאָ֑רֶץ וַיָּשֻׁ֗בוּ וַיַּלִּ֤ינוּ (כתיב וילונו) עָלָיו֙ אֶת־כָּל־הָ֣עֵדָ֔ה לְהוֹצִ֥יא דִבָּ֖ה עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ:
who returned and caused… to complain against him: When they returned from scouting the Land, they caused the entire congregation to complain against him by spreading slander-those men died. The expression הוֹצָאַת דִבָּה implies instructing to speak, for they ply the tongue of a man to speak about something, as in,“making the lips of the sleeping speak (דּוֹבֵב) ” (Song 7:10). It may be for either good or bad, and that is why it says here (verse 37),“who spread an evil report about the Land” because a ‘report’ (דִבָּה) can [also] be good.
וישבו וילינו עליו: וכששבו מתור הארץ הרעימו עליו את כל העדה בהוצאת דבה אותם אנשים וימותו. כל הוצאת דבה לשון חינוך דברים, שמלקיחים לשונם לאדם לדבר בו, כמו (שה"ש ז, י) דובב שפתי ישנים. וישנה לטובה וישנה לרעה, לכך נאמר כאן מוציאי דבת הארץ רעה, שיש דבה שהיא טובה:
report: Heb. דִבָּה, parleriz or parlediz in Old French, talk, gossip.
דבה: פרלדי"ץ בלע"ז [לשון הרע]:
37the men who spread an evil report about the Land died in the plague, before the Lord. לזוַיָּמֻ֨תוּ֙ הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֔ים מֽוֹצִאֵ֥י דִבַּת־הָאָ֖רֶץ רָעָ֑ה בַּמַּגֵּפָ֖ה לִפְנֵ֥י יְהֹוָֽה:
in the plague before the Lord: Through that death which was fitting for them-measure for measure; they had sinned with the tongue and now [in retribution] their tongues extended to their navels. Worms came out from their tongues and entered their navels. This is why Scripture says, “in the plague,” rather than “in a plague,” and this is also the meaning of “before the Lord”-in that plague which was fitting for them according to the methods of the Holy One, blessed is He, [namely] that He metes out measure for measure. - [Sotah 35a]
במגפה לפני ה': באותה מיתה ההגונה להם מדה כנגד מדה. הם חטאו בלשון, ונשתרבב לשונם עד טבורם ותולעים יוצאים מלשונם ובאין לתוך טבורם, לכך נאמר במגפה ולא במגפה, וזהו לפני ה', באותה הראויה להם על פי מדותיו של הקב"ה, שהוא מודד מדה כנגד מדה:
38But Joshua the son of Nun and Caleb the son of Jephunneh remained alive of the men who went to tour the Land. לחוִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ בִּן־נ֔וּן וְכָלֵ֖ב בֶּן־יְפֻנֶּ֑ה חָיוּ֙ מִן־הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֣ים הָהֵ֔ם הַהֹֽלְכִ֖ים לָת֥וּר אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ:
But Joshua…and Caleb…remained alive…: What does Scripture mean by saying, “remained alive of the men”? It teaches that they took the spies’ portion in the Land, and replaced them in life, as it were. [B.B. 118b]
ויהושע וכלב חיו וגו': מה תלמוד לומר חיו מן האנשים ההם, אלא מלמד שנטלו חלקם של מרגלים בארץ וקמו תחתיהם לחיים:
39Moses related all these words to the children of Israel, and the people mourned greatly. לטוַיְדַבֵּ֤ר משֶׁה֙ אֶת־הַדְּבָרִ֣ים הָאֵ֔לֶּה אֶל־כָּל־בְּנֵ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיִּתְאַבְּל֥וּ הָעָ֖ם מְאֹֽד:
40They arose early in the morning and ascended to the mountain top, saying, "We are ready to go up to the place of which the Lord spoke, for we have sinned. " מוַיַּשְׁכִּ֣מוּ בַבֹּ֔קֶר וַיַּֽעֲל֥וּ אֶל־רֹֽאשׁ־הָהָ֖ר לֵאמֹ֑ר הִנֶּ֗נּוּ וְעָלִ֛ינוּ אֶל־הַמָּק֛וֹם אֲשֶׁר־אָמַ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה כִּ֥י חָטָֽאנוּ:
to the mountain top: That is the route leading up to the Land of Israel.
אל ראש ההר: והוא הדרך העולה לארץ ישראל:
We are ready to go up to the place: To the Land of Israel.
הננו ועלינו אל המקום: לארץ ישראל:
of which the Lord spoke: to give to us; let us go up there.
אשר אמר ה': לתתה לנו שם נעלה:
for we have sinned: By saying,“Is it not better for us to return to Egypt?” (verse 3).
כי חטאנו: על אשר אמרנו הלא טוב לנו שוב מצרימה:
41Moses said, "Why do you transgress the word of the Lord? It will not succeed. מאוַיֹּ֣אמֶר משֶׁ֔ה לָ֥מָּה זֶּ֛ה אַתֶּ֥ם עֹֽבְרִ֖ים אֶת־פִּ֣י יְהֹוָ֑ה וְהִ֖וא לֹ֥א תִצְלָֽח:
It will not succeed: What you are doing will not succeed.
והוא לא תצלח: זו שאתם עושין לא תצלח:
42Do not go up, for the Lord is not among you, [so that] you will not be beaten by your enemies. מבאַל־תַּֽעֲל֔וּ כִּ֛י אֵ֥ין יְהֹוָ֖ה בְּקִרְבְּכֶ֑ם וְלֹא֙ תִּנָּ֣גְפ֔וּ לִפְנֵ֖י אֹֽיְבֵיכֶֽם:
43For the Amalekites and the Canaanites are there before you, and you will fall by the sword. For you have turned away from the Lord, and the Lord will not be with you. מגכִּי֩ הָֽעֲמָֽלֵקִ֨י וְהַכְּנַֽעֲנִ֥י שָׁם֙ לִפְנֵיכֶ֔ם וּנְפַלְתֶּ֖ם בֶּחָ֑רֶב כִּֽי־עַל־כֵּ֤ן שַׁבְתֶּם֙ מֵאַֽחֲרֵ֣י יְהֹוָ֔ה וְלֹא־יִֽהְיֶ֥ה יְהֹוָ֖ה עִמָּכֶֽם:
For you have turned away: That is to say: This will happen to you because you have turned away etc…
כי על כן שבתם: כלומר כי זאת תבא לכם על אשר שבתם וגו':
44They defiantly ascended to the mountain top, but the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord and Moses did not move from the camp. מדוַיַּעְפִּ֕לוּ לַֽעֲל֖וֹת אֶל־רֹ֣אשׁ הָהָ֑ר וַֽאֲר֤וֹן בְּרִית־יְהֹוָה֙ וּמשֶׁ֔ה לֹא־מָ֖שׁוּ מִקֶּ֥רֶב הַמַּֽחֲנֶֽה:
They defiantly ascended: Heb. וַיַעְפִּלוּ, a term connoting insolence; similarly (Hab. 2:4),“behold, it is insolent (עֻפְּלָה) ,” in old French, engres, a term denoting arrogant boldness. Similarly,“the tower (עֹפֶל) of the daughter of Zion” (Mic. 4:8);“rampart (עֹפֶל) and tower” (Isa. 32:14). The Midrash Tanchuma (Buber Shelach addendum 19) interprets it as a term denoting darkness (אֹפֶל); they [the Israelites] went in darkness, without permission.
ויעפלו: לשון חוזק וכן (חבקוק ב, ד) הנה עפלה. אינגרי"ש בלע"ז [עזי רוח] לשון עזות, וכן (מיכה ד, ח) עופל בת ציון, (ישעיה לב, יד) עופל ובחן. ומדרש תנחומא מפרשו לשון אופל, הלכו חשכים שלא ברשות:
45The Amalekites and the Canaanites who lived on the mountain came down and smote them and crushed them [pursuing them] until Hormah. מהוַיֵּ֤רֶד הָֽעֲמָֽלֵקִי֙ וְהַכְּנַֽעֲנִ֔י הַיּשֵׁ֖ב בָּהָ֣ר הַה֑וּא וַיַּכּ֥וּם וַיַּכְּת֖וּם עַד־הַֽחָרְמָֽה:
and crushed them: Heb. וַיַּכְּתוּם, as in,“and I crushed (וָאֶכּוֹת) it, grinding it” (Deut. 9:21), [implying] blow after blow.
ויכתום: כמו (דברים ט, כא) ואכות אותו טחון, מכה אחר מכה:
until Hormah: The name of the place [which means destruction] commemorates the event which took place there.
עד החרמה: שם המקום נקרא על שם המאורע:
Numbers Chapter 15
1The Lord spoke to Moses saying: אוַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר:
2Speak to the children of Israel and say to them: When you arrive in the Land of your dwelling place, which I am giving you, בדַּבֵּר֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאָֽמַרְתָּ֖ אֲלֵהֶ֑ם כִּ֣י תָבֹ֗אוּ אֶל־אֶ֨רֶץ֙ מֽוֹשְׁבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֲנִ֖י נֹתֵ֥ן לָכֶֽם:
When you arrive: He informed them that they would enter the Land.)
כי תבאו: בשר להם שיכנסו לארץ:
3and you make a fire offering to the Lord, a burnt offering or a sacrifice [namely a peace offering], for an expressed vow or for a voluntary offering or on your festivals, to provide a pleasing fragrance for the Lord, from the cattle or from the sheep. גוַֽעֲשִׂיתֶ֨ם אִשֶּׁ֤ה לַֽיהֹוָה֙ עֹלָ֣ה אוֹ־זֶ֔בַח לְפַלֵּא־נֶ֨דֶר֙ א֣וֹ בִנְדָבָ֔ה א֖וֹ בְּמֹֽעֲדֵיכֶ֑ם לַֽעֲשׂ֞וֹת רֵ֤יחַ נִיחֹ֨חַ֙ לַיהֹוָ֔ה מִן־הַבָּקָ֖ר א֥וֹ מִן־הַצֹּֽאן:
and you make a fire-offering: This is not a command, but [it means that], when you arrive there and you decide to make a fire-offering for the Lord…
ועשיתם אשה: אין זה צווי אלא כשתבאו שם ותעלה על לבבכם לעשות אשה לה':
a pleasing fragrance: That it should afford Me contentment.
ריח ניחח: שיהיה נחת רוח לפני:
for an expressed vow or for a voluntary offering…: Or, you make a fire-offering for the obligatory festival sacrifice, which I required you to make on festivals.
לפלא נדר או בנדבה וגו': או שתעשו האשה בשביל חובת מועדיכם שחייבתי אתכם לעשות במועד:
4The one who brings his offering to the Lord shall present a meal offering containing one tenth fine flour mixed with a quarter of a hin of oil. דוְהִקְרִ֛יב הַמַּקְרִ֥יב קָרְבָּנ֖וֹ לַֽיהֹוָ֑ה מִנְחָה֙ סֹ֣לֶת עִשָּׂר֔וֹן בָּל֕וּל בִּרְבִעִ֥ית הַהִ֖ין שָֽׁמֶן:
The one who brings his offering…shall present: You shall offer up libations and a meal-offering for each animal. The meal-offering is completely consumed, and the oil is blended into it. The wine is put into basins [from which it runs onto the altar and down to the foundations], as we learned in Tractate Sukkah (48a, b)
והקריב המקריב: תקריבו נסכים ומנחה לכל בהמה המנחה כליל, והשמן נבלל בתוכה, והיין לספלים, כמו ששנינו במסכת סוכה (סוכה מח א):
5And a quarter of a hin of wine for a libation, you shall prepare with the burnt offering or for the sacrifice, for each lamb. הוְיַ֤יִן לַנֶּ֨סֶךְ֙ רְבִיעִ֣ית הַהִ֔ין תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה עַל־הָֽעֹלָ֖ה א֣וֹ לַזָּ֑בַח לַכֶּ֖בֶשׂ הָֽאֶחָֽד:
for each lamb: This relates to everything mentioned above-the meal-offering, the oil and the wine.
לכבש האחד: על כל האמור למעלה הוא מוסב על המנחה ועל השמן ועל היין:
6Or for a ram, you shall present a meal offering containing two tenths fine flour mixed with a third of a hin of oil. וא֤וֹ לָאַ֨יִל֙ תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֣ה מִנְחָ֔ה סֹ֖לֶת שְׁנֵ֣י עֶשְׂרֹנִ֑ים בְּלוּלָ֥ה בַשֶּׁ֖מֶן שְׁלִשִׁ֥ית הַהִֽין:
Or for a ram: [I.e.,] if [the animal you bring is] a ram. Our Sages expounded [the word] אוֹ,“or” to include the palgas [a sheep in its thirteenth month, which is neither a lamb nor a ram] for the libations of a ram. - [Chullin 23a, see Parah 1:3]
או לאיל: ואם איל הוא. ורבותינו דרשו או לרבות את הפלגס לנסכי איל:
7And a third of a hin of wine for a libation; you shall offer up, a pleasing fragrance to the Lord. זוְיַ֥יִן לַנֶּ֖סֶךְ שְׁלִשִׁ֣ית הַהִ֑ין תַּקְרִ֥יב רֵֽיחַ־נִיחֹ֖חַ לַֽיהֹוָֽה:
- Daily Tehillim: Chapters 108 - 112
• English text• Chapter 108
1. A song, a psalm by David.
2. My heart is steadfast, O God; I will sing and chant praises even with my soul.
3. Awake, O lyre and harp; I shall awaken the dawn.
4. I will thank You among the nations, Lord; I will sing praises to You among the peoples.
5. Indeed, Your kindness reaches above the heavens; Your truth reaches to the skies.
6. Be exalted upon the heavens, O God, [show] Your glory upon all the earth.
7. That Your beloved ones may be delivered, help with Your right hand and answer me.
8. God spoke in His holiness that I would exult, I would divide portions [of the enemies' land], I would measure the Valley of Succot.
9. Mine is Gilead, mine is Manasseh, and Ephraim is the stronghold of my head, Judah is my prince.
10. Moab is my washbasin, I will cast my shoe upon Edom, I will shout over Philistia.
11. Who brings me to the fortified city? Who led me unto Edom?
12. Is it not God, Who has [until now] forsaken us, and did not go forth, O God, with our armies?
13. Give us help against the adversary; futile is the help of man.
14. Through God we will do valiantly, and He will trample our oppressors.
Chapter 109
David composed this psalm while fleeing from Saul. At that time he faced many enemies who, despite acting friendly in his presence, spoke only evil of him; he therefore curses them bitterly.
1. For the Conductor, by David, a psalm. O God of my praise, be not silent.
2. For the mouth of the wicked and the mouth of the deceitful have opened against me; they spoke to me with a false tongue.
3. They have surrounded me with words of hate, and attacked me without cause.
4. In return for my love they hate me; still, I am [a man of] prayer.
5. They placed harm upon me in return for my favor, and hatred in return for my love.
6. Appoint a wicked man over him; let an adversary stand at his right.
7. When he is judged may he go out condemned; may his prayer be considered a sin.
8. May his days be few; may another take his position.
9. May his children be orphans and his wife a widow.
10. May his children wander about and beg; may they seek charity from amid their ruins.
11. May the creditor seize all that he has, and may strangers plunder [the fruits of] his labor.
12. May he have none who extends him kindness, and may none be gracious to his orphans.
13. May his posterity be cut off; may their name be erased in a later generation.
14. May the iniquity of his fathers be remembered by the Lord, and the sin of his mother not be erased.
15. May they be before the Lord always, and may He cut off their memory from the earth.
16. Because he did not remember to do kindness, and he pursued the poor and destitute man and the broken-hearted, to kill [him].
17. He loved the curse and it has come upon him; he did not desire blessing, and it has remained far from him.
18. He donned the curse like his garment, and it came like water into his innards, like oil into his bones.
19. May it be to him like a cloak in which he wraps himself, as a belt with which he girds himself always.
20. This is from the Lord for the deeds of my enemies, and [for] those who speak evil against my soul.
21. And You, God, my Lord, do [kindness] with me for the sake of Your Name; for Your kindness is good, rescue me!
22. For I am poor and destitute, and my heart has died within me.
23. Like the fleeting shadow I am banished, I am tossed about like the locust.
24. My knees totter from fasting, and my flesh is lean without fat.
25. And I became a disgrace to them; they see me and shake their heads.
26. Help me, Lord, my God, deliver me according to Your kindness.
27. Let them know that this is Your hand, that You, Lord, have done it.
28. Let them curse, but You will bless; they arose, but they will be shamed, and Your servant will rejoice.
29. May my adversaries be clothed in humiliation; may they wrap themselves in their shame as in a cloak.
30. I will thank the Lord profusely with my mouth, and amid the multitude I will praise Him,
31. when He stands at the right of the destitute one to deliver him from the condemners of his soul.
Chapter 110
This psalm records the response of Eliezer, servant of Abraham (to those who asked how Abraham managed to defeat the four kings). He tells of Abraham killing the mighty kings and their armies. Read, and you will discover that the entire psalm refers to Abraham, who merited prominence for recognizing God in his youth.
1. By David, a psalm. The Lord said to my master, "Sit at My right, until I make your enemies a stool for your feet.”
2. The staff of your strength the Lord will send from Zion, to rule amid your enemies.
3. Your people [will come] willingly on the day of your campaign; because of your splendid sanctity from when you emerged from the womb, you still possess the dew of your youth.
4. The Lord has sworn and will not regret: "You shall be a priest forever, just as Melchizedek!”
5. My Lord is at your right; He has crushed kings on the day of His fury.
6. He will render judgement upon the nations, and they will be filled with corpses; He will crush heads over a vast land.
7. He will drink from the stream on the way, and so will hold his head high.
Chapter 111
This psalm is written in alphabetical sequence, each verse containing two letters, save the last two verses which contain three letters each. The psalm is short yet prominent, speaking of the works of God and their greatness.
1. Praise the Lord! I will give thanks to the Lord with all my heart, in the counsel of the upright and the congregation.
2. Great are the works of the Lord, [yet] available to all who desire them.
3. Majesty and splendor are His work, and His righteousness endures forever.
4. He established a memorial for His wonders, for the Lord is gracious and compassionate.
5. He gave food to those who fear Him; He remembered His covenant always.
6. He has declared the power of His deeds to His people, to give them the inheritance of nations.
7. The works of His hands are true and just; all His mandates are faithful.
8. They are steadfast for ever and ever, for they are made with truth and uprightness.
9. He sent redemption to His people, [by] commanding His covenant forever; holy and awesome is His Name.
10. The beginning of wisdom is fear of the Lord; sound wisdom for all who practice it-His praise endures forever.
Chapter 112
This psalm, too, follows alphabetical sequence, each verse containing two letters, save the last two which contain three letters each. It speaks of the good traits man should choose, and of how to give charity-the reward for which is never having to rely on others.
1. Praise the Lord! Fortunate is the man who fears the Lord, and desires His commandments intensely.
2. His descendants will be mighty on the earth; he will be blessed with an upright generation.
3. Wealth and riches are in his house, and his righteousness endures forever.
4. Even in darkness light shines for the upright, for [He is] Compassionate, Merciful, and Just.
5. Good is the man who is compassionate and lends, [but] provides for his own needs with discretion.
6. For he will never falter; the righteous man will be an eternal remembrance.
7. He will not be afraid of a bad tiding; his heart is steadfast, secure in the Lord.
8. His heart is steadfast, he does not fear, until he sees his oppressors [destroyed].
9. He has distributed [his wealth], giving to the needy. His righteousness will endure forever; his might will be uplifted in honor.
10. The wicked man will see and be angry; he will gnash his teeth and melt away; the wish of the wicked will be ruined.
- Tanya: Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah, middle of Chapter 7
• Hebrew Text
• Audio Class: Listen | Download
• Video Class• Today's Tanya Lesson
• Audio Class: Listen | Download
• Video Class• Today's Tanya Lesson
• Wednesday, Sivan 23, 5776 · June 29, 2016
• Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah, middle of Chapter 7
• והנה במה שנתבאר, יובן מה שכתוב: אני ה׳ לא שניתי
• English Text | Hebrew Text |
Audio: Listen | Download | Video Class• Wednesday, Sivan 23, 5776 · June 29, 2016
Now, from the foregoing exposition one will be able to understand the verse,1 “I, Havayah, have not changed.”
פירוש
This means:
Not only has there been no change in G‑d’s conduct, or even His will, with regard to rewarding the righteous and so on, but this verse means explicitly that there is no change, heaven forfend, in G‑d: there exists nothing that can alter Him.
The only consideration that might possibly cause one to wonder about there being a change in G‑d’s unity is His bringing created beings into existence. Before their creation nothing whatever existed other than Him. After their creation, however, one might erroneously conclude that there now exists something in addition to Him — the various worlds and their denizens. And were this to be so, this would constitute a change in G‑d’s absolute unity, heaven forbid. The verse therefore anticipates this by saying, “I, Havayah, have not changed.”
שאין שום שינוי כלל: כמו שהיה לבדו קודם בריאת העולם, כך הוא לבדו אחר שנברא
there is no change in Him at all; just as He was alone before the creation of the world, so is He alone after it was created.
Superficially this is difficult to understand. How can we possibly say that G‑d is alone after the world was created, when there now exists an additional entity — the world?
However, according to the explanation given here regarding Divine Unity, this matter is clearly understood. Since the world is truly nullified in its entirety in relation to Him and is wholly united with Him, G‑d is thus just as truly alone after the world was created as He was alone prior to its creation.
וזהו שכתוב: אתה הוא עד שלא נברא העולם, אתה הוא כו׳
Accordingly it is written,2 “You were [the same] before the world was created; You are [the same after the world was created],”
It would have been simpler to state, “You are the same before and after the world was created.” The text, however, chose to be more explicit in order to stress that the “You” that existed before the world’s creation remains exactly the same “You” after its creation.
בלי שום שינוי בעצמותו, ולא בדעתו
without any change in His Being, nor even in His knowledge,3
One might have supposed that with the creation of the world G‑d’s knowledge underwent a change,4 inasmuch as He could not have possibly known the world beforehand; once the world was created, G‑d would thus know something that previously He did not. The Alter Rebbe therefore tells us that G‑d’s knowledge has not changed at all:
כי בידיעת עצמו, יודע כל הנבראים, שהכל ממנו ובטל במציאות אצלו
for by knowing Himself, He knows all created things, since all derive from Him and are nullified in relation to Him.
Creation thus added nothing to G‑d’s knowledge. This knowledge of self existed before creation, and it is with this prior knowledge that He knows of all of creation.
וכמו שכתב הרמב״ם ז״ל, שהוא היודע והוא הידוע והוא הדיעה עצמה, הכל אחד
As Maimonides, of blessed memory, stated,5 that He is the Knower, He is the Known, and He is Knowledge itself: all are one.
This is radically different from mortal knowledge, which comprises three distinct elements: (a) the person’s soul — theknower; (b) the subject that is known; and (c) the power of knowledge — the faculty of Daat, which enables the knower to know the known. In the Divine realm, however, these three elements are all one: all are G‑d. (See ch. 2 of Part I for further elaboration of this theme.)
ודבר זה אין כח בפה לאמרו, ולא באזן לשמעו, ולא בלב האדם להכירו על בוריו
This — Maimonides goes on to say — is beyond the capacity of the mouth to express, beyond the capacity of the ear to hear, and beyond the capacity of the heart or mind of man to apprehend clearly.
כי הקב״ה, מהותו ועצמותו, ודעתו, הכל אחד ממש מכל צד ופינה, בכל דרך יחוד
For the Holy One, blessed be He, His Essence and Being, and His Knowledge — are all absolutely one, from every side and angle, and in every form of unity.
ואין דעתו דבר נוסף על מהותו ועצמותו כמו שהוא בנפש האדם, שדעתה דבר נוסף על מהותה ומורכב בה
His Knowledge is not superadded to His Essence and Being as it is in a mortal soul, whose knowledge is added to its essence and is compounded with it.
הרי כשהאדם לומד ויודע איזה דבר, כבר היתה בו נפשו המשכלת בטרם שלמד וידע, ואחר שלמד וידע ניתוספה ידיעה זו בנפשו
For when a man studies a subject and knows it, his rational soul was already within him before he studied and knew it, and afterwards, this knowledge was added to his soul.
Man’s knowledge is thus a supplement to his intrinsic being; through it he becomes aware of something he did not know before.
וכן מידי יום ביום: ימים ידברו, ורוב שנים יודיעו חכמה
And so, day after day,6 “Days speak, i.e., instruct a person, and a multitude of years teach wisdom.”
ואין זו אחדות פשוטה, אלא מורכבת
This is not a simple i.e., perfect unity, but a composite.
The Alter Rebbe means the following: Although man’s knowledge, too, is united with him (lit., “with his soul”), for it is the person himself who knows, nevertheless this is not a perfect unity, for “simple” implies that any alternative would be inconceivable. Since a man’s knowledge is acquired, not having been part of his essential being, its acquisition yields an imperfect and composite form of unity, a unity comprised of two separate entities that have coalesced.
אבל הקב״ה הוא אחדות פשוט, בלי שום הרכבה וצד ריבוי כלל
The Holy One, blessed be He, however, is a perfect unity, without any composition or element of plurality at all, inasmuch as it is impossible to speak of any aspect of Him as not having existed previously.
ואם כן
Hence, since His unity is perfect and uncompounded, one cannot say that His Knowledge is something apart from Him, for that would imply, heaven forbid, a composite — that his knowledge is superadded to His Essence, effecting a change within Him. Rather:
על כרחך מהותו ועצמותו ודעתו הכל דבר אחד ממש, בלי שום הרכבה
one must conclude that His Essence and Being and Knowledge are all absolutely one, without any composition.
ולפיכך, כשם שאי אפשר לשום נברא בעולם להשיג מהות הבורא ועצמותו, כך אי אפשר להשיג מהות דעתו
Therefore, just as it is impossible for any creature in the world to comprehend the Essence of the Creator and His Being, so it is impossible to comprehend the essence of His knowledge, which is One with G‑d Himself;
רק להאמין, באמונה שהיא למעלה מהשכל ומהשגה, שהקב״ה יחיד ומיוחד
[it is possible] only to believe, with a faith that transcends intellect and comprehension, that the Holy One, blessed be He, is One and Unique.
Inasmuch as faith transcends intellect, it is able to apprehend truths that lie beyond the province of mortal intellect.
הוא ודעתו הכל אחד ממש, ובידיעת עצמו מכיר ויודע כל הנמצאים, עליונים ותחתונים
He and His knowledge are all absolutely one, and knowing Himself, He perceives and knows all the higher and lower beings, i.e., the beings in the higher and lower worlds,
עד שלשול קטן שבים, ועד יתוש קטן שיהיה בטבור הארץ
including even a small worm in the sea7 and a minute mosquito that may be found in the center of the earth;8
אין דבר נעלם ממנו
there is nothing concealed from Him.
ואין ידיעה זו מוסיפה בו ריבוי והרכבה כלל, מאחר שאינה רק ידיעת עצמו, ועצמותו ודעתו הכל אחד
This knowledge does not add multiplicity and composition to Him at all, since it is merely a knowledge of Himself; and His Being and His knowledge are all one.9
Thus, by knowing Himself, He knows all created beings that derive their existence from Him and that are utterly nullified to Him and unified with Him.
ולפי שזה קשה מאד לצייר בשכלנו, על כן אמר הנביא: כי גבהו שמים מארץ, כן גבהו דרכי מדרכיכם ומחשבותי ממחשבותיכם
Inasmuch as this form of knowledge is very difficult to envisage, the Prophet [Isaiah] therefore said,10 “For as the heavens are higher than the earth so are My ways higher than your ways, and My thoughts than your thoughts.”
וכתיב: החקר אלקה תמצא וגו׳, וכתיב: העיני בשר לך, אם כראות אנוש תראה
It is likewise written,11 “Can you by [intellectual] searching find G‑d?...”; and so too,12 “Have You eyes of flesh, and do You see as man sees?”
שהאדם רואה ויודע כל הדברים בידיעה שחוץ ממנו
For man sees and knows everything with a knowledge that is external to himself, and hence something is added to him by his knowledge,
והקב״ה בידיעת עצמו
whereas the Holy One, blessed be He, [knows all] by knowing Himself.
עד כאן לשונו
These are the [paraphrased] words [of Maimonides].
עיין שם בהלכות יסודי התורה, והסכימו עמו חכמי הקבלה, כמבואר בפרד״ס מהרמ״ק ז״ל
(13See Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah. The Sages of the Kabbalah have agreed with him, as is explained inPardes of Rabbi Moshe Cordovero, of blessed memory.)
There are a number of Torah sages who sharply disagree with Maimonides‘ view. They claim that no descriptive term may be applied to G‑d — not even that of knowledge, and not even of a form of knowledge so rarefied that it is completely beyond the realm of human experience. To say that G‑d is the “Knower” and the “Knowledge” and so on, so the argument runs, is to give Infinite G‑d a description which would serve to limit Him.
| FOOTNOTES | |
| 1. | Malachi 3:6. |
| 2. | Liturgy, Morning Prayer; Yalkut, Parshat Va-etchanan, Remez 835. |
| 3. | Note of the Rebbe: “Knowledge being merely a descriptive term, just as (though keeping in mind a thousand and more distinctions) man’s knowledge is far inferior to the essence of his soul — with regard to its simplicity (פשיטות), being (עצמות), and so forth.” |
| 4. | Note of the Rebbe: “Inasmuch as [knowledge] is only one of His descriptive terms, which surely does not cause a change in His Essence.” |
| 5. | Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah 2:10, et passim; Moreh Nevuchim I, ch. 68. |
| 6. | Iyov 32:7. |
| 7. | Note of the Rebbe: “[‘The smallest of all creatures’ — Rashi on Chullin 40a] of the sea [according to the text of the Tur andShulchan Aruch, Yoreh Deah, Section 4].” |
| 8. | Note of the Rebbe: “The most insignificant of all creatures; see Rambam, Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah 2:9; see also Bereishit Rabbah, beg. of ch. 8.” |
| 9. | The following paraphrases a note of the Rebbe. It would seem that the complete subject under discussion has now been concluded. Since it is not within the province ofTanya to expound Scriptural verses, why does the Alter Rebbe now proceed, “The Prophet [Isaiah] therefore said...,” and so on? One cannot compare this passage with ch. 2, where the verses cited contribute to the explanation of the matter at hand, namely, the limits of man’s comprehension. Here, however, since these verses appear to add nothing, why does the Alter Rebbe quote and explain them? A solution: By doing so, the Alter Rebbe answers a question which seems to contradict all that has been stated earlier. For the Alter Rebbe had written earlier that a perception of Maimonides’ concept that “He is the Knowledge...,” is the “lower-level Unity” which is applicable to every man (as opposed to the “higher-level Unity” which can be achieved only by select individuals who have attained a singularly exalted spiritual state). However, Maimonides‘ concluding words on this subject in this very text seem to indicate otherwise, namely, “This is beyond the capacity...of the heart of man to apprehend clearly”: no man, even the most spiritual, is able to comprehend this matter. This question becomes even more acute in the light of that which Maimonides writes in Hilchot Teshuvah, end of ch. 5: “This is what the prophet states, ’My thoughts are not your thoughts‘”; i.e., this statement is even made by the Prophets. This seems to contradict the Alter Rebbe’s earlier statement that “lower-level Unity” may be achieved by all. For this reason the Alter Rebbe says: “The prophet [Isaiah] therefore says...,” since this matter is indeed difficult to envisage intellectually. Nevertheless, this manner of spiritual service is indeed within the reach of all, even of those who are only at the level of “lower-level Unity.” |
| 10. | Yeshayahu 55:9. |
| 11. | Iyov 11:17. |
| 12. | Ibid. 10:4. |
| 13. | Parentheses are in the original text. |
- Rambam:
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• Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
Positive Commandment 98
Ritual Impurity of Food and Drink
We are commanded regarding food and drink that have contracted ritual impurity. [I.e., one must follow all the laws associated with this impurity.]
Full text of this Mitzvah »
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
Positive Commandment 98
Ritual Impurity of Food and Drink
We are commanded regarding food and drink that have contracted ritual impurity. [I.e., one must follow all the laws associated with this impurity.]
Full text of this Mitzvah »
• Ritual Impurity of Food and Drink
Positive Commandment 98
Translated by Berel Bell
The 98th mitzvah is that we are commanded to rule according to the appropriate laws regarding the tumah of food and drink.1 This mitzvah includes all the laws of tumas ochlin u'mashkin.2
FOOTNOTES
1.Lev. 11:34.
2.See Hilchos Ochlin 1:1-4.
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1
When a person prostrates himself to a false deity, poured a libation to it, offers a burnt-offering to it, and slaughters an animal as a sacrifice to it in one lapse of awareness, he is liable for four sin-offerings. Similarly, if he defecated to Peor or threw a rock to Mercuryin one lapse of awareness, he is liable for two sin-offerings. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations. The person will be liable for every act of service performed.
When does the above apply? When he consciously desired to serve a false deity, but was unaware that these acts constituted service. If, however, he willfully performed these acts, but inadvertently served a false deity, he is liable for only one sin-offering.
What is implied? He knew that a particular image was a false deity and that it is forbidden to serve it, but did not know that bowing down to it or pouring a libation constituted a transgression and bowed down and poured a libation, he is liable for two sin-offerings. If, however, he knew that these were ways in which false deities were served and that it is forbidden to perform these acts in service of a false deity, but did not know that a particular image was considered a false deity, because it was not made of gold or silver and he was under the mistaken impression that only images of gold and silver were considered as false deities and hence, performed all these acts of service to it, he is liable for only one sin-offering.
א
המשתחוה לע"ז וניסך וקיטר וזיבח בהעלם אחת חייב ארבע חטאות וכן אם פיער עצמו לפעור וזרק אבן למרקוליס בהעלם אחת חייב שתים וכן כל כיוצא זה יהא חייב על כל עבודה ועבודה במה דברים אמורים בשהזיד בע"ז ושגג בעבודות אלו אבל אם הזיד בעבודות אלו ושגג בע"ז אינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת כיצד ידע שזו ע"ז ושאסור לעובדה אבל לא ידע שההשתחויה והניסוך עבירה והשתחוה וניסך חייב שתים ידע שאלו עבודות הן ואסור לעבוד בהן לאל אחר ולא ידע שזו ע"ז לפי שלא היתה של כסף וזהב ועלה על דעתו שאין קרויין ע"ז אלא של כסף וזהב ועבדה בכל העבודות אינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת:
2
A great general principle was stated with regard to the violation of the Sabbath prohibitions: Anyone who forgets the fundamental principle of the Sabbath, failing to recall that the Jews were commanded to observe the Sabbath or was captured and taken among gentiles while a child or converted in his childhood and remained living among gentiles, he is liable for only one sin-offering even though he performed many forbidden labors on many different Sabbaths, for it is all one lapse of awareness.
Similarly, he is liable for one sin-offering for all the forbidden fat that he ate, one sin-offering for all the blood that he ate. Similar laws apply to all analogous situations regarding these sins. Whenever one knows the fundamental principle of the Sabbath, but forgot that a given day was the Sabbath and thought it was an ordinary day, he is liable for only one sin-offering for the entire day, even though he performed many forbidden labors on it. Similarly, he is liable for a sin-offering for every Sabbath that he inadvertently desecrated.
ב
כלל גדול אמרו בשבת כל השוכח עיקר שבת ושכח שנצטוו ישראל על השבת או שנשבה והוא קטן לבין העכו"ם או נתגייר קטן והוא בין העכו"ם אע"פ שעשה מלאכות הרבה בשבתות הרבה אינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת שהכל שגגה אחת היא וכן חייב חטאת אחת על כל חלב שאכל וחטאת אחת על דם שאכל וכן כל כיוצא בזה בעבודות אלו וכל היודע עיקר שבת אבל שכח שהיום שבת ודימה שהוא חול אף על פי שעשה בו מלאכות הרבה חייב חטאת אחת על היום כולו וכן חטאת על כל שבת ושבת ששגג בו:
3
Anyone who knows that a given day is the Sabbath, but inadvertently performed forbidden labors without knowing that these labors are forbidden or knew that they were forbidden, but did not know that one was liable for karet for their violation, is liable for a sin-offering for every general category of forbidden labor. Even if he performed all 39 forbidden labors in one lapse of awareness, he must bring 39 sin-offerings.
ג
וכל היודע שהיום שבת ושגג במלאכות ולא ידע שמלאכות אלו אסורות או שידע שהן אסורות ולא ידע שחייבין עליהן כרת ועשה מלאכות הרבה חייב חטאת על כל אב מלאכה ומלאכה אפילו עשה הארבעים חסר אחת בהעלם אחת מביא שלשים ותשע חטאות:
4
If he forgot that the day is the Sabbath and also forgot that these labors were forbidden, he is only liable for one sin-offering.
ד
שכח שהיום שבת ושגג אף במלאכות ולא ידע שמלאכות אלו אסורות אינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת:
5
When a person performs an action that is the primary forbidden activity of a particular category of labor and also a derivative in one lapse of awareness, he is only liable for one sin-offering. Needless to day, if he performs many derivatives of one category of forbidden labor, he is only liable for one sin-offering.
ה
העושה אב ותולדותיו בהעלם אחת אינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת ואין צריך לומר העושה תולדות הרבה של אב אחד שאינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת:
6
If he performs derivatives of one category of forbidden labor and derivatives of another category of forbidden labor in one lapse of awareness, it appears to me that he is liable for two sin-offerings.
ו
עשה תולדה של אב זה ותולדה של אב זה בהעלם אחת יראה לי שהוא חייב שתי חטאות:
7
If he performs several activities comprising a single category of forbidden labor in one lapse of awareness, e.g., he sowed, extended a vine by replanting one of its branches, grafted a branch onto a tree, he is liable for only one sin-offering. In Hilchot Shabbat, it has already been explained which activities are primary labors, which are derivatives, and which activities comprise a single category of forbidden labor.
ז
עשה מלאכות הרבה מעין מלאכה אחת כגון שזרע והבריך והרכיב בהעלם אחת אינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת וכבר נתבאר בהלכות שבת האבות והתולדות והמלאכות שהן מעין אבות:
8
When a person performs activities comprising a single category of forbidden labor on many Sabbaths, whether he was aware that it was the Sabbath, but unaware that he was performing forbidden labors or he was unaware that it was the Sabbath, but aware that the labor he performed is forbidden on the Sabbath, he is liable for a sin-offering for every forbidden labor he performs.
What is implied? He knew that it was the Sabbath and sowed on that day, because he did not know that sowing constituted forbidden labor. Similarly, on the following Sabbath, he knew that it was the Sabbath and planted because he did not know that planting constituted forbidden labor. Similarly, on the third Sabbath, he extended a vine, because he did not know that extending constituted forbidden labor, he is liable for a sin-offering for each one, even though they all comprise a single category of forbidden labor, because the different Sabbaths are considered like different bodies.
ח
עשה מלאכות הרבה מעין מלאכה אחת בשבתות הרבה בין בזדון שבת ושגגת מלאכות בין בשגגת שבת וזדון מלאכות חייב על כל מלאכה ומלאכה כיצד ידע שהיום שבת וזרע בו מפני שלא ידע שהזריעה מלאכה וכן בשבת שנייה ידע שהוא שבת ונטע בה מפני שלא ידע שהנטיעה אסורה משום מלאכה וכן בשבת שלישית הבריך מפני שלא ידע שההברכה מלאכה חייב על כל אחת ואחת אע"פ שהיא מעין מלאכה אחת מפני שהשבתות כגופין מוחלקין:
9
When a person was unaware that it was the Sabbath and sowed upon it, although he knew that sowing is a forbidden labor, on the following Sabbath, he forgot that it was Sabbath and planted, although he knew that planting is a forbidden labor, and on the third Sabbath, he forgot that it was Sabbath and extended, although he knew that extending is a forbidden labor, he is liable for a sin-offering for every Sabbath. The rationale is that the days between each Sabbath are considered equivalent to gaining awareness of one's transgression and create a distinction.
ט
שגג שהיום שבת וזרע בו והוא יודע שהזריעה מלאכה וכן בשבת שנייה שכח שהוא שבת ונטע בו והוא יודע שהנטיעה מלאכה וכן בשלישית שכח שהוא שבת והבריך אף על פי שיודע שההברכה מלאכה הרי זה חייב על כל אחת ואחת שהימים שבין שבת לשבת הרי הן כידיעה אחת לחלק:
10
When a person harvested and ground a dried-fig-sized measure of grain without being aware that it is Sabbath, but knowing that these labors are forbidden on the Sabbath, he is only liable for one sin-offering. Afterwards, he harvested and ground a dried-fig-sized measure of grain while aware that it is the Sabbath, but forgetting that these labors were forbidden, in which instance, he is liable for a sin-offering for every forbidden labor. He then became aware of the harvesting performed without being aware that it is Sabbath, but knowing that these labors are forbidden on the Sabbath. In such an instance, the one act of harvesting draws the other after it and the one act of grinding draws the other after it. Thus it is as if he performed all four acts without being aware that it is Sabbath, but knowing that these labors are forbidden on the Sabbath, in which instance he is liable for only one sin-offering. After he brings that sin-offering, he has secured atonement for all the other forbidden labors he performed. When he later becomes aware of them, he does not have to bring another sin-offering.
If, however, he first becomes conscious of the harvesting performed while aware that it is the Sabbath, but forgetting that these labors were forbidden, and brings a sin-offering, he receives atonement for the harvesting that he became aware of and on the harvesting and grinding performed without being aware that it is Sabbath, but knowing that these labors are forbidden, because the two are considered as one labor and the harvesting and grinding are drawn after the harvesting performed when he was aware that it was the Sabbath. Thus there remains without atonement, only the grinding performed when he was aware that it was the Sabbath until he becomes aware of it and brings a second sin-offering.
If a person harvested half a dried-fig-sized measure without being aware that it is Sabbath, but knowing that this labor is forbidden and then harvested half a dried-fig-sized measure while aware that it is Sabbath, but not aware that this labor is forbidden, these two activities are combined. One harvesting draws the other after it. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations with regard to the other forbidden labors.
י
מי שקצר וטחן כגרוגרת בשגגת שבת וזדון מלאכות שאינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת וחזר וקצר וטחן כגרוגרת בזדון שבת ושגגת מלאכות שהוא חייב על כל מלאכה ומלאכה ונודע לו על קצירה של שגגת שבת וזדון מלאכות קצירה גוררת קצירה וטחינה גוררת טחינה וכאילו עשה ארבעתן בשגגת שבת וזדון מלאכות שאינו חייב אלא חטאת אחת וכיון שהקריב חטאת זו נתכפר לו על הכל וכשידעם אחר כן אינו צריך להביא חטאת אחרת אבל אם נודע לו תחילה על קצירה של זדון שבת ושגגת מלאכות והקריב חטאת נתכפר לו על זו הקצירה שנודע לו עליה ועל הקצירה והטחינה של שגגת שבת וזדון מלאכות מפני ששניהן כמלאכה אחת ונגררה קצירה וטחינה עם הקצירה ותשאר הטחינה של זדון שבת עד שיודע לו עליה ויביא חטאת שנייה קצר כחצי גרוגרת בשגגת שבת וזדון מלאכות וחזר וקצר כחצי גרוגרת בזדון שבת ושגגת מלאכות הרי אלו מצטרפין קצירה גוררת קצירה וכן כל כיוצא בזה בשאר מלאכות:
11
When, on the Sabbath, a person had the intent to cut an object that was already severed from the ground, but instead, cut an object that was connected to the ground, even though he had the intent to cut, since his desired intent was not fulfilled, he is exempt from a sin-offering. He is considered as one who is merely busying himself and the Torah forbade only purposeful labor, as we explained several times.
יא
המתכוין לחתוך את התלוש וחתך את המחובר אף על פי שנתכוין לחתיכה הואיל ולא עשה מחשבתו פטור מן החטאת שזה כמתעסק ולא אסרה תורה אלא מלאכת מחשבת כמו שביארנו כמה פעמים:
12
The following rule applies when a person stirs coals on the Sabbath, in which instance, he extinguishes the upper ones and ignites the lower ones. If he intended to extinguish and ignite, he is liable for two sin-offerings. If he stirred the coals to become warm and they were ignited on their own, he is liable, because one is liable for performing a forbidden labor even if he has no need for the actual labor he performed, as explained in Hilchot Shabbat. Just as he is liable for karet for the intentional performance of forbidden labor, he is liable for a sin-offering for unintentional violation.
יב
החותה גחלים בשבת שהוא מכבה את העליונות ומדליק את התחתונות אם נתכוון לכבות ולהבעיר חייב שתים חתה גחלים להתחמם מהם והובערו מאליהן חייב שתים מפני שמלאכה שאינה צריכה לגופה חייב עליה כמו שביארנו בהלכות שבת וכשם שחייבין על זדונה כרת כך חייב על שגגתה קרבן חטאת:
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Included in this text is one positive commandment: The laws of the impurity that affects liquids and foods and what makes them fit to contract it.
This mitzvah is explained in the ensuing chapters.
1
All foods that are designated for human consumption, e.g., bread, meat, grapes, olives, and the like, are susceptible to ritual impurity. All foods that are not designated for human consumption are pure and are not susceptible to ritual impurity unless one had a specific intent and set them aside for human consumption. No foods are susceptible to ritual impurity unless it was first dampened with one of the seven liquids. This dampening is referred to as hechsher. These concepts are derived from Leviticus 11:38 which states: "When water will be placed on a seed...."
א
כל אוכל המיוחד למאכל אדם כגון לחם ובשר וענבים וזיתים וכיוצא בהן מקבל טומאה וכל שאינו מיוחד למאכל אדם ה"ז טהור ואינו מקבל טומאה אא"כ חישב עליו וייחדו למאכל אדם וזה וזה אינו מקבל טומאה עד שיבלל תחילה באחד משבעה משקין וזהו הנקרא הכשר שנאמר וכי יותן מים על זרע:
2
These are the seven liquids that make foods susceptible to impurity: water, dew, oil, wine, milk, blood, and honey.
They do not make foods susceptible to impurity unless they fall upon them as desired by the owner. Nor may they be squalid, for squalid liquids do not make food fit to contract impurity.
Once food has been made susceptible to ritual impurity, it retains that status after it is dry, with no liquid on it.
ב
ואלו הן השבעה משקין שמכשירין את האוכלין לטומאה: המים והטל והשמן והיין והחלב והדם והדבש ואינן מכשירין עד שיפלו על האוכלין ברצון הבעלים ולא יהיו סרוחין שהמשקה הסרוח אינו מכשיר וכיון שהוכשר האוכל אע"פ שיבש והרי הוא נגוב הרי זה מקבל טומאה:
3
When food has been dampened with fruit juice, e.g., berry juice or pomegranate juice, even though it is wet and was touched by a zav or the flesh of a corpse, it is pure, because it was not made susceptible to impurity by one of the seven liquids.
ג
אוכל שהיה בלול במי פירות כגון מי תותים ורמונים אף על פי שהוא בלול ונגע בו הזב או בשר המת הרי הוא טהור מפני שלא הוכשר באחד משבעה המשקין:
4
Only the seven liquids that we mentioned are considered liquids that are susceptible to ritual impurity. Other fruit juices, by contrast, neither make foods susceptible to ritual impurity, nor do they contract ritual impurity themselves at all.
ד
אין שם משקה שמקבל טומאה אלא שבעת המשקין שמנינו בלבד אבל שאר מי פירות כדרך שאין מכשירין כך אין מקבלין טומאה כלל:
5
When grapes and olives have not reached a third of their maturity, the liquids they produce do not make foods susceptible to ritual impurity, nor are these liquids themselves susceptible to ritual impurity. Instead, they are like other fruit juices and they are pure forever.
ה
זיתים וענבים שלא הביאו שליש משקין היוצאין מהן אינן מכשירין ולא מקבלין טומאה אלא הרי הן כשאר מי פירות שהן טהורין לעולם:
6
The following herbs are not susceptible to ritual impurity even though people eat them. The rationale is that they are not eaten to receive benefit from them as independent entities, but because they impart flavor, aroma, or appearance to other foods. They include: ginger, aldartzini, the primary spices, asafetida root, asafetida, pepper, or safflower. Similar laws apply with regard to all analogous substances.
ו
אלו דברים שאינן מקבלין טומאה אע"פ שבני אדם אוכלין אותן לפי שאינן נאכלין להנאת גופן אלא מפני שנותנין טעם במאכלות או מפני הריח או המראה ואלו הן: הקושט והחמס וראשי בשמים והתיאה והחלתית והפלפלין וחלות חריע וכן כל כיוצא בהן:
7
Dill can be assumed to be used to be eaten itself like other vegetables of the field. If it is intended to flavor a cooked dish, it does not contract the impurity of foods. Once dill has imparted flavor to a cooked dish, it is considered as a waste product and it does not contract the impurity of foods.
ז
השבת סתמו לאכילת גופו כשאר ירקות שדה ואם חשב עליו לקדירה אינו מתטמא טומאת אוכלין והשבת משנתנה טעם לקדירה ה"ז כזבל ואינה מתטמאה טומאת אוכלין:
8
Dates and dried figs that were placed in a cooked dish as spices still contract the impurity associated with foods until they become spoiled to the point that they are not fit for human consumption.
ח
התמרים והגרוגרות שנתן לקדירה כתבלין עדיין הן מתטמאין טומאת אוכלין עד שיפסדו מלאכול אדם:
9
If vetch was designated for human consumption, it contracts the impurity associated with foods.
ט
הכרשינים אם ייחדן למאכל אדם מתטמאין טומאת אוכלין:
10
Hearts of palm are considered as wood in every way. If they were cooked and fried, they contract the impurity associated with foods.
י
הקור הרי הוא כעץ לכל דבר ואם שלקו וטגנו מתטמא טומאת אוכלין:
11
Grape seeds and grape pomace, even though they were collected to serve as food, do not contract the impurity associated with foods.
יא
החרצנין והזגין אף על פי שכנסן לאוכלין אינן מתטמאין טומאת אוכלין:
12
Hard olives and grapes that slip out and emerge from under the beam of the press while the produce is being pressed are not susceptible to ritual impurity.
To what degree is this leniency granted? For four kabbin for everykor. If more than that amount emerge, they are susceptible to ritual impurity. If they were set aside to be eaten, even if there are less than four kabbin, they are susceptible to ritual impurity.
יב
זיתים וענבים הקשים שנפרצין ויוצאין מתחת הקורה בשעת הדריכה אינן מקבלין טומאה ועד כמה עד ארבעה קבין לכל כור היה הנפרץ יתר מזה מקבלין טומאה ואם כנסן לאוכלין אע"פ שהן פחות מארבעה קבין מקבלין טומאה:
13
Budding dates, budding fruit, underdeveloped fruit, and black cumin are all considered as foods and they are susceptible to ritual impurity.
יג
הכפניות והפגין והבוסר והקצח הרי הן כאוכלין ומקבלין טומאה:
14
Budding leaves from branches, carob trees, pepperweed and wild onions are not susceptible to impurity until they are sweetened.
יד
לולבי זרדים וחרובין ושל ערל ועלי הלוף השוטה אינן מקבלות טומאה עד שיתמתקו:
15
Mustard seeds, lupine beans, and other foods that are pickled are susceptible to the impurity associated with foods both after they have been sweetened and before they have been sweetened.
טו
החרדל והתורמסין ושאר כל הנכבשין מטמאין טומאת אוכלין בין משהמתיקו בין עד שלא המתיקו:
16
When olives have been pickled together with their leaves, the leaves are not susceptible to ritual impurity, for they have not been pickled to be eaten, only for the sake of their appearance.
טז
זיתים שכבשן בעלין שלהן אין העלין מקבלין טומאה שלא כבשן לאוכלין אלא למראה:
17
The hairs of zucchini and its flower are not susceptible to ritual impurity, because they are not food.
יז
כשות של קישות והנץ שלה אין מקבלין טומאה מפני שאינו אוכל:
18
When honey is in its beehive, it is susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with foods, even if one does not designate it as food in his mind. When one begins removing the honey, when the honey combs are broken, the honey is susceptible to impurity as a liquid. When honey flows out of a beehive, it is susceptible to impurity as a liquid. If one considers it as a food, it is susceptible to impurity as a food.
יח
דבש בכוורתו מטמא טומאת אוכלין שלא במחשבה רדה הדבש משירסק החלות מתטמא משום משקה דבש הזב מכוורתו מתטמא טומאת משקין חשב עליו לאוכלין מתטמא טומאת אוכלין:
19
Oil that has congealed is neither considered as food, nor a liquid in this context. Even if one thinks of it while it is congealed as a food or a liquid, his thought is of no consequence. Similarly, when blood has congealed, it is neither considered as food, nor a liquid. If one thinks of it as a food, it is susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with foods. If one thinks of it as a liquid, his thought is of no consequence.
יט
השמן הקרוש אינו אוכל ולא משקה חשב עליו כשהוא קרוש בין לאוכלין בין למשקין בטלה דעתו וכן הדם שקרש אינו אוכל ולא משקה חשב עליו לאוכלין מתטמא טומאת אוכלין חשב עליו למשקין בטלה דעתו:
20
When milk has congealed, it is neither considered as food, nor a liquid. If one thinks of it as a food, it is susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with foods. If one thinks of it as a liquid, his thought is of no consequence.
כ
חלב שקרש לא אוכל ולא משקה חשב עליו לאוכלין מתטמא טומאת אוכלין למשקין בטלה דעתו:
21
Date honey is neither considered as food, nor a liquid. If one thinks of it as a food, it is susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with foods. If one thinks of it as a liquid, his thought is of no consequence. All other fruit juices are neither considered as foods, nor liquids with regard to ritual impurity. If one thinks of one as a food or a liquid, his thought is of no consequence.
כא
דבש תמרים לא אוכל ולא משקה חשב עליו לאוכלין מתטמא טומאת אוכלין למשקין בטלה דעתו ושאר כל מי פירות כולן לא אוכל ולא משקה חשב עליו בין לאוכלין בין למשקין בטלה דעתו:
22
Snow is neither considered as food, nor a liquid. If one thinks of it as a food, his thought is of no consequence. If one thinks of it as a liquid, it is susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with liquids. If a portion of it contracted impurity, the entire quantity is not considered as impure. If the snow was passed over an impure earthenware container, all of it becomes impure.
כב
השלג אינו אוכל ולא משקה חשב עליו לאוכלין בטלה דעתו למשקין מתטמא טומאת משקין נטמא מקצתו לא נטמא כולו העבירו על גבי כלי חרס הטמא נטמא כולו:
23
When one had in mind to use milk that is in the teats of a slaughtered animal, his thought is of no consequence and it is pure. If he had the intent to use congealed milk that is in the stomach of a slaughtered nursing animal, it is susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with foods.
כג
החלב שבכחל שחישב עליו בטלה דעתו והרי הוא טהור חשב על החלב שבקיבה הרי זה מתטמא טומאת אוכלין:
24
When grapes have been trodden upon, once one has crisscrossed over them, they are susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with liquids. If whole grapes remain, those grapes are susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with foods.
Similarly, when olives are loaded in an olive press, they are susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with liquids. If whole olives remain, those olives are susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with foods.
כד
ענבים שדרכן משיהלך בהן הדורך שתי וערב מתטמאין משקין נשתייר בהן גרגרין שלימים אותן גרגרין מתטמאין טומאת אוכלין וכן הזיתים משיטענום מתטמאין טומאת משקין נשתיירו בהן גרוגרות שלימין מתטמאין טומאת אוכלין:
25
Although it is forbidden to benefit from any of the following: produce that is orlah, mixed species that grew in a vineyard, the meat of an ox sentenced to be stoned that was slaughtered, the meat of a calf designated to have its neck broken, whether it was slaughtered beforehand or whether its neck was broken, the birds used to purify a person afflicted with tzara'at, a firstling donkey, a mixture of milk and meat, the meat of the red heifer, and meat from a sacrifice that is piggul or notar are all susceptible to the ritual impurity associated with foods.
כה
הערלה וכלאי הכרם ושור הנסקל שנשחט ועגלה ערופה בין שנשחטה בין שנערפה וציפורי מצורע ופטר חמור ובשר בחלב ובשר פרה אדומה והפיגול והנותר אף ע"פ שכל אלו אסורין בהנאה כולן מתטמאין טומאת אוכלין:
Tum'at Okhalin - Chapter 2
1
All foods that grow from the earth are not susceptible to ritual impurity until they are uprooted from the ground. As long as they are connected to the earth - even by a small root, as long as they can sustain themselves from it - they are not susceptible to impurity.
א
כל האוכלין הגדילין מן הקרקע אינן מקבלין טומאה עד שיעקרו אבל כל זמן שהן מחוברין אפילו כשורש קטן שיכולין לחיות ממנו אינן מקבלין טומאה:
2
When a branch of a fig tree was broken off, yet it is still connected by its bark, but it cannot sustain itself from it, all the fruit on it are susceptible to ritual impurity. There is an unresolved doubt with regard to this matter: Is the remainder of the tree considered as a handle to this broken branch or not?
ב
ייחור של תאנה שנפשח ומעורה בקליפה שאינו יכול לחיות ממנה כל האוכלין שבו מתטמאין ויש בדבר ספק אם היה שאר האילן כמו יד לזה הייחור שנשבר או לאו:
3
When vegetables become dried out while budding, e.g., cabbage or squash that becomes dried out while budding, they are not susceptible to the impurity associated with foods. If produce was harvested with the intent of it being dried, it is considered as food until it becomes totally dry and hard like wood.
ג
ירקות שיבשו באיביהן כגון כרוב ודלעת שיבשו באיביהן אינן מתטמאין טומאת אוכלין ליקטן לייבשן הרי הן אוכלין כשהיו עד שייבשו ויעשו כעץ:
4
When the branches of a tree that contained fruit were broken off, the fruit is considered as having been harvested. Similarly, if a tree containing fruit dried out, the fruit is considered as having been harvested.
ד
אילן שנפשח ובו פירות הרי הן כתלושין וכן אם יבש האילן ובו פירות הרי הן כתלושין:
5
When figs dry out when budding, they contract impurity in their place.
ה
תאנים שיבשו באיביהן מטמאות טומאת אוכלין במקומן:
6
All foods that come from living animals are not susceptible to ritual impurity until the animals die. If one slaughtered a domesticated animal, wild animal, or fowl, even though it is still in its death throes, it is susceptible to ritual impurity.
When do fish contract impurity? When they die. If a factor arose that caused a fish to be considered as tereifah and it contracted impurity when it is in its their death throes, there is an unresolved question: Is it considered as if it had died, because it already became tereifah? Or is it not susceptible to ritual impurity until it becomes inanimate like stone and does not move?
If a limb or meat that was loosely hanging from a domesticated or wild animal and could not rejuvenate itself was made fit to contract impurity, it is susceptible to impurity even when in its place attached to the animal, because it is already considered as food that has been separated. If the animal was slaughtered, the slaughter makes it fit to contract impurity, because the entire animal is considered as a "handle," to this limb. And when a "handle" is made susceptible to ritual impurity, the entire organ becomes susceptible, as will be explained. There is an unresolved question if an animal can become a "handle" to a loosely hanging limb or flesh in the animal's lifetime.
ו
כל האוכלין שהן מבעלי חיים אינן מקבלין טומאה עד שימותו שחט בהמה חיה ועוף אף על פי שעדיין הן מפרכסין מקבלין טומאה ודגים מאימתי מקבלין טומאה משימותו נולד בהן טריפה ונתטמאו כשהן מתנדנדין הרי יש בדבר ספק אם הן חשובין כמתים הואיל ונטרפו או אינן מקבלין טומאה עד שידמו כאבן ולא יתנדנדו האבר או הבשר המדולדלין בבהמה או חיה שאינן יכולין לחיות אם הוכשרו מקבלין טומאה במקומן מפני שהן חשובין כאוכל שפירש נשחטה הבהמה הוכשרו בשחיטה שהבהמה כולה כמו יד לאבר זה ויד שהוכשר הוכשר האבר כולו כמו שיתבאר ויש בדבר ספק אם תהיה הבהמה בחייה כמו יד לאבר או בשר המדולדלין בה:
7
When one slaughters a domesticated animal, wild animal, or fowl, all of its meat becomes susceptible to ritual impurity because of the blood that emerges at the time of ritual slaughter. Therefore, if no blood emerges at the time of ritual slaughter, all of the meat must be made susceptible to ritual impurity like all other foods that were not yet made susceptible to impurity.
ז
השוחט בהמה חיה ועוף הוכשר כל הבשר בדם שיצא בשחיטה לפיכך אם לא יצא מהן דם בשחיטה הרי כל בשרן צריך הכשר ככל האוכלין שלא הוכשרו:
8
When foods are made susceptible to impurity while they are attached to the earth or they were made susceptible with water that was attached to the ground, they are not susceptible to impurity. They receive this status only after coming in contact with water that is not in contact with the earth or with other liquids after the produce has been detached from the earth, as implied by Leviticus 11:34: "in any container." It can be inferred that a liquid does not make food susceptible to impurity unless it was lifted from the ground, like water in a container. If one drew water with a container and then poured it on the ground, it does not make food susceptible to impurity.
ח
אוכלין שהוכשרו כשהן מחוברין לקרקע או שהוכשרו במים המחוברים שבקרקע אינו הכשר עד שיוכשרו אחר שנעקרו במים התלושין מן הקרקע או בשאר משקין שנאמר בכל כלי אינו מכשיר עד שיתלש מן הקרקע כעין המים שבכלים שאב המים בכלי ונתנן בקרקע אינן מכשירין:
9
When a zucchini was planted in a flowerpot and it grew, even though portions of it emerged outside the flowerpot, it is not susceptible to ritual impurity. The rationale is that when a flowerpot has a hole through which a small root can protrude, produce growing in it is considered as attached to the earth and anything planted in it is not susceptible to ritual impurity. Similarly, if there was water in it, the water does not make produce susceptible to impurity.
ט
קישות שנטעה בעציץ והגדילה אף על פי שיצאת חוץ לעציץ אינה מקבלת טומאה ועציץ שהוא נקוב כדי שיצא בו שורש קטן הרי הוא כארץ והנטוע בו אינו מקבל טומאה וכן אם היו בו מים אינן מכשירין:
10
When a flowerpot does not have a hole, anything growing in it is susceptible to ritual impurity. If there is water in it, that water makes produce susceptible to impurity.
י
עציץ שאינו נקוב הרי הנטוע בו מקבל טומאה ואם היו מים בתוכו מכשירין:
11
Vessels made from animal turds or earth from which roots can break through and protrude do not cause plants to become susceptible to impurity. Even though they do not have a hole, they are considered as if they have a hole.
יא
כלי גללים וכלי אדמה שהשרשים יכולין לבקוע בהן ולצאת אינן מכשירין את הזרעים ואף על פי שאינן נקובין הרי הן כנקובין:
12
When a flowerpot was filled with earth until its edge, it is no longer considered as a container. Instead, it is considered as a flat surface that does not have an edge, for it is no longer a receptacle.
יב
עציץ שמילאהו עפר עד שפתו אינו חשוב כלי אלא הרי הוא כטבלא שאין לה שפה שאינו כלי קיבול:
13
When impure liquids fall on foods, the foods become impure even though they fell contrary to the desire of the owner. The rationale is that the food's contraction of impurity occurs at the same time as it became susceptible to impurity. This applies provided the liquids are not on the earth.
יג
משקין טמאין שנפלו על האוכלין נטמאו אף על פי שנפלו שלא ברצון הבעלים שהרי הטומאה וההכשר באין כאחת והוא שלא יהיו בקרקע:
14
Whenever food has spoiled and rotted to the point that it is no longer fit for human consumption, it is not susceptible to ritual impurity. Similarly, a liquid that has spoiled and become foul to the point that it is no longer fit for human consumption is not susceptible to ritual impurity, just as it does not make foods susceptible to ritual impurity, as implied by Leviticus 11:34: "which he shall drink."
יד
כל אוכל שנפסד ונסרח עד שאינו ראוי למאכל אדם אינו מקבל טומאה וכן משקה שנסרח ונפסד ואינו ראוי לשתיית אדם אינו מקבל טומאה כדרך שאינו מכשיר שנאמר אשר ישתה:
15
When one cooked an animal's hide or thought of partaking of a placenta, they contract ritual impurity as an independent entityy.
טו
העור ששלקו והשליא שחישב עליה לאכילה מתטמאין טומאת אוכלים בפני עצמן:
16
When one cooks the hide of a donkey, there is an unresolved question whether it contracts ritual impurity as an independent entity, because it was cooked or it does not contract impurity, because it is very disgusting.
טז
עור החמור ששלקו הרי זה ספק אם מתטמא טומאת אוכלים בפני עצמו מפני ששלקו או אינו מתטמא מפני שהוא מאוס הרבה:
17
Kernels of wheat that are found in cattle turds or barley that is found in animal turds that were collected are not susceptible to ritual impurity. If one thought of partaking of them, they contract the ritual impurity associated with foods.
יז
חטים שבגללי בקר ושעורים שבגללי הבהמה שליקטן אין מקבלין טומאה ואם חישב עליהן לאכילה מתטמאות טומאת אוכלין:
18
When food became impure and after it became impure, it spoiled and rotted, if it became unfit for a dog to eat or it became dry like a shard, it is pure. If it became unfit for human consumption, but it is still fit for a dog, it remains impure as it was beforehand.
Whenever food becomes impure, it cannot regain purity by being immersed in a mikveh.
יח
כל אוכל שנטמא ואחר שנטמא נפסל ונסרח אם נפסל מלאכול הכלב או שיבש כחרש ה"ז טהור ואם נפסל מלאכול אדם ועדיין הוא ראוי לכלב ה"ז טמא כשהיה וכל האוכלין שנטמאו אין להן טהרה במקוה:
19
When one sows impure seeds, the plant that grows from them is pure, even if it is an entity whose seed does not decompose. The above applies provided the seeds sprout roots. If, however, they do not sprout roots, they remain impure even if the seed decomposes.
יט
זרעים טמאים שזרעם הרי הצומח מהן טהור ואפילו בדבר שאין זרעו כלה והוא שהשרישו אבל קודם השרשה הרי הן בטומאתן אפילו בדבר שזרעו כלה:
20
When food is attached to a utensil, it is no longer considered as food. If the utensil becomes impure, it contracts the impurity of the utensil. Since the food serves as wood, it is considered as wood.
כ
אוכלין שמחוברין לכלים בטלו מתורת אוכל ואם נטמא הכלי הרי הן מתטמאין בטומאת הכלי הואיל והן משמשין תשמיש עץ הרי הן כעץ:
21
Whenever a liquid contracts impurity and afterwards spoils and becomes foul, it remains impure forever. For the impurity of a liquid never departs, even if it becomes unfit for a dog to drink. Liquid that becomes impure can never regain purity. The only exception is water, i.e., if one immersed impure water in a mikveh, when the water of the mikveh covers the impure water, it regains purity.
Hot impure water can be immersed in a cold mikveh. Similarly, cold water can be immersed in hot water, foul water can be immersed in pleasant water, and pleasant water in foul water.
כא
כל משקה שנטמא ואחר שנטמא נפסד ונסרח הרי זה בטומאתו לעולם שאין המשקה יוצא על ידי הכלב לעולם ואין למשקה שנטמא טהרה חוץ מן המים בלבד שאם הטביל מים טמאים במקוה כיון שצפו מי מקוה עליהן טהרו ומטבילין חמין בצונן וצונן בחמין ורעים ביפים ויפים ברעים:
22
When a staff was thoroughly wet with impure liquids, if a portion of it was immersed, the water on the other portion is not purified until it is immersed in its entirety.
כב
מקל שהיא מליאה משקין טמאים והטביל מקצתה במקוה לא טהרו המים שעל מקצתה עד שיטבול את כולה:
23
When snow becomes impure and a portion of it is joined to the waters of a mikveh, since a portion became pure, it becomes pure in its entirety.
כג
שלג שנטמא והשיק מקצתו למי מקוה הואיל וטהר מקצתו טהר כולו:
24
Temed that became impure - whether it became impure after the water was mixed with the grape dregs or whether the grape dregs were mixed with impure water - until it becomes vinegary, it can be brought into contact with a mikveh and purified, for it is like water. Once it becomes vinegary, it's like wine and it cannot be purified in a mikveh.
כד
התמד הטמא בין שנטמא אחר שתמדו בין שתמדו במים טמאים עד שלא החמיץ משיקו במקוה ויטהר שהרי הוא כמים משהחמיץ הרי הוא כיין ואין לו טהרה במקוה:
25
When a pot was filled with liquids, e.g., honey, wine, or the like, and placed in a mikveh and then a person who was a primary derivative of impurity extended his hand outward and touched the liquids, the liquids become impure even though they are in the mikveh. And the pot contracts impurity from the liquids in it, even though it is in the mikveh.
If, by contrast, the pot contained water, the pot is pure, because a derivative of impurity never imparts impurity to an earthenware container. Nor does the water it contains contract impurity, for it is mixed with the water of the mikveh. If, however, a person who is considered a source of impurity extended his hand and touched it, the pot becomes impure, for a mikveh does not impart purity to an earthenware container.
כה
קדירה שמליאה משקין כגון דבש ויין וכיוצא בהן ונתונה בתוך המקוה ופשט הראשון לטומאה את ידו ונגע בה הרי זה מטמא את המשקין אף על פי שהיא בתוך המקוה ונטמאת הקדירה מחמת המשקין שבתוכה אע"פ שהיא בתוך המקוה היתה מליאה מים הקדירה טהורה שאין הראשון מטמא כלי חרס לעולם ואין המים שבתוכה טמאים מפני שהן מעורבים במי המקוה פשט אב הטומאה את ידו ונגע בה נטמאת הקדירה שאין המקוה מטהר כלי חרס:
26
Drainage water can be assumed to be impure. If rain water descended upon it to the extent that it became the majority, the mixture is pure. If they are of equal quantities, everything is impure, whether the water is found in a container or on the earth.
When does this apply? When the drainage water came first. If, however, the rain water came first and then even the slightest amount of drainage water fell upon them, everything is impure, for when impure liquids descend into pure liquids, even the slightest amount imparts impurity.
כו
מי שפיכות הרי הן בחזקת טומאה ירדו עליהן מי גשמים אם רבו עליהן הרי הן טהורים מחצה למחצה הכל טמא בין בכלים בין בקרקעות אימתי בזמן שקדמו מי שפיכה אבל קדמו מי גשמים וירדו עליהן כל שהוא ממי שפיכות הכל טמא שמשקין טמאין שירדו לטהורים מטמאין בכל שהוא:
27
When a person spreads mud on the roof of his house or if he washes his clothes and water is dripping from them and then it rained and the dripping increased, we conclude that the majority is rain water and the water that drips is pure.
כז
הטורף את גגו והמכבס את כסותו והרי הן מנטפים ירדו עליהן גשמים ורבו הנטיפות הרי רבו מי גשמים עליהן והנוטפים מהן טהורין:
28
The following rules apply when a person applied ritually pure oil to his body and afterwards contracted impurity. If he immersed himself while the oil is still on his body, if merely the amount of oil to rub on a small finger was applied, the oil is pure as it was originally.
If a person applies impure oil to his body and immerses himself, the oil on his body does not regain purity. Instead, if there is moist oil on his body, the oil remains impure. If there is not enough that feels moist, it is nullified because of the small amount that is there.
כח
הסך שמן טהור ונטמא זה האדם וטבל והרי השמן על בשרו אם היה כדי סיכת אבר קטן הרי הוא טהור כשהיה מקודם סך שמן טמא וטבל לא טהר השמן שעליו אלא אם נשאר ממנו משקה טופח הרי השמן בטומאתו ואם לא נשאר ממנו כדי להטפיח ממנו בטל במיעוטו:
Tum'at Okhalin - Chapter 3
1
We have already explained that food does not contract impurity until it is made fit to do so and that all food that is not designated for human consumption does not contract ritual impurity until it is designated for human consumption.
א
כבר ביארנו שאין האוכלין מתטמאין עד שיכשרו ושכל אוכל שאינו מיוחד למאכל אדם אינו מקבל טומאה עד שייחדו לאדם:
2
The following rules apply when food is designated for human consumption in one locale, but is not designated for human consumption in another place. In a place where it is so designated, special intent is not necessary to designate it for human consumption. In a place where it is not so designated, one must have a special intent to designate it for human consumption and then it will be susceptible to ritual impurity. Any food that will ultimately impart impurity to a person or to keilim need not be exposed to liquids to become susceptible to ritual impurity.
ב
אוכל שהוא מיוחד לאדם במקום הזה ואינו מיוחד לאדם במקום אחר במקום שהוא מיוחד בו אינו צריך מחשבה לייחדו לאדם ובמקום שאינו מיוחד בו צריך מחשבה לייחדו לאדם ואח"כ יקבל טומאה וכל אוכל שסופו לטמא אדם וכלים אינו צריך הכשר:
3
There are foods that require exposure to liquids, but do not require a special intent. There are foods that require a special intent, but do not require exposure to liquids, foods that require special intent and exposure to liquids, and foods that require neither special intent, nor exposure to liquids.
What is implied? All foods that are designated for human consumption in any place require exposure to liquids, but do not require special intent. Kosher fish and kosher locusts in all places and non-kosher locusts and fish in rural areas are considered as designated for human consumption and require exposure to liquids, but do not require a special intent. Similarly, in all places, the fat of a kosher animal that died requires exposure to liquids, but does not require special intent.
The following require special intent and exposure to liquids: Meat that was separated from a living being, whether a human, animal, or fowl, the carcass of a non-kosher fowl, in rural areas, the fat of a kosher domesticated animal that was ritually slaughtered - even though it was exposed to liquids when slaughtered, it requires a second exposure after one had the intent to partake of it, and all wild vegetables, e.g., very pungent onions and mushrooms. Similarly, in rural areas, small locusts and fish require a special intent. When endives were sown for animal fodder and then the owner changed his mind and thought of using them for human consumption, they are not subject to ritual impurity unless he had such intent after they were picked. For an intent that one had while produce is connected to the earth is not significant. When one collected endives for an animal, washed them, and then thought to serve them to a human being, they must be exposed to liquids again after the change of mind. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
If one thought of partaking of the the allal, it can contract the impurity associated with foods. If not, it is considered as wood and it is not susceptible to ritual impurity. Similarly, bones that are joined to meat, the giddim, the soft portions of the horns and the hoofs, the thin feathers and the wooly hairs of a fowl, the soft portion of its nails and its beak that are embedded in its flesh require special intent and exposure to liquids.
The following require neither special intent, nor exposure to liquids: the carcass of an animal from a kosher species, the carcass of a fowl from a kosher species, and the fat of a domesticated animal in large cities. None of these require either special intent, or exposure to liquids. The rationale is that since they are designated for human consumption, there is no need for special intent. They do not require exposure to liquids for ultimately, an olive-sized portion of them can impart impurity to a person or to a k'li and any substance that imparts impurity of a more severe type does not require exposure to liquids.
The following require special intent, but not exposure to liquids: The carcass of a fowl from a kosher species in rural areas and the carcass of an animal from a non-kosher species in all places. The above applies when one has in mind to partake of less than an olive-sized portion. An olive-sized portion, by contrast, is a primary source of impurity.
ג
יש אוכלין שצריכין הכשר ואינן צריכין מחשבה ויש שצריכין מחשבה ואינן צריכין הכשר ויש שצריכין מחשבה והכשר ויש שאין צריכין לא מחשבה ולא הכשר כיצד כל האוכלין המיוחדין לאדם בכ"מ צריכין הכשר ואין צריכין מחשבה דגים טהורים וחגבים טהורים בכל מקום וחגבים טמאים ודגים טמאים בכפרים הרי הן מיוחדין לאדם וצריך הכשר ולא מחשבה וכן חלב בהמה טהורה שמתה צריך הכשר ולא מחשבה בכ"מ ואלו צריכין מחשבה והכשר בשר הפורש מן החי בין מן האדם בין מן הבהמה בין מן העוף ונבלת העוף הטמא וחלב בהמה טהורה שחוטה בכפרים אע"פ שהוכשר בשחיטה צריך הכשר שני אחר המחשבה ושאר כל ירקות השדה כגון הבצלים הקשים ביותר והפטריות וכן חגבים ודגים קטנים צריכין מחשבה בכפרים עולשין שזרען לבהמה ונמלך עליהן לאדם אינן מקבלין טומאה עד שיחשוב עליהן אחר שיתלשו שמחשבת חיבור אינה מחשבה עולשין שליקטן לבהמתו והדיחן ונמלך עליהן לאדם צריכין הכשר שני אחר המחשבה וכן כל כיוצא בזה האלל אם חשב עליו לאכילה מקבל טומאת אוכלין ואם לאו הרי הוא כעץ ואינו מקבל טומאה וכן העצמות המחוברין בבשר והגידים והמקומות הרכים מן הקרנים ומן הטלפים והכנפים והנוצה והמקומות הרכים מן הצפרנים ומן החרטום המובלעין בבשר צריכין הכשר ומחשבה ואלו שאין צריכין לא מחשבה ולא הכשר נבלת בהמה טהורה בכל מקום ונבלת העוף הטהור וחלב בהמה טהורה בכרכים לפי שהן מיוחדין למאכל אדם אין אחד מאלו צריך מחשבה ואינן צריכין הכשר מפני שסופן לטמא אדם וכלים בכזית וכל המטמא טומאה חמורה אינו צריך הכשר ואלו צריכים מחשבה ואינן צריכין הכשר נבלת העוף הטהור בכפרים ונבלת בהמה טמאה בכ"מ והוא שחישב על פחות מכזית אבל כזית אב טומאה הוא:
4
When a Jew slaughters a non-kosher animal for a gentile and slits the two - or the majority of the two - signs of ritual slaughter, it imparts the impurity associated with food as long as it is in its death-throes. It does not require a specific intent, for when a Jew slaughters an animal for a gentile to eat, there is no greater special intent. It does not require exposure to liquids, for ultimately, it will impart impurity of a more severe type.
If he only slit one of the signs of ritual slaughter or stabbed it in the throat, it does not contract the impurity associated with foods. Similarly, if a gentile slaughtered a kosher animal for a Jew, slitting the two - or the majority of the two - signs of ritual slaughter, it imparts the impurity associated with food as long as it is in its death-throes and it does not need to be exposed to liquids. If he only slit one of the signs of ritual slaughter or stabbed it in the throat, it does not contract the impurity associated with foods and is considered like other animal carcasses.
ד
ישראל ששחט בהמה טמאה לנכרי ושחט בה שנים [או רוב שנים] הרי זו מתטמאה טומאת אוכלין כל זמן שהיא מפרכסת ואין צריכה מחשבה שהרי ישראל שחטה לאכילת העכו"ם ואין לך מחשבה גדולה מזו ואינה צריכה הכשר לפי שסופה לטמא טומאה חמורה שחט בה אחד או שנחרה אינה מטמאה טומאת אוכלין וכן עכו"ם ששחט בהמה טהורה לישראל ושחט בה שנים או רוב שנים מתטמא טומאת אוכלין כל זמן שהיא מפרכסת ואינה צריכה הכשר שחט בה אחד או נחרה אינה מטמאה טומאת אוכלין והרי היא כשאר הנבילות:
5
When a person cuts meat from a limb severed from a living animal and, afterwards, considered using it as food, it requires exposure to liquids to become susceptible to impurity. If he thought of using it as food and then severed it, it does not require exposure to liquids, because it imparts the severe impurity associated with an animal carcass. And whenever a substance imparts severe impurity, it need not be exposed to liquids.
ה
החותך בשר מאבר מן החי של בהמה ואחר כך חישב עליו צריך הכשר חישב עליו ואח"כ חתכו אינו צריך הכשר מפני שמטמא טומאה חמורה כנבילה וכל המטמא טומאה חמורה אינו צריך הכשר:
6
When a person has in mind to partake of less than an olive-sized portion of the carcass of a non-kosher animal and combined it with other foods to complete the egg-sized portion of impure foods required to impart impurity, the entire amount need not be exposed to water. The rationale is that were one to increase the portion that is less than an olive-sized portion in the egg-sized portion until it was the size of an olive, it would impart severe impurity.
Similarly, when there is an olive-sized portion of meat from an animal that one had in mind to eat that was covered with dough until it reached the size of an egg, since it does not impart impurity when touched because of the dough, it is necessary that one have in mind to use it as food. The dough need not be exposed to liquids to contract impurity. The rationale is that the entire measure can impart impurity when carried, because of the olive-sized portion of the animal carcass it contains. Even though it does not impart impurity when touched, it is considered as if it is ultimately capable of imparting more severe impurity. Therefore it need not be exposed to liquids.
ו
פחות מכזית מנבלת בהמה טמאה שחישב עליו והשלים עליו כביצה מאוכלים אחרים אין הכל צריך הכשר הואיל ופחות מכזית שבכל הביצה אם השלימו לכזית מטמא טומאה חמורה וכן כזית מנבלת בהמה טמאה שחישב עליו והניחה בבצק עד שהשלים לכביצה הואיל ואינו מטמא במגע מפני הבצק ה"ז צריך מחשבה ואין הבצק הזה צריך הכשר הואיל וכל השיעור הזה מטמא במשא מפני כזית נבילה שבתוכו אע"פ שאינו מטמא במגע הרי סופו לטמא טומאה חמורה לפיכך אין צריך הכשר:
7
When there is less than an olive-sized portion of a human corpse to which other foods were added so that an egg-sized portion of food would be reached, one must have in mind partaking of the entire amount for it to become susceptible to impurity, since generally, the entire amount is considered of no importance by all people. The entire amount does not require to be exposed to water, because of the meat from the corpse that it contains.
ז
פחות מכזית מבשר המת שהשלים עליו כביצה משאר אוכלין הכל צריך מחשבה שהרי בטל הכל אצל כל אדם ואין הכל צריך הכשר מפני בשר המת שבכללו:
8
When an olive-sized portion of a human corpse is covered with dough, the entire amount imparts the severe impurity associated with a human corpse.
ח
כזית מן המת שחפהו בבצק הכל מתטמא טומאה חמורה:
9
When a person cuts flesh from a living human being to feed to an animal, if afterwards, he thinks of using it as food for humans, for it to impart the impurity associated with foods, he must have such an intent, but it need not be exposed to water.
ט
החותך בשר מאדם חי להאכילו לכלב אם חישב עליו למאכל אדם הרי זה צריך מחשבה ואינו צריך הכשר:
10
When a chick falls into a vat of wine and dies, even though the vat is located in a city, it becomes repulsive in the vat. Therefore to become susceptible to ritual impurity, one must have a specific intent to partake of it.
If, when one lifted it out of the vat, he thought of feeding it to a gentile, it imparts impurity, for he thought of using it for human consumption. If he thought of feeding it to a dog, it does not contract the impurity associated with foods. If the person who thought of feeding it to a person was a deafmute, a mentally or emotionally compromised person, or a minor, it is pure. If such individuals lifted it out of the vat to feed it to a person, it is impure, for their deeds are significant, but not their intent.
י
גוזל שנפל לגת ומת אף ע"פ שהגת במדינה הרי נמאס בגת ולפיכך צריך מחשבה חישב עליו כשהעלהו להאכילו לנכרי ה"ז מטמא שהרי חישב עליו למאכל אדם חישב עליו להאכילו לכלב אינו מתטמא טומאת אוכלים היה זה שחישב עליו להאכילו לאדם חרש שוטה וקטן ה"ז טהור העלוהו כדי להאכילו לאדם הרי זה טמא שיש להן מעשה ואין להן מחשבה:
- Hayom Yom:
Shabbat Sivan 23 5703
Bless Rosh Chodesh Tamuz. Say all the Tehillim in the early morning. Day of Farbrengen.
Torah lessons: Chumash: Sh'lach, Shevi'i with Rashi.
Tehillim: 108-112.
Tanya: Now, from the (p. 311)...of blessed memory). (p. 313).
In a reply to a yechidus query in the winter of 5635 (1874-75), my grandfather said to my father: The yetzer hara, (the evil impulse), is called "animal soul," not because it is necessarily a brute animal. At times it may be a fox, the most cunning of beasts, and great wisdom is needed to perceive its machinations. At other times it may clothe itself in the garb of an earnest, straightforward, humble tzadik, possessing fine traits of character.
The animal soul manifests itself in each person according to his individual character. One person may suddenly experience a powerful longing to study Chassidus or to meditate deeply on some chassidic concept. The truth is, however, that this is nothing more than the yetzer hara's counsel and the animal soul's machinations to prevent him from engaging in the avoda of davening or a similar activity.
Take this as a general principle and remember it always: Any matter that is effective towards or actually leads to active avoda, and is confronted with opposition of any sort, even the most noble, that opposition is the scheming of the animal soul.
My father concluded: Until then I had not known that there can be a "pious" animal soul, let alone a "chassidic" animal soul.
• Daily Thought:
Exchange of Matter
To separate between physical needs and spiritual needs is both counterproductive and futile. The spiritual breathes life into the physical and the physical rises to become spiritual in a perpetual chemistry of exchange.
Heal the soul and the body is renewed. Heal the body and the soul is empowered.
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