Today's Laws & Customs:
• Rosh Chodesh Observances
Today is the second of the two Rosh Chodesh ("Head of the Month") days for the month of Adar (when a month has 30 days, both the last day of the month and the first day of the following month serve as the following month's Rosh Chodesh).
Special portions are added to the daily prayers: Hallel (Psalms 113-118) is recited -- in its "partial" form -- following the Shacharit morning prayer, and the Yaaleh V'yavo prayer is added to the Amidah and to Grace After Meals; the additional Musaf prayer is said (when Rosh Chodesh is Shabbat, special additions are made to the Shabbat Musaf). Tachnun (confession of sins) and similar prayers are omitted.
Many have the custom to mark Rosh Chodesh with a festive meal and reduced work activity. The latter custom is prevalent amongst women, who have a special affinity with Rosh Chodesh -- the month being the feminine aspect of the Jewish Calendar.
Links: The 29th Day; The Lunar Files
• Adar Joy
"When Adar enters," the Talmud declares, "we increase in joy." For this is "the month that was transformed for them from sorrow to joy, from mourning to festivity" (Esther 9:22) by the great miracle and victory of Purim. Our sages advise that the month of Adar is an auspicious time for the Jewish people, so that if a Jew is faced with a challenging event (i.e., a court case, a medical procedure, etc.) he should endeavor to schedule it during Adar.
Links: 4 Reasons to be Happy; more on joy
Today in Jewish History:
• Plague of Darkness (1313 BCE)
The 9th plague to strike the Egyptians for their refusal to release the Children of Israel from slavery -- a thick darkness that blanketed the land so that "no man saw his fellow, and no man could move from his place" (Exodus 10:23) -- commenced on the 1st of Adar, six weeks before the Exodus.
Link: More on The Plague of Darkness
• Passing of Ibn Ezra (1164)
The highly regarded Biblical commentator, Rabbi Avraham ben Meir Ibn Ezra (1089?-1164CE), passed away on Adar 1, 4924.
• Passing of Shach (circa 1663)
Adar 1 is also the yahrtzeit (anniversary of the passing) of the great Halachist Rabbi Shabtai Hakohen Katz (1621-1663?), author of the Siftei Cohencommentary on Rabbi Yosef Caro's Code of Jewish Law. He is known as "Shach" -- an acronym of the name of his work, which serves to this day as a primary source of Halachah (Jewish law).
Daily Quote:
All is foreseen, and freedom of choice is granted[Ethics of the Fathers 3:15]
Daily Study:
Chitas and Rambam for today:
Chumash: with Rashi
• Chapter 27
1And you shall make the altar of acacia wood, five cubits long and five cubits wide; the altar shall be square, and its height [shall be] three cubits. אוְעָשִׂיתָ אֶת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים חָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת אֹרֶךְ וְחָמֵשׁ אַמּוֹת רֹחַב רָבוּעַ יִהְיֶה הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְשָׁלשׁ אַמּוֹת קֹמָתוֹ:
And you shall make the altar…and its height [shall be] three cubits:The words are [to be understood] literally. These are the words of Rabbi Judah. Rabbi Jose says: It says here “square,” and concerning the inner altar, it says “square” (Exod. 30:2). Just as there, its height was twice its length [i.e, it was one cubit long and two cubits high], here too, its height was twice its length. [This method of expounding is known as גְּזֵרָה שָׁוָה, similar wording.] How then do I understand “and its height [shall be] three cubits"? [This means measuring] from the edge of the sovev [the ledge surrounding the altar] and higher. — [from Zev 60a] [According to Rabbi Judah, the altar was literally three cubits high. According to Rabbi Yose, it was ten cubits high, with the upper three cubits above the ledge mentioned in verse 5] ועשית את המזבח וגו' ושלש אמות קומתו: דברים ככתבן, דברי ר' יהודה. ר' יוסי אומר נאמר כאן רבוע, ונאמר בפנימי רבוע, מה להלן גבהו פי שנים כארכו, אף כאן גבהו פי שנים כארכו. ומה אני מקיים ושלש אמות קומתו, משפת סובב ולמעלה:
2And you shall make its horns on its four corners; its horns shall be from it, and you shall overlay it with copper. בוְעָשִׂיתָ קַרְנֹתָיו עַל אַרְבַּע פִּנֹּתָיו מִמֶּנּוּ תִּהְיֶיןָ קַרְנֹתָיו וְצִפִּיתָ אֹתוֹ נְחשֶׁת:
its horns shall be from it: [This means] that he should not make them [the horns] separately and [then] attach them to it [the altar]. ממנו תהיין קרנתיו: שלא יעשם לבדם ויחברם בו:
and you shall overlay it with copper: to atone for brazenness, as it is said: “and your forehead is brazen (נְחוֹּשָה)” (Isa. 48:4). [I.e., נְחֹשֶת, which means copper, is also used idiomatically to mean brazen or bold.]-[from Tanchuma 11] וצפית אותו נחשת: לכפר על עזות מצח, שנאמר (ישעיה מח ד) ומצחך נחושה:
3And you shall make its pots to remove its ashes, and its shovels and its sprinkling basins and its flesh hooks and its scoops; you shall make all its implements of copper. גוְעָשִׂיתָ סִּירֹתָיו לְדַשְּׁנוֹ וְיָעָיו וּמִזְרְקֹתָיו וּמִזְלְגֹתָיו וּמַחְתֹּתָיו לְכָל כֵּלָיו תַּעֲשֶׂה נְחשֶׁת:
its pots: Heb. סִּירֹתָיו, sort of kettles. — [from targumim] סירותיו: כמין יורות:
to remove its ashes: Heb. לְדַשְׂנוֹ, to remove its ashes [and place them] into them [the kettles]. This is what Onkelos rendered: לְמִסְפֵּי קִטְמֵיהּ, to remove its ashes into them. In Hebrew, some words [are used in such a manner that] one word [i.e., the same root] changes in its meaning to serve [both] as building and demolishing [i.e., it has a positive and a negative meaning], like, “it took root (וַךְתַַּשְׁרֵשׁ)” (Ps. 80:10), “a fool taking root (מַשְׁרִישׁ)” (Job 5:3), and its opposite, “and it uproots (תְשָׁרֵשׁ) all my grain” (Job 31:12); similar to this, “on its branches (בִּסְעִיפֶיהָ) when it produces fruit” (Isa. 17:6), and its opposite, “lops off (מְסָעֵף) the branches” (Isa. 10:33); similar to this, “and this last one broke his bones (עִצְּמוֹ)” (Jer. 50:17) [עִצְּמוֹ, which usually means “became boned,” here means] “broke his bones” ; similar to this, “and stoned him with stones (וַיִּסְקְלֻהוּ בָּאִבָנִים)” (I Kings 21:13), and its opposite, "clear it of stones (סַקְּלוּ מֵאֶבֶן) ” (Isa. 62:10), [meaning] remove its stones, and so, “and he fenced it in, and he cleared it of stones (וַיִּסְקְלֵהוּ)” (Isa. 5:2). Here too, לְדַשְׁנוֹ means “to remove its ashes (דִשְׁנוֹ),” and in Old French, adeszandrer, to remove ashes. לדשנו: להסיר דשנו לתוכם, והוא שתרגם אונקלוס למספי קטמיה, לספות הדשן לתוכם, כי יש מלות בלשון עברית מלה אחת מתחלפת בפתרון לשמש בנין וסתירה, כמו (תהלים פ י) ותשרש שרשיה, (איוב ה ג) אויל משריש. וחלופו (שם לא יב) ובכל תבואתי תשרש. וכמוהו (ישעיה יז ו) בסעיפיה פוריה, וחלופו (שם י לג) מסעף פארה, מפשח סעיפיה, וכמוהו (ירמיה נ יז) וזה האחרון עצמו, שבר עצמיו, וכמוהו (מלכים א' כא יג) ויסקלוהו באבנים, וחלופו (ישעיה סב י) סקלו מאבן, הסירו אבניה, וכן (שם ה ב). ויעזקהו ויסקלהו, אף כאן לדשנו להסיר דשנו ובלעז אישצינדרי"ר [לפנות האפר]:
and its shovels: Heb. וְיָעָיו. [Its meaning is] as the Targum [Onkelos renders: וּמַגְרפְיָתֵיה]: shovels with which he [the kohen] takes the ashes. They are [similar to] a kind of thin, metal lid of a pot, and it has a handle. In Old French [it is called] videl, vedil, vadil, [all meaning] shovel. ויעיו: כתרגומו, מגרפות שנוטל בהם הדשן, והן כמין כסוי הקדרה של מתכת דק ולו בית יד, ובלעז וידי"ל [יעה]:
and its sprinkling basins: Heb. וּמִזְרְקֹתָיו, with which to receive the blood of the sacrifices. ומזרקתיו: לקבל בהם דם הזבחים:
and its flesh hooks: Heb. וּמִזְלְגֹתָיו. Sort of bent hooks, with which he [the kohen] would strike the [sacrificial] flesh. They [the hooks] would be imbedded into it, and with them, he would turn it over on the coals of the [altar] pyre in order to hasten its burning. In Old French [they are called] crozins, [meaning flesh] hooks, and in the language of the Sages [they are called], צִינוֹרִיּוֹת (Yoma 12a). ומזלגתיו: כמין אונקליות כפופים, ומכה בהם בבשר ונתחבים בו ומהפך בהן על גחל המערכה שיהא ממהר שריפתן ובלעז קרוצינ"ש [אנקולים] ובלשון חכמים צינוריות:
and its scoops: Heb. וּמַחְךְתֹּתָיו. They had a cavity in which to take coals from the altar and to carry them onto the inner altar for incense [which was within the Mishkan]. Because of their [function of] scooping (חֲתִיֹּתָן), they are called scoops (מַחְךְתּוֹת), like “to scoop (לַחְךְתּוֹת) fire from a hearth” (Isa. 30:14), an expression of raking fire from its place, and likewise, “Can a man rake (הִיַחְךְתֶּה) embers with his clothes?” (Prov. 6:27). ומחתתיו: בית קבול יש להם ליטול בהן גחלים מן המזבח לשאתם על מזבח הפנימי לקטרת, ועל שם חתייתן קרויים מחתות, כמו (ישעיה ל יד) לחתות אש מיקוד, לשון שאיבת אש ממקומה, וכן (משלי ו כז) היחתה איש אש בחיקו:
all its implements: Heb. לְכָל-כֵּלָיו. Like כָּל כֵּלָיו. לכל כליו: כמו כל כליו:
4And you shall make for it a copper grating of netting work, and you shall make on the netting four copper rings on its four ends. דוְעָשִׂיתָ לּוֹ מִכְבָּר מַעֲשֵׂה רֶשֶׁת נְחשֶׁת וְעָשִׂיתָ עַל הָרֶשֶׁת אַרְבַּע טַבְּעֹת נְחשֶׁת עַל אַרְבַּע קְצוֹתָיו:
grating: Heb. מִכְבָּר, a word meaning a sieve (כְּבָרָה), which is called crible [in French], [meaning] a sort of garment made for the altar, made with holes like a sort of net. This verse is inverted, and this is its meaning: And you shall make for it a copper grating of netting work. מכבר: לשון כברה, שקורין קריבל"א [כברה] כמין לבוש עשוי לו למזבח, עשוי חורין חורין כמין רשת. ומקרא זה מסורס וכה פתרונו ועשית לו מכבר נחשת מעשה רשת:
5And you shall place it beneath the ledge of the altar from below, and the net shall [extend downward] until the middle of the altar. הוְנָתַתָּה אֹתָהּ תַּחַת כַּרְכֹּב הַמִּזְבֵּחַ מִלְּמָטָּה וְהָיְתָה הָרֶשֶׁת עַד חֲצִי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ:
the ledge of the altar: Heb. כַּרְכֹּב, a surrounding ledge. Anything that encircles anything else is called כַּרְכֹּב, as we learned in [the chapter entitled] Everyone May Slaughter (Chul. 25a): “The following are unfinished wooden vessels: Any [vessel] that is destined to be smoothed or banded (לְכַרְכֵּב).” This [refers to the practice] of making round grooves [or bands] in the planks of the walls of wooden chests and benches. For the altar as well, he [Bezalel] made a groove around it a cubit wide. [The groove was] on its wall for decoration, and that was at the end of three (other editions: six) cubits of its height, according to the one who says that its height was twice its length and [asks] how then can I understand [the verse] "and three cubits its height"? [Three cubits] from the edge of the ledge and higher. There was, however, no surrounding ledge [i.e., walkway] on the copper altar for the kohanim to walk on, except on its top, within its horns. So we learned in Zev. (62a): What is the ledge? [The space] between one horn and the other horn which was a cubit wide. Within that there was a cubit for the kohanim to walk, and these two cubits are called כַּרְכֹּב. We [the Sages of the Gemara] questioned this: But is it not written, "beneath the ledge of the altar from below"? [Thus we learned] that the כַּרְכֹּב was on its [the altar’s] wall, and the “garment” of the grating was below it [the ledge]. The one who answered [i.e., one of the Sages of the Gemara] replied: “There were two [ledges], one for beauty and one so that the kohanim should not slip.” The one on the wall was for decoration, and below it, they adorned [it with] the grating, whose width extended halfway up the altar. Thus, the grating was a cubit wide, and this was the sign of the middle of its [the altar’s] height, to distinguish between the upper “bloods” and the lower “bloods” [i. e., the blood of the sacrifices required to be sprinkled on the top of the altar and the blood of the sacrifices required to be sprinkled on the bottom of the altar]. Corresponding to this, they made for the altar in the Temple a kind of red line [other editions: the “girdle” of the red line] in it [the altar’s] center [point] (Middoth 3:1) and a ramp upon which they [the kohanim] would ascend it [the altar]. Although [the Torah] did not explain it in this section, we were already informed in the parsha [that begins] “An altar of earth you shall make for Me” (Exod. 20:21-23): “And you shall not ascend with steps.” [I.e.,] you shall not make steps for it on its ramp, but [you shall make] a smooth ramp. [Thus] we learn that it [the altar] had a ramp. [All the above] we learned in the Mechilta (Exod. 20:23). The “altar of earth” [mentioned in Exod. 20:21] was the copper altar, which they filled with earth in [all] the places of their encampment. The ramp was to the south of the altar, separated from the altar by a hairbreadth. Its base reached [until] a cubit adjacent to the hangings of the courtyard on the Mishkan’s southern [side], according to [the opinion of] those who say that it was ten cubits high. According to the opinion of those who say that the words are [to be understood] literally -"its height [shall be] three cubits" (verse 1)-the ramp was only ten cubits long. I found this in the Mishnah of Forty-Nine Middoth. [What I stated,] that it [the ramp] was separated from the altar by the width of a thread [i.e., a hairbreadth], [derives from] Tractate Zevachim (62b), [where] we learned it from the text. כרכב המזבח: סובב, כל דבר המקיף סביב בעגול קרוי כרכוב, כמו ששנינו בהכל שוחטין (חולין כה א) אלו הן גולמי כלי עץ, כל שעתיד לשוף ולכרכב, והוא כמו שעושין חריצין עגולין בקרשי דפני התיבות וספסלי העץ, אף למזבח עשה חריץ סביבו והיה רחבו אמה בדפנו לנוי והוא לסוף שש אמות של גבהו, כדברי האומר גבהו פי שנים כארכו, הא מה אני מקיים ושלש אמות קומתו, משפת סובב ולמעלה. אבל סובב להלוך הכהנים לא היה למזבח הנחשת אלא על ראשו לפנים מקרנותיו, וכן שנינו בזבחים (סב ב) איזהו כרכוב, בין קרן לקרן ולפנים מהן אמה של הלוך רגלי הכהנים, ושתי אמות הללו קרויים כרכוב. ודקדקנו שם והכתיב תחת כרכוב המזבח מלמטה, למדנו שהכרכוב בדפנו הוא ולבוש המכבר תחתיו. ותירץ המתרץ תרי הוו, חד לנוי וחד לכהנים דלא ישתרגו. זה שבדופן לנוי היה ומתחתיו הלבישו המכבר והגיע רחבו עד חצי המזבח. נמצא שהמכבר רחב אמה, והוא היה סימן לחצי גבהו להבדיל בין דמים העליונים לדמים התחתונים. וכנגדו עשו למזבח בית עולמים חגורת חוט הסקרא באמצעו. וכבש שהיו עולין בו אף על פי שלא פירשו בענין זה, כבר שמענו בפרשת (לעיל כ כ) מזבח אדמה תעשה לי (לעיל כ כב) ולא תעלה במעלות, לא תעשה לי מעלות בכבש שלו אלא כבש חלק למדנו שהיה לו כבש, כך שנינו במכילתא. ומזבח אדמה הוא מזבח הנחשת שהיו ממלאין חללו אדמה במקום חנייתן. והכבש היה בדרום המזבח מובדל מן המזבח מלא חוט השערה, ורגליו מגיעין עד אמה סמוך לקלעי החצר שבדרום, כדברי האומר עשר אמות קומתו. ולדברי האומר דברים ככתבן שלש אמות קומתו לא היה אורך הכבש אלא עשר אמות, כך מצאתי במשנת מ"ט מדות, וזה שהיה מובדל מן המזבח מלא החוט, במסכת זבחים (סב ב) למדוה מן המקרא:6And you shall make poles for the altar, poles of acacia wood, and you shall overlay them with copper. ווְעָשִׂיתָ בַדִּים לַמִּזְבֵּחַ בַּדֵּי עֲצֵי שִׁטִּים וְצִפִּיתָ אֹתָם נְחשֶׁת:
7And its poles shall be inserted into the rings, and the poles shall be on both sides of the altar when it is carried. זוְהוּבָא אֶת בַּדָּיו בַּטַּבָּעֹת וְהָיוּ הַבַּדִּים עַל שְׁתֵּי צַלְעֹת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ בִּשְׂאֵת אֹתוֹ:
into the rings: Into the four rings that were made for the grating. בטבעות: בארבע טבעות שנעשו למכבר:
8You shall make it hollow, out of boards; as He showed you on the mountain, so shall they do. חנְבוּב לֻחֹת תַּעֲשֶׂה אֹתוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר הֶרְאָה אֹתְךָ בָּהָר כֵּן יַעֲשׂוּ:
hollow, out of boards: Heb. נְבוּב לֻחֹת as the Targum [Onkelos and Jonathan] renders: חִלִיל לוּחִין. [There should be] boards of acacia wood from all sides with a space in the middle. But all of it shall not be [made of] one piece of wood [that would measure] five cubits by five cubits, like a sort of anvil [i.e., like one solid block]. נבוב לחת: כתרגומו חליל לוחין. לוחות עצי שטים מכל צד והחלל באמצע, ולא יהא כולו עץ אחד שיהא עביו חמש אמות על חמש אמות כמין סדן:
Daily Tehillim: Psalms Chapters 1 - 9
• Chapter 1
This psalm inspires man to study Torah and avoid sin. One who follows this path is assured of success in all his deeds, whereas the plight of the wicked is the reverse.
1. Fortunate is the man that has not walked in the counsel of the wicked, nor stood in the path of sinners, nor sat in the company of scoffers.
2. Rather, his desire is in the Torah of the Lord, and in His Torah he meditates day and night.
3. He shall be like a tree planted by streams of water, that yields its fruit in its season, and whose leaf does not wither; and all that he does shall prosper.
4. Not so the wicked; rather, they are like the chaff that the wind drives away.
5. Therefore the wicked will not endure in judgement, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.
6. For the Lord minds the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish.
Chapter 2
This psalm warns against trying to outwit the ways of God. It also instructs one who has reason to rejoice, to tremble—lest his sins cause his joy to be overturned.
1. Why do nations gather, and peoples speak futility?
2. The kings of the earth rise up, and rulers conspire together, against the Lord and against His anointed:
3. “Let us sever their cords, and cast their ropes from upon us!”
4. He Who sits in heaven laughs, my Master mocks them.
5. Then He speaks to them in His anger, and terrifies them in His wrath:
6. “It is I Who have anointed My king, upon Zion, My holy mountain.”
7. I am obliged to declare: The Lord said to me, “You are my son, I have this day begotten you.
1
8. Ask of Me, and I will make the nations your inheritance, and the ends of the earth your possession.
9. Smash them with a rod of iron, shatter them like a potter’s vessel.”
10. Now be wise, you kings; be disciplined, you rulers of the earth.
11. Serve the Lord with awe, and rejoice with trembling.
12. Yearn for purity—lest He become angry and your path be doomed, if his anger flares for even a moment. Fortunate are all who put their trust in Him
Chapter 3
When punishment befalls man, let him not be upset by his chastisement, for perhaps--considering his sins—he is deserving of worse, and God is in fact dealing kindly with him.
1. A psalm by David, when he fled from Absalom his son.
2. Lord, how numerous are my oppressors; many rise up against me!
3. Many say of my soul, “There is no salvation for him from God—ever!”
4. But You, Lord, are a shield for me, my glory, the One Who raises my head.
5. With my voice I call to the Lord, and He answers me from His holy mountain, Selah.
6. I lie down and sleep; I awake, for the Lord sustains me.
7. I do not fear the myriads of people that have aligned themselves all around me.
8. Arise, O Lord, deliver me, my God. For You struck all my enemies on the cheek, You smashed the teeth of the wicked.
9. Deliverance is the Lord’s; may Your blessing be upon Your people forever
Chapter 4
This psalm exhorts man not to shame his fellow, and to neither speak nor listen to gossip and slander. Envy not the prosperity of the wicked in this world, rather rejoice and say: “If it is so for those who anger Him . . . [how much better it will be for those who serve Him!”]
1. For the Conductor, with instrumental music, a psalm by David.
2. Answer me when I call, O God [Who knows] my righteousness. You have relieved me in my distress; be gracious to me and hear my prayer.
3. Sons of men, how long will you turn my honor to shame, will you love vanity, and endlessly seek falsehood?
4. Know that the Lord has set apart His devout one; the Lord will hear when I call to Him.
5. Tremble and do not sin; reflect in your hearts upon your beds, and be silent forever.
6. Offer sacrifices in righteousness, and trust in the Lord.
7. Many say: “Who will show us good?” Raise the light of Your countenance upon us, O Lord.
8. You put joy in my heart, greater than [their joy] when their grain and wine abound.
9. In peace and harmony I will lie down and sleep, for You, Lord, will make me dwell alone, in security.
Chapter 5
A prayer for every individual, requesting that the wicked perish for their deeds, and the righteous rejoice for their good deeds.
1. For the Conductor, on the nechilot,1 a psalm by David.
2. Give ear to my words, O Lord, consider my thoughts.
3. Listen to the voice of my cry, my King and my God, for to You I pray.
4. Lord, hear my voice in the morning; in the morning I set [my prayers] before you and hope.
5. For You are not a God Who desires wickedness; evil does not abide with You.
6. The boastful cannot stand before Your eyes; You hate all evildoers.
7. You destroy the speakers of falsehood; the Lord despises the man of blood and deceit.
8. And I, through Your abundant kindness, come into Your house; I bow toward Your holy Sanctuary, in awe of You.
9. Lead me, O Lord, in Your righteousness, because of my watchful enemies; straighten Your path before me.
10. For there is no sincerity in their mouths, their heart is treacherous; their throat is an open grave, [though] their tongue flatters.
11. Find them guilty, O God, let them fall by their schemes; banish them for their many sins, for they have rebelled against You.
12. But all who trust in You will rejoice, they will sing joyously forever; You will shelter them, and those who love Your Name will exult in You.
13. For You, Lord, will bless the righteous one; You will envelop him with favor as with a shield.
Chapter 6
This is an awe-inspiring prayer for one who is ill, to pray that God heal him, body and soul. An ailing person who offers this prayer devoutly and with a broken heart is assured that God will accept his prayer.
1. For the Conductor, with instrumental music for the eight-stringed harp, a psalm by David.
2. Lord, do not punish me in Your anger, nor chastise me in Your wrath.
3. Be gracious to me, O Lord, for I languish away; heal me, O Lord, for my bones tremble in fear.
4. My soul is panic-stricken; and You, O Lord, how long [before You help]?
5. Relent, O Lord, deliver my soul; save me for the sake of Your kindness.
6. For there is no remembrance of You in death; who will praise You in the grave?
7. I am weary from sighing; each night I drench my bed, I melt my couch with my tears.
8. My eye has grown dim from vexation, worn out by all my oppressors.
9. Depart from me, all you evildoers, for the Lord has heard the sound of my weeping.
10. The Lord has heard my supplication; the Lord accepts my prayer.
11. All my enemies will be shamed and utterly terrified; they will then repent and be shamed for a moment.
1
Chapter 7
Do not rejoice if God causes your enemy to suffer—just as the suffering of the righteous is not pleasant. David, therefore, defends himself intensely before God, maintaining that he did not actively harm Saul. In fact, Saul precipitated his own harm, while David’s intentions were only for the good.
1. A shigayon 1 by David, which he sang to the Lord concerning Kush the Benjaminite.
2. I put my trust in You, Lord, my God; deliver me from all my pursuers and save me.
3. Lest he tear my soul like a lion, crushing me with none to rescue.
4. Lord, my God, if I have done this, if there is wrongdoing in my hands;
5. if I have rewarded my friends with evil or oppressed those who hate me without reason—
6. then let the enemy pursue and overtake my soul, let him trample my life to the ground, and lay my glory in the dust forever.
7. Arise, O Lord, in Your anger, lift Yourself up in fury against my foes. Stir me [to mete out] the retribution which You commanded.
8. When the assembly of nations surrounds You, remove Yourself from it and return to the heavens.
9. The Lord will mete out retribution upon the nations; judge me, O Lord, according to my righteousness and my integrity.
10. Let the evil of the wicked come to an end, but establish the righteous—O righteous God, Searcher of hearts and minds.
11. [I rely] on God to be my shield, He Who saves the upright of heart.
12. God is the righteous judge, and the Almighty is angered every day.
13. Because he does not repent, He sharpens His sword, bends His bow and makes it ready.
14. He has prepared instruments of death for him; His arrows will be used on the pursuers.
15. Indeed, he conceives iniquity, is pregnant with evil schemes, and gives birth to falsehood.
16. He digs a pit, digs it deep, only to fall into the trap he laid.
17. His mischief will return upon his own head, his violence will come down upon his own skull.
18. I will praise the Lord according to His righteousness, and sing to the Name of the Lord Most High
Chapter 8
This psalm is a glorious praise to God for His kindness to the lowly and mortal human in giving the Torah to the inhabitants of the lower worlds, arousing the envy of the celestial angels. This idea is expressed in the Yom Kippur prayer, “Though Your mighty strength is in the angels above, You desire praise from those formed of lowly matter.”
1. For the Conductor, on the gittit,1 a psalm by David.
2. Lord, our Master, how mighty is Your Name throughout the earth, You Who has set Your majesty upon the heavens!
3. Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings You have established might, to counter Your enemies, to silence foe and avenger.2
4. When I behold Your heavens, the work of Your fingers, the moon and the stars which You have set in place—
5. what is man that You should remember him, son of man that You should be mindful of him?
6. Yet, You have made him but a little less than the angels, and crowned him with honor and glory.
7. You made him ruler over Your handiwork, You placed everything under his feet.
8. Sheep and cattle—all of them, also the beasts of the field;
9. the birds of the sky and the fish of the sea; all that traverses the paths of the seas.
10. Lord, our Master, how mighty is Your Name throughout the earth.
Chapter 9
One should praise God for saving him from the hand of the enemy who stands over and agonizes him, and for His judging each person according to his deeds: the righteous according to their righteousness, and the wicked according to their wickedness.
1. For the Conductor, upon the death of Labben, a psalm by David.
2. I will thank the Lord with all my heart; I will recount all Your wonders.
3. I will rejoice and exult in You; I will sing to Your Name, O Most High.
4. When my enemies retreat, they will stumble and perish from before You.
5. You have rendered my judgement and [defended] my cause; You sat on the throne, O righteous Judge.
6. You destroyed nations, doomed the wicked, erased their name for all eternity.
7. O enemy, your ruins are gone forever, and the cities you have uprooted—their very remembrance is lost.
8. But the Lord is enthroned forever, He established His throne for judgement.
9. And He will judge the world with justice, He will render judgement to the nations with righteousness.
10. The Lord will be a stronghold for the oppressed, a stronghold in times of trouble.
11. Those who know Your Name put their trust in You, for You, Lord, have not abandoned those who seek You.
12. Sing to the Lord Who dwells in Zion, recount His deeds among the nations.
13. For the Avenger of bloodshed is mindful of them; He does not forget the cry of the downtrodden.
14. Be gracious to me, O Lord; behold my affliction at the hands of my enemies, You Who raises me from the gates of death,
15. so that I may relate all Your praises in the gates of the daughter of Zion, that I may exult in Your deliverance.
16. The nations sank into the pit that they made; in the net they concealed their foot was caught.
17. The Lord became known through the judgement He executed; the wicked one is snared in the work of his own hands; reflect on this always.
18. The wicked will return to the grave, all the nations that forget God.
19. For not for eternity will the needy be forgotten, nor will the hope of the poor perish forever.
20. Arise, O Lord, let not man prevail; let the nations be judged in Your presence.
21. Set Your mastery over them, O Lord; let the nations know that they are but frail men, Selah.
Tanya: Likutei Amarim, middle of Chapter 29• Lessons in Tanya
• Adar 1, 5775 · February 20, 2015
Today's Tanya Lesson
Likutei Amarim, middle of Chapter 29
והנה כל מה שיאריך בעניינים אלו במחשבתו, וגם בעיונו בספרים, להיות לבו נשבר בקרבו, ונבזה בעיניו נמאס ככתוב, בתכלית המיאוס, ולמאס חייו ממש, הרי בזה ממאס ומבזה הסטרא אחרא ומשפילה לעפר ומורידה מגדולתה וגסות רוחה וגבהותה, שמגביה את עצמה על אור קדושת נפש האלקית להחשיך אורה
The longer he reflects on these matters, both in his own thoughts and by delving deeply into books which speak of these matters, in order to break down his heart within him and render himself shamed and despised in his own eyes, as is written in the Scriptures, so utterly despised that he despises his very life, — the more he despises and degrades thereby the sitra achra, casting it down to the ground and humbling it from its haughtiness and pride and self-exaltation, wherewith it exalts itself over the light of the divine soul’s holiness, obscuring its radiance.
Up to now, the Alter Rebbe has proposed means of crushing the sitra achra within one’s animal soul by humbling his own spirit through intellectual contemplation. He now turns to another method, that of “raging” against one’s evil impulse, without entering into an analysis of his spiritual level.
וגם ירעים עליה בקול רעש ורוגז להשפילה, כמאמר רז״ל: לעולם ירגיז אדם יצר טוב על יצר הרע, שנאמר: רגזו וגו׳
He should also thunder against it (the sitra achra) with a strong and raging voice in order to humble it, as our Sages state, 1 “A person should always rouse the good impulse against the evil impulse, as it is written, 2 ‘Rage, and sin not.’”
דהיינו לרגוז על נפש הבהמית, שהיא יצרו הרע, בקול רעש ורוגז במחשבתו, לומר לו: אתה רע ורשע ומשוק׳ ומתועב ומנוול וכו׳, ככל השמות שקראו לו חכמינו ז״ל, באמת
This means that one should rage — in his mind — against the animal soul, which is his evil empulse, with a voice of stormy indignation, saying to it: “Indeed, you are truly evil and wicked, abominable, loathsome and disgraceful,” and so forth, using all the epithets by which our Sages have called it. 3
עד מתי תסתיר לפני אור אין סוף ברוך הוא הממלא כל עלמין, היה הוה ויהיה בשוה, גם במקום זה שאני עליו כמו שהיה אור אין סוף ברוך הוא לבדו קודם שנברא העולם, בלי שום שינוי
“How long will you obscure the light of the blessed Ein Sof, which pervades all the worlds; which was, is, and will be the same, even in the very place where I stand, just as the light of the blessed Ein Sof was alone before the world was created — utterly unchanged;
כמו שכתוב: אני ה׳ לא שניתי, כי הוא למעלה מהזמן וכו׳
as it is written: 4 ’I, the L-rd, have not changed,‘ i.e., the fact of creation has wrought no change in Him, for He transcends time, and so on? And therefore, the fact that it is now ’after‘ creation, cannot affect Him.
ואתה מנוול וכו׳ מכחיש האמת הנראה לעינים, דכולא קמיה כלא ממש באמת, בבחינת ראייה חושיית
But you, repulsive one (and so forth) deny the truth which is so plainly visible — that all is truly as nothing in His presence — a truth which is so apparent as to be’visible to the eye‘!”
והנה על ידי זה יועיל לנפשו האלקית להאיר עיניה באמת יחוד אור אין סוף בראייה חושיית, ולא בחינת שמיעה והבנה לבדה
In this way he will help his divine soul, enlightening its eyes to perceive the truth of the unity of the infinite light of Ein Sof as though with physical sight, and not merely through the lesser perception of “hearing” and understanding.
כמו שכתוב במקום אחר, שזהו שרש כל העבודה
For, as explained elsewhere, this is the core of the whole [divine] service.
Intellectual comprehension — i.e., the “hearing” — of G‑dliness can lead only to a desire and longing for G‑d; the level of perception described as “sight” leads far higher — to one’s self-nullification before Him.
| FOOTNOTES | |
| 1. | Berachot 5a. |
| 2. | Tehillim 4:5. |
| 3. | Sukkah 52a. |
| 4. | Malachi 3:6. |
• Sefer Hamitzvos:
Adar 1, 5775 · February 20, 2015
Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
Important Message Regarding This Lesson
The Daily Mitzvah schedule runs parallel to the daily study of 3 chapters of Maimonides' 14-volume code. There are instances when the Mitzvah is repeated a few days consecutively while the exploration of the same Mitzvah continues in the in-depth track.
Positive Commandment 59Blowing Trumpets
"On the day of your joy, on your holidays and on the heads of your months you shall blow with trumpets"—Numbers 10:10.
We are commanded to blow trumpets while the sacrifices offered on special dates were being offered in the Holy Temple.
We are also commanded to blow trumpets during times of distress, to accompany our prayer to G‑d.
Blowing TrumpetsWe are commanded to blow trumpets while the sacrifices offered on special dates were being offered in the Holy Temple.
We are also commanded to blow trumpets during times of distress, to accompany our prayer to G‑d.
Positive Commandment 59
Translated by Berel Bell
The 59th mitzvah is that we are commanded to sound the trumpets in the Holy Temple when offering any of the periodic1 sacrifices.
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement,2 "And on the day of your rejoicing, on your festivals and on your Rosh Chodesh days, you shall sound the trumpets over your burnt-offerings."
Our Sages have explicitly stated3 that [on a fast day, the sounds of the trumpet last longer than the sounds of the shofar4 because] "the main mitzvah of this day is that of the trumpets."5
The details of this mitzvah are explained in the Sifri,6 in Rosh Hashanah,7 and in Taanis.8
Since we are [also] commanded to sound the trumpets when we cry out to G‑d (exalted be He) during a time of trouble and distress, the verse9 says, "When you go to war against an enemy who attacks you in your land, [you shall sound the trumpets]."
FOOTNOTES
1. I.e. those brought on holidays and Rosh Chodesh. See Hilchos Klei Hamikdosh 3:5.
2. Num. 10:10.
3. Rosh Hashanah, Ch.3, Mishneh 4 (26b).
4. Unlike Rosh Hashanah, when the shofar lasts longer.
5. Perhaps the Rambam's goal in quoting this passage is to point out the expression, "main mitzvah" (mitzvas hayom), which shows that blowing the trumpet counts as one of the 613 mitzvos.
Although this statement refers to blowing the trumpets on a fast day, nevertheless it can be applied here, since the Rambam counts them as one and the same mitzvah.
6. Parshas B'haaloscha.
7. See note above.
8. 15a.
9. Num. 10:9.
Laws of Megillah and Chanukah Chapters 1 & 2
We now continue with Maimonides' Laws of Megillah and Chanukah, chapters one and two.
(The Daily Mitzvah schedule runs parallel to the daily study of three chapters of Maimonides' 14-volume code, which today studies these laws. Because these two mitzvot are rabbinic, not biblical, they have no counterpart in Sefer Hamitzvot.)
(The Daily Mitzvah schedule runs parallel to the daily study of three chapters of Maimonides' 14-volume code, which today studies these laws. Because these two mitzvot are rabbinic, not biblical, they have no counterpart in Sefer Hamitzvot.)
Laws of Megillah and Chanukah Chapters 1 and 2
We now continue with Maimonides' Laws of Megillah and Chanukah, chapters one and two.
(The Daily Mitzvah schedule runs parallel to the daily study of three chapters of Maimonides' 14-volume code, which today studies these laws. Because these two mitzvot are rabbinic, not biblical, they have no counterpart in Sefer Hamitzvot.)
We now continue with Maimonides' Laws of Megillah and Chanukah, chapters one and two.
(The Daily Mitzvah schedule runs parallel to the daily study of three chapters of Maimonides' 14-volume code, which today studies these laws. Because these two mitzvot are rabbinic, not biblical, they have no counterpart in Sefer Hamitzvot.)
Tefilah and Birkat Kohanim - Chapter Six
Halacha 1
A person is forbidden to walk behind a synagogue at the time that the congregation is praying, unless he is carrying a burden or there are two entrances to the synagogue on different sides. [In the latter instance], anyone who sees him would presume that perhaps he is planning to enter [the synagogue] through the other entrance.
Similarly, if there are two synagogues in the city, a person seeing him would say that perhaps he is going to his usual synagogue.
If one is wearing tefillin on his head, he is permitted to pass [a synagogue] even without any of these conditions, since the tefillin indicate that he is a person who is seriously interested in the performance of commandments, and not one to refrain from prayer.
Halacha 2
One praying with a congregation should not lengthen his prayer excessively. [However,] he may do so when praying alone. If, after praying, he desires to [add to his prayers], he may, including even the confession of Yom Kippur.
Similarly, he may add in each of the middle blessings something relevant to that blessing if he desires.
Halacha 3
What is implied?
If one has a sick person [for whom he wants to pray], he should request mercy for this person in the blessing for the sick as eloquently as he can.
If he requires sustenance, he should add a supplication and request in the blessing for material prosperity. The same applies regarding each of the other blessings.
Should one desire to ask for all his needs in the blessing of "the One who hears Prayer," he may do so. However, he should make no requests in the first three or last three [blessings].
Halacha 4
A person is forbidden to taste anything or to do any work from dawn until after he has recited the Morning Prayer. He should also refrain from visiting the house of a friend to greet him before he has recited the Morning Prayer; nor should he set out on a journey before he has prayed.
However, one may taste food or do work before reciting Musaf or Minchah, although he should not have a full meal close to the time for Minchah.
Halacha 5
Once the time for Minchah Gedolah arrives, one should not enter a bathhouse, even [if only] to sweat, until he has prayed, lest he faint and neglect prayer.
He should not eat, even a snack, lest he continue eating and neglect prayer, nor [should he] judge [a court case], even if only to render a final judgment, lest the decision be questioned and the matter be drawn out and cause him to miss prayer.
Similarly, one should not sit in a barber's chair, even for a regular haircut, until he prays, lest the scissors break. He should not enter a tanning house close toMinchah before he has prayed, lest he see a deficiency in his work which he will deal with, and [thereby] be delayed from praying.
If he begins doing one of these things, he need not stop, but may finish and then recite Minchah.
Halacha 6
When is the beginning of a haircut? When he puts the barber's cloth over his knees.
When is the beginning of a bath? When he takes off his underclothes.
When is the beginning of [work in the] tanning house? When he ties the apron between his shoulders, as is the way of artisans.
When is the beginning of eating? For those who live in Eretz Yisrael, it is when one washes his hands. For inhabitants of Babylonia, it is when they loosen their belts.
When is the beginning of judgment? When the judges robe themselves in theirtaleisim and sit down. If they were [already] sitting, it is when the adversaries begin to make their claims.
Halacha 7
Even though the Evening Prayer is not obligatory, one should not come home from his work and say: "I will eat a little and sleep a little and then I will pray," lest sleep overtake him and he sleep all night. Rather, he should [first] pray, and afterwards he may eat, drink or sleep.
It is permissible to have a haircut or enter a bathhouse before the Morning Prayer. [The Sages] only established their decree before Minchah, since it is common for most people to go there during the day. However, in the morning, [these actions] are uncommon. Hence, they did not establish a decree.
Halacha 8
A person who is involved in the study of Torah when the time for prayer arrives must stop and pray. If the study of Torah is his full-time occupation and he does not work at all, and he is involved in the study of Torah at the time of prayer, he need not stop, since the commandment of the study of Torah is greater that the commandment of prayer.
Anyone involved in efforts for the welfare of the community is like one involved in Torah study.
Halacha 9
One is forbidden to interrupt his Amidah except in a situation where his life is endangered. Even if the King of Israel greets him, he must not answer him. However, he may interrupt [to answer] a non-Jewish king, lest he kill him.
A person standing in the [midst of the] Amidah who sees a non-Jewish king or tyrant approaching him should shorten [his prayer]. If unable to do so, he may stop. Similarly, if one sees snakes or scorpions approaching him in a place where their bite is fatal, he should stop [praying] and flee. If they are not fatal, he should not stop.
Halacha 10
Women, slaves and children are obligated to pray. Anyone exempt from Kri'at Shema is also exempt from the Amidah.
All those accompanying the dead [for burial], even if they are not required to carry the coffin, are exempt from the Amidah.
Commentary Halacha 1
A person is forbidden to walk behind a synagogue - This refers to the side of the synagogue on which there is an entrance. However, a person walking on the other side of the synagogue does not appear to dismiss the idea of prayer, since he has not willfully abstained from entering the place of worship (Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 90).
at the time that the congregation is praying, - Rashi, Berachot 61a, explains that a person passing by appears to be fleeing from the synagogue and the obligations observed therein.
unless he is carrying a burden - Since he is carrying a bundle, it is clearly understood why he is not entering the synagogue.
Berachot 8b quotes the above prohibition in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi. It then quotes Abbaye who mentions the various qualifications related by the Rambam.
or there are two entrances to the synagogue on different sides. [In the latter instance], anyone who sees him would presume that perhaps he is planning to enter [the synagogue] through the other entrance. - Berachot8b mentions the idea of two entrances to the synagogue. However, the specification that the entrances be on different sides is the Rambam's addition. Only in such a case could one seeing the person imagine that he is entering the synagogue by its other entrance. If the entrances are on the same side, the observer need simply wait to see if he also passes by the second entrance.
Similarly, if there are two synagogues in the city, a person seeing him would say that perhaps he is going to his usual synagogue - and is not shirking his responsibility to pray.
If one is wearing tefillin on his head, - See Hilchot tefillin 4:25 which mentions the obligation to wear tefillin throughout the entire day, even after one finished prayer. At present, as explained in the Tur (Orach Chayim 39), it is customary to wear tefillin only during prayer.
he is permitted to pass [a synagogue] even without any of these conditions, since the tefillin indicate that he is a person who is seriously interested in the performance of commandments, and not one to refrain from prayer.
Commentary Halacha 2
One praying with a congregation should not lengthen his prayer excessively - From the passage from Berachot quoted below, it would appear that the prohibition was instituted to prevent the discomfort that would be caused were the congregation to be forced to wait for one individual to finish his prayers. Rav Kapach notes that even if the congregation would not necessarily wait, it is forbidden to do so, lest one appear haughty.
[However,] he may do so when praying alone. - Berachot 31a states:
This was the custom of Rabbi Akiva; when praying in a congregation he would shorten his prayer in order not to bother those present, but when he prayed alone, one would leave him while he was in one corner of the room and [return and] find him in the other corner because of his bowings and prostrations.
If, after praying, - i.e., after he has completed Shemoneh Esreh
he desires to [add to his prayers] he may, - The Talmud (Avodah Zarah 8a and Berachot 31a) states that even though generally one should limit his requests during the recitation of Shemoneh Esreh to the blessing of שומע תפילה, this restriction does not apply after one concludes praying.
including even the confession of Yom Kippur. - The Talmud (ibid.) (and, similarly, the authoritative Oxford manuscript of the Mishneh Torah) states that after prayer, one may add “the order of the day of Yom Kippur” and does not mention וידוי (confession).
One might conclude that this indicates that one may add as much as he likes. The prayers of Yom Kippur are mentioned since they serve as the paradigm of long prayer.
Similarly, he may add in each of the middle blessings something relevant to that blessing if he desires. - as explained in the following halachah.
Commentary Halacha 3
What is implied? - by the last clause of the previous halachah.
If one has a sick person [for whom he wants to pray] he should request mercy for this person in the blessing for the sick, - Avodah Zarah 8a notes:
Even though [the Sages] taught that a person should make his special requests in [the blessing of] שומע תפילה, one may add at the end of each blessing something relevant to that blessing.
The Talmud quotes a second teaching which specifically mentions the two examples given by the Rambam.
as eloquently as he can. - Note Chapter 1, Halachah 4, which explains that the reason the Sages established a standard text of prayer was to prevent people from praying in a non-eloquent manner. Though a person is allowed to make whatever additions to prayer he desires, he should try to use the most elegant means of expression as possible.
If he requires sustenance, he should add a supplication and request in the blessing for material property. - The sixth of the intermediate blessings.
The same applies regarding each of the other [blessings]. - For example, Rashi (Avodah Zarah, ibid.) explains that one desiring not to forget that which he has learned should make such a request in חונן הדעת [the first of the intermediate blessings].
Should one desire to ask for all his needs in the blessing of "the One who hears Prayer," he may do so. - without qualms. There is no requirement to make one's requests in the other blessings as mentioned above.
However, he should make no requests in the first three or last three [blessings]. - See Berachot 34a and also Chapter 1, Halachah 9, and commentary.
Commentary Halacha 4
A person is forbidden to taste - This includes both eating and drinking and indicates that one is forbidden from even tasting the smallest amount of food.
anything - Berachot 10b relates:
What does [Leviticus 19:26]: "You should not eat with blood" mean? You should not eat before you have prayed al dimchem [lit. “for your blood”]...
Anyone who eats and drinks and [only] afterwards prays - about him [I Kings 14:9[ states: "... and you have cast Me behind your body." Do not read גויך (your body), but rather גאיך (your pride). The Holy One, blessed be He, says: "After you have acted proudly and haughtily [by eating], will you accept upon yourself the sovereignty of Heaven?"
Anyone who eats and drinks and [only] afterwards prays - about him [I Kings 14:9[ states: "... and you have cast Me behind your body." Do not read גויך (your body), but rather גאיך (your pride). The Holy One, blessed be He, says: "After you have acted proudly and haughtily [by eating], will you accept upon yourself the sovereignty of Heaven?"
Thus, it is clear that one must deal with his spiritual obligations before fulfilling his physical needs.
Note Chapter 5, Halachah 2, where the Rambam states that one who is hungry or thirsty is considered sick and must eat or drink before prayer in order to pray with proper intention. For this reason, medicines also present no problem and may be taken before Shacharit (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 89:3).
The Mishnah Berurah (89:22) grants permission to drink tea or coffee before prayer, if this will help one's concentration during prayer. However,he suggests not putting sugar into the drink. The Aruch Hashulchan (Orach Chayim 89:23) allows one to add sugar to tea and even suggests that adding milk is permissible.
or to do any work - Berachot 14a relates:
A person is forbidden to deal with his personal matters before he prays, as [Psalms 85:14] states: "[He will place] righteousness before him and he will place his feet in the path."
Rashi explains that first one must pay heed to the righteousness of the Creator, and only then walk in the way - i.e., do work that is necessary for his own personal needs.
from dawn until after he has recited the Morning Prayer - Dawn is the earliest possible time for the Morning Prayer. (See Chapter 3, Halachah 7.) Therefore, as soon as the obligation of prayer exists, one is forbidden to eat or drink.
He should also refrain from visiting the house of a friend to greet him before he has recited the Morning Prayer; - Berachot 14a relates:
Anyone who greets his friend before praying has, so to speak, made his friend into an altar, as [Isaiah 2:22] states: "Desist from the man whose life is in his nostrils, as for what is he considered." Do not read bemah (“for what”) but rather bamah (“an altar”).
Nevertheless, the Talmud explains that this prohibition only applies to going to a friend's house to greet him. Greeting him in the street is permitted.
nor should he set out on a journey before he has prayed. - Berachot 14a derives this law based on the same verse used as the source for the prohibition of working before praying.
However, one may taste food or do work before reciting Musaf orMinchah - Berachot 28b quotes two opinions, one of Rav Huna forbidding eating before Musaf, and one of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi forbidding eating before Minchah, but does not accept either of them as binding.
although he should not have a full meal close to the time for Minchah -Though the Talmud rejects the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi regarding טעימה (tasting). However, there are restrictions in regard to eating a meal as explained in the following halachah (Kessef Mishneh).
Commentary Halacha 5
Once the time for Minchah Gedolah arrives - i.e., six and a half hours (שעות זמניות) of the day, as explained in Chapter 3, Halachah 2.
one should not enter a bathhouse - This and the following laws are based on the Mishnah (Shabbat 9b): "One should not sit in front of the barber close toMinchah until he has prayed..." The Talmud explains that this refers to Minchah Gedolah.
even [if only] to sweat, until he has prayed - This person is not interested in bathing in the hot or cold bath or washing himself well, which are time-consuming activities. Nevertheless, since a prohibition was instituted against bathing...
lest he faint and neglect prayer - the restriction was enforced even in this instance.
He should not eat, even a snack, lest he continue eating and neglect prayer - In the previous halachah, the Rambam rules that one may taste food before Minchah, but forbade eating a meal. Here, he states that even a snack is forbidden. The Kessef Mishneh explains that eating a כביצה (the equivalent of an egg, 52 or 100 cubic centimeters, according to Shiurei Torah and theChazon Ish, respectively) of fruit, or a כזית (an olive size, approximately 26 or 50 cubic centimeters, according to the same references cited) of bread constitutesachilat ari’ai which we have translated as a snack.
nor [should he] judge [a court case], even if only to render a final judgment, lest the decision be questioned and the matter be drawn out and cause him to miss prayer. - The Mishnah quoted above states simply that one must not sit in judgment close to Minchah. In his commentary on the Mishnah, the Rambam states:
Even if the case is finished and the judges have heard the claims of the adversaries in the case, and have deliberated [and reached a verdict], and need only announce their final decision, the judge should not sit to render this decision close to the time of Minchah, lest he see the case in a different light and be required to start again, or the adversaries restate their claims and the matters drag on until the time [for Minchah] passes.
Similarly, one should not sit in a barber's chair, even for a regular haircut - as opposed to the especially intricate haircut given the High Priest, called the haircut of "ben Elasa" (Shabbat 9b). (See also Hilchot Klei HaMikdash 5:6)
until he prays, lest the scissors break - and the time for prayer pass before the barber can secure another scissors.
He should not enter a tanning house close to Minchah before he has prayed, lest he see a deficiency in his work which he will deal with, and [thereby] be delayed from praying. - The Rambam explains, in his commentary on the Mishnah, that if one sees a deficiency in the skin he will attempt to stop further damage, and his involvement in this work could last until after the end of the time for Minchah.
The Rambam's interpretation of the mishnah is not accepted by other authorities. Tosafot (Shabbat, loc. cit.) rules that only complicated activities are forbidden and simple acts, e.g., a snack or a normal haircut are permitted.
This disagreement finds expression in the rulings of the later authorities. TheShulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 232:2) quotes the Rambam's view. The Ramah brings a third opinion (of the Ba'al HaMa'or) which rules that even a large meal is permissible before Minchah Gedolah, and that a snack is permissible even before Minchah K'tanah. He adds that perhaps the reason for this leniency is that since it was customary to call people to synagogue, it is unlikely that they would not forget to go. However, he advises following the more stringent view when praying alone.
If he begins one of these things - Even if he began after the time of Minchah Gedolah and, therefore, his beginning was a transgression (Hagahot Maimoniot).
he need not stop, but may finish and then recite Minchah - This leniency is also based on the Mishnah (Shabbat, loc. cit.). After listing all the activities that are forbidden once Minchah Gedolah arrives, the Mishnah concludes: "And if he starts, he need not stop."
The Kessef Mishneh explains that this is the case only if he will be able to reciteMinchah before the conclusion of the appropriate time. To emphasize this point, the Rambam mentions explicitly: "and then recite Minchah" - i.e., after he finishes doing whatever it is that he has started doing. However, if there will not be time to pray afterwards, he must stop and pray. Only then may he resume his activity.
The Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 232:2, follows this interpretation of the Rambam and adds that if there will not be time afterwards, one must stop what he is doing immediately. The Magen Avraham points out that this means that even if it is still relatively early, if one is eating and expects the meal to continue until after the time of Minchah, he must stop immediately and pray, rather than wait until sometime later before the end of the day.
Commentary Halacha 6
When is the beginning of a haircut? - In Halachah 5, the Rambam taught us that if one had already begun his involvement in any of these activities, he need not stop in order to recite Minchah. Therefore, it is necessary to understand what constitutes involvement in these activities.
When he puts the barber's cloth over his knees - The מעפורת is an apron used to collect the hairs falling from one's head during a haircut, so that they do not fall onto his clothes. (Shabbat 9b) In his commentary on the Mishnah, the Rambam states that one who has put the cloth over his knees "is prepared for a haircut." From that point on, even though no hair has actually been cut, he is considered involved in the haircut, so that he need not stop to pray.
When is the beginning of a bath? - i.e., when is he considered to be bathing, so that he need not stop to pray?
When he takes off his underclothes - literally, "the garments next to his skin." This is based on the Rambam's interpetation of Shabbat 9b: "When he removes his מעפרתו from himself." Rashi, in his commentary on that passage, offers a different interpretation - one's outermost garment, i.e., the first garment removed. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 232:2) rules in line with Rashi's position.
When is the beginning of [work in the] tanning house? When he ties the apron between his shoulders, as is the way of artisans. - Shabbat 9b states simply: "When he ties between his shoulders." In his commentary on the Mishnah, the Rambam explains that it is when he ties his belt in order to work with the skins. Evidently this means the belt around his apron. There is a version of the Rambam's commentary on the Mishnah which mentions also that he begins working with the skins. This is, however, hard to understand in light of his commentary here in the Mishneh Torah.
When is the beginning of eating? For those who live in Eretz Yisrael, it is when one washes one's hands - Shabbat 9b records a disagreement between Rav and Rabbi Chanina. Rav states that washing one's hands constitutes the beginning of eating, whereas Rabbi Chanina is of the opinion that loosening one's belt before eating is the beginning of the meal. The Talmud concludes that there is no real argument. Rav described the halachah for inhabitants of Eretz Yisrael, and Rabbi Chanina, for those of Babylonia.
For the inhabitants of Babylonia, it is when they loosen their belts - Rashi explains that the custom in Babylonia was to wear their belts particularly tight, necessitating that they be loosened prior to eating. This was not the case inEretz Yisrael.
It is interesting to note that in his commentary on the Mishnah, the Rambam mentions only the halachah of washing one's hands. Since the Mishnah was written in Eretz Yisrael, its interpretation must be in line with the customs and realities of Eretz Yisrael. However, in the Mishneh Torah, the Rambam focuses on the actual halachah. Hence, he defines the beginning of eating in line with both positions, one relevant to Eretz Yisrael and the other to Babylonia.
When is the beginning of judgment? When the judges robe themselves in their talleisim and sit down. - Rashi explains that the judges wore theirtalleisim in court in order to focus their attention on the serious nature of the matter at hand. Shabbat 10a states: "Any judge who adjudicates a judgment of absolute truth ..., is considered by the Torah to be a partner with God in the creation of the world."
If they were [already] sitting, it is when the adversaries begin to make their claims - Shabbat 10a makes this point of clarification.
Commentary Halacha 7
Even though the Evening Prayer is not obligatory - See Chapter 1, Halachah 6 and the commentary there.
one should not come home from his work and say: "I will eat a little and sleep a little and then I will pray," lest sleep overtake him and he sleep all night. Rather, he should [first] pray, and afterwards, he may eat, drink or sleep. - Berachot 4b discusses the decree of the Sages requiring the recitation of the Shema before midnight even though its actual time lasts until dawn (SeeHilchot Kri'at Shema 1:9.). That passage states:
The Sages produced a support for their words in order that a person not come in from the field in the evening and say: "I shall go home, eat a little, sleep a little and then recite the Shema and pray," lest he be overcome by sleep and sleep all night.
Rather, he should come from the field in the evening and enter the synagogue. If he is accustomed to recite the Shema immediately, he should. If he is accustomed to study Torah first, he should study, recite the Shema, pray and then eat his bread and recite grace.
Rather, he should come from the field in the evening and enter the synagogue. If he is accustomed to recite the Shema immediately, he should. If he is accustomed to study Torah first, he should study, recite the Shema, pray and then eat his bread and recite grace.
In contrast to the restrictions mentioned in the previous halachah in regard to the afternoon prayers...
It is permissible to have a haircut or enter a bathhouse before the Morning Prayer. [The Sages] only established their decree before Minchah, since it is common for most people to go there during the day. However, in the morning, [these actions] are uncommon. Hence they did not establish a decree. - Since the Mishnah cited above mentions only "close to Minchah," the Rambam assumes that the halachot apply only to מנחה and not to שחרית for the reason he explains.
The Rambam does not mention going to the tanning house or eating in this halachah, because they are included in Halachah 4 regarding working or eating before the Morning Prayer, both of which are prohibited.
Commentary Halacha 8
A person who is involved in the study of Torah when the time for prayer arrives must stop and pray - The Mishnah (Shabbat 9b) states that one must stop for Kri'at Shema, but not for prayer. The Talmud (11a) explains that this refers to one involved in the study of Torah.
If the study of Torah is his full-time occupation and he does not work at all, - Shabbat (ibid.) continues:
This applies only to Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his colleagues, whose full time occupation was the study of Torah, but we stop studying to recite theShema and to pray.
Rashi explains that anyone who interrupts his studies in order to work, must also interrupt his studies in order to pray.
and he is involved in the study of Torah at the time of prayer, he need not stop, since the commandment of the study of Torah is greater than the commandment of prayer - In Hilchot Talmud Torah 3:3, the Rambam states: "There is no commandment among all the commandments that is equal to the study of Torah. Rather, the study of Torah is equal to all the other commandments, since study brings one to action. Therefore, study comes before action at all times."
A person involved in Torah study achieves a level of unity with God that is unparalleled by any other activity. One's intellect and God's wisdom become inextricably linked, until they are indistinguishable during the moments of one's actual involvement in study. On this basis, we can understand the description of Torah with the metaphor of bread (Proverbs 9:5, Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah4:13). After bread is consumed by a person, it becomes assimilated into his blood and becomes part of the person himself. Similarly, when Torah is studied, it becomes absorbed into the person's character and becomes an integral part of his being (Tanya, Chapter 5).
As explained in the introduction to this text, prayer focuses on our attempt to relate to the Godliness that permeates our worldly existence. Though this is an extremely significant service, the connection established through Torah study is more complete. Thus, Shabbat 10a records how Ravvah rebuked Rav Hamnuna for neglecting his Torah studies to prolong his prayers. By doing he was "abandoning eternal life for transcient life." Therefore, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai and his colleagues whose commitment to Torah was all encompassing were not required to interrupt their studies for prayer.
Anyone involved in efforts for the welfare of the community is like one involved in Torah study - i.e., he can be compared to one whose full time occupation is the study of Torah. Therefore, he is exempt from the Amidah at that time.
This comparison of community work to the study of Torah is found in the Jerusalem Talmud, Berachot 5:1. However, there it is taught in the context of praying in the midst of words of Torah. (See Chapter 4, Halachah 18.) Community work is also considered like Torah, so that one may pray after such work and it is considered as if he prayed in the midst of words of Torah.
The Kessef Mishneh explains that the Rambam derives this law from the continuation of the Talmudic passage (Shabbat 11a) cited above. The Talmud states that one involved in the decision of whether or not to proclaim a leap year (עיבור שנה) need not stop to pray, even though Torah study is not his full-time occupation. The Kessef Mishneh posits that the Rambam views involvement in עיבור שנה as community work. On this basis, he concludes that one need not stop in order to pray if he is involved in such activities.
Commentary Halacha 9
One is forbidden to interrupt his Amidah except in a situation where his life is endangered - In Hilchot Kri'at Shema 2:15-17, we discussed the various situations in which one is allowed to interrupt his recitation of the Shema. Here, the Rambam teaches that the laws regarding the Amidah are much more strict. Only a threat to one's very life is considered sufficient cause to interrupt theAmidah.
Even if the King of Israel greets him, he must not answer him - The Mishnah (Berachot 29b) states: "Even if the king greets him, he may not answer." The Talmud explains that this applies only to a Jewish king, but not to a foreign king. A Jewish king is expected to appreciate the seriousness of prayer and realize that a person's unwillingness to interrupt his prayers is not intended as an insult to the king's authority, but rather, submission to an even greater authority.
It is interesting to note that this halachah is taught in the Mishnah within the context of halachot stressing the serious nature of the Amidah and the high level of concentration necessary. Just as we learned that the level of intention necessary for the Amidah is greater than that necessary for Kri'at Shema (see Chapter 5, Halachah 8 and the commentary there), so too, the halachot regarding interruptions are stricter, as mentioned.
However, he may interrupt [and answer] a non-Jewish king, lest he - fail to understand the concept explained above and...
kill him - as a rebel against the king.
Berachot 32b-33a relates the following story which shows that the Sages did not always avail themselves of the leniency granted:
A righteous man was once praying on the road. A minister approached him and greet him. However, he did not respond.
[The minister] waited until he had finished praying and said to him: "Empty one! Is it not written in your Torah: 'Take heed and watch yourself carefully' (Deuteronomy 4:9), and 'Guard yourselves very carefully' (Deuteronomy 4:15)."
"When I greeted you, why didn't you answer? If I had cut off your head with my sword, who would have sought vengeance for your life?"
He said to him: "Let me appease you with words. If you were standing in front of an earthly king and your friend came and greeted you would you answer him?"
[The minister] said: "No."
"And if you did answer him what would they do to you?"
He replied: "They would cut off my head!"
He said: "And is it not reasonable that if you [would not interrupt] while standing in front of an earthly king who is here today and in the grave tomorrow, so too I, standing in front of the King of Kings, the Holy One blessed be He, who is eternally present, all the more so [should I not interrupt in order to return greetings]."
The minister was appeased immediately, and the righteous person returned home in peace."
[The minister] waited until he had finished praying and said to him: "Empty one! Is it not written in your Torah: 'Take heed and watch yourself carefully' (Deuteronomy 4:9), and 'Guard yourselves very carefully' (Deuteronomy 4:15)."
"When I greeted you, why didn't you answer? If I had cut off your head with my sword, who would have sought vengeance for your life?"
He said to him: "Let me appease you with words. If you were standing in front of an earthly king and your friend came and greeted you would you answer him?"
[The minister] said: "No."
"And if you did answer him what would they do to you?"
He replied: "They would cut off my head!"
He said: "And is it not reasonable that if you [would not interrupt] while standing in front of an earthly king who is here today and in the grave tomorrow, so too I, standing in front of the King of Kings, the Holy One blessed be He, who is eternally present, all the more so [should I not interrupt in order to return greetings]."
The minister was appeased immediately, and the righteous person returned home in peace."
A person standing in the [midst of the] Amidah who sees a non-Jewish king or tyrant approaching him should shorten [his prayer]. - Rabbenu Yonah explains that this means simply to recite the beginning and end of each blessing. The Kessef Mishneh also agrees with this explanation.
In Chapter 2, Halachot 2-3, the Rambam mentions the text for a shortened prayer. However, there is not necessarily a contradiction between this opinion and that law.
If unable to do so, he may stop. - Berachot 32b offers these two alternatives.
Rabbenu Yonah maintains that if possible, one should move slightly in order to avoid confronting the king or tyrant, and thus avoid the need to talk.
Similarly, if one sees snakes or scorpions approaching him in a place where their bite is fatal, he should stop [praying] and flee. If they are not fatal, he should not stop. - The Mishnah (Berachot 29b) states: "...and even if there is a snake curled around his ankle, he should not interrupt [his Amidah]." The Talmud (33a) mentions that a snake does not cause an interruption, but a scorpion does. Rashi explains that though snakes are not likely to bite, scorpions are likely to sting. Thus, the passage raises questions on the Rambam's decision, for he does not distinguish between snakes and scorpions.
The Rambam's statements appear to be based on the Jerusalem Talmud,Berachot 5:1, which states that one ignores a snake only if it is simply curling around his leg. However, were the snake to approach him in a menacing fashion, appearing likely to bite, he may flee from the snake.
It is important to note that there is no actual need to interrupt his Amidah in the case of the dangerous creatures. He need simply leave that spot, find a safe place and continue praying.
Hagahot Maimoniot points out that in all the cases mentioned, even if he did actually speak in the middle of Shemoneh Esreh, he need only start again at the beginning of the blessing in which he stopped. If, however, he interrupted himself during the first or last three blessings, he should return to the beginning of the beginning of the first of the three blessings.
The laws mentioned in this halachah are discussed in the Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 104.
Commentary Halacha 10
Women, slaves and children are obligated to pray - This is based on the Mishnah (Berachot 20a-b). This halachah is discussed in Chapter 1, Halachah 2.
Anyone exempt from Kri'at Shema is also exempt from the Amidah. - The laws regarding those exempt from Kri'at Shema are contained in Hilchot Kri'at Shema 4:3-6. The exemption of these people from the Amidah is stated explicitly in the Mishnah (Berachot 17b).
All those accompanying the dead [for burial], even if they are not required to carry the coffin, are exempt from the Amidah - This is also based on the Mishnah (Berachot 17b) which teaches that though there are differences between the obligations people have regarding the recitation of theShema (See Hilchot Kri'at Shema 4:4.), "both are exempt from the Amidah."
Rashi and Tosafot explain that the distinction between Kri'at Shema and theAmidah is based on the fact that the recital of the Shema is a Torah obligation. Some commentaries explain that this explanation would even be acceptable according to the Rambam. Though he holds that the Amidah is also a Torah obligation (see Chapter 1, Halachah 1), it is only necessary to pray once daily in order to fulfill one's Torah obligation. Therefore, one may be more lenient in granting an exemption from the Amidah, since the Torah obligation may have already been fulfilled or may be fulfilled by another Amidah later in the day.
However, the Rambam, himself, offers a different explanation in his commentary on the Mishnah. There, he states that since one is troubled (לבו טרוד) by the burial, he is exempt from the Amidah. This seems to be a function of the greater need for intention in the Amidah rather than its non-Torah status.
Ta'aniyot - Chapter Five
Halacha 1
There are days when the entire Jewish people fast because of the calamities that occurred to them then, to arouse [their] hearts and initiate [them in] the paths of repentance. This will serve as a reminder of our wicked conduct and that of our ancestors, which resembles our present conduct and therefore brought these calamities upon them and upon us. By reminding ourselves of these matters, we will repent and improve [our conduct], as [Leviticus 26:40] states: "And they will confess their sin and the sin of their ancestors."
Commentary Halacha
There are days when the entire Jewish people - All healthy adult men and women
fast - It appears that the Rambam considers these fasts to be obligatory in the present era. Based on his interpretation of Rosh HaShanah 18b in his Commentary on the Mishnah, Rosh HaShanah 1:3, the Rambam explains that in the era of the Second Temple, these fasts were of an optional nature. After the destruction of the Temple, however, every Jew is required to observe them. This obligation is also explicitly stated by the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim549:1, 550:1).
because of the calamities that occurred to them then - Here, the Rambam employs the same principle he developed at the beginning of this text regarding fasts instituted because of difficulties of an immediate nature, with regard to these fasts which were instituted for these national calamities.
Fasting in and of itself is not a purpose. Fasting can, however, serve
to arrouse [their] hearts and initiate [them in] the paths of repentance. -This is the intent of the fasts, and not merely refraining from eating. For this reason, the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 121:1 harshly reproves those who fast, but spend their days taking pleasure strolls and being involved in other forms of leisure activity.
This will serve as a reminder of our wicked conduct and that of our ancestors, which resembles our present conduct and therefore brought these calamities upon them and upon us. - Although these tragedies took place in previous generations, we share the responsibility for them. The Jerusalem Talmud (Yoma 1:1) states, "Every generation in which the Temple is not rebuilt should consider it as if it was destroyed in its days."
By reminding ourselves of these matters, we will repent - The word נשוב, translated as "we will repent," literally means, "We will return." Teshuvahinvolves a return to one's fundamental self, becoming aware of the fundamental Divine nature one possesses.
Such a process relates to these commemorative fasts, which on the surface are associated with undesirable elements, but possess a positive core, as reflected in the Rambam's statements at the conclusion of this chapter that in the era of the Redemption, all these fast days will be transformed into days of rejoicing and celebration.
and improve [our conduct], as [Leviticus 26:40] states: "And they will confess their sin and the sin of their ancestors." - See Hilchot Teshuvah1:1-2, 2:2, where the Rambam associates the mitzvah of teshuvah with confession.
Halacha 2
These days are the following:
The Third of Tishrei. This is the day on which Gedaliah ben Achikam was slain and the ember of Israel that remained was extinguished, causing their exile to become complete.
The Tenth of Tevet. This is the day Nebuchadnezzar, the wicked, the King of Babylon, camped against Jerusalem and placed the city under siege.
The Seventeenth of Tammuz. Five tragedies took place on this day:
a) The Tablets were broken;
b) In the First Temple, the offering of the daily sacrifices was nullified;
c) [The walls of] Jerusalem were breached in [the war leading to] the destruction of the Second Temple;
d) Apostmos, the wicked, burned a Torah scroll; and
e) He erected an idol in the Temple.
Commentary Halacha
These days are the following: - The Rambam lists these fasts, not in the order in which the events which they commemorate transpired, nor according to the order in which they are mentioned in Zechariah 8:19 (see Halachah 4), but rather in the order of the year, beginning from the month of Tishrei.
The Third of Tishrei. This is the day on which Gedaliah ben Achikam -The governor appointed by Nebuchadnezzar to supervise the land of Judah. The Jews who were not exiled rallied around him, and it appeared that there would be hope of maintaining a Jewish settlement in the land (Jeremiah, Chapters 40-41).
was slain - According to the Radak (Jeremiah 41:1), Gedaliah was slain on Rosh HaShanah. Because a fast could not be held on that sacred day, the commemoration of his murder was postponed until the first available weekday.
and the ember of Israel that remained was extinguished, causing their exile to become complete. - After Gedaliah's murder, the Jews remaining inEretz Yisrael feared the wrath of the Babylonians and fled to Egypt, leavingEretz Yisrael devoid of Jewish leadership and possessing very few Jewish inhabitants. (See Jeremiah, Chapters 41-43.)
The Tenth of Tevet. This is the day Nebuchadnezzar, the wicked, the King of Babylon, camped - The Hebrew term םמך, which the Rambam [and the prophet Ezekiel (24:2)] employ, usually has a positive connotation, meaning "support." Perhaps this is also an allusion to the concept that ultimately these commemorative fasts have a positive intent, as mentioned at the conclusion of the chapter.
against Jerusalem and placed the city under siege. - Our commemoration of this fast also marks two other undesirable events which occurred in the preceding days: the death of Ezra, the scribe, and the translation of the Torah into Greek at the demand of King Ptolemy (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim580).
The Seventeenth of Tammuz. Five tragedies took place on this day -Ta'anit 29a states: Undesirable events are gathered together on a day appropriate for them. The spiritual nature of the day is such, that the potential for such tragedies to occur is greater.
a) The Tablets were broken; - When Moses descended with the Tablets of the Ten Commandments after being on Mount Sinai for forty days, he beheld the Golden Calf that the Jews had made. In wrath, or out of his concern for the Jewish people (see Rashi, Exodus 32:19), Moses broke the Tablets.
b) In the First Temple, the offering of the daily sacrifices - The korban tamid (Numbers 28:1-8)
was nullified; - Even during the siege of Jerusalem, the Jews would offer the daily sacrifices. Despite the famine in the city, they would offer two lambs each day as sacrifices. As the siege persisted, their supply of lambs dwindled, and on the Seventeenth of Tammuz, there no longer were any lambs to sacrifice (Rav Ovadiah of Bertinoro, Ta'anit 4:6).
Significantly, other commentaries (Rashi, Tiferet Yisrael) on the Mishnah identify the nullification of the sacrifices on the Seventeenth of Tammuz with different events in our history.
c) [The walls of] Jerusalem were breached in [the war leading to] the destruction of the Second Temple; - Jeremiah 39:2 states that in the destruction of the First Temple, Jerusalem's walls fell to the Babylonian conquerors on the ninth of Tammuz. Nevertheless, it is the destruction of the city by the Romans that we commemorate by fasting, because the effects of that destruction are more severe (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 549:2). The Rabbis did not institute a fast for the Ninth of Tammuz as well, for it was felt that this would be an excessive burden for the people (Mishnah Berurah 549:4).
Furthermore, according to the Jerusalem Talmud, Ta'anit 4:8, because of the many difficulties suffered by the Jewish people, they miscalculated the date, and, even during the destruction of the First Temple, it was on the Seventeenth of Tammuz that Jerusalem's walls were breached.
d) Apostmos, the wicked - a Greek official in the Second Temple era (Rav Ovadiah of Bertinoro)
burned a Torah scroll - The Meiri identifies this as the Torah scroll written by Ezra the Scribe. This scroll was kept in the Temple Courtyard and was used to check the precision of the other scrolls. In this manner, he attempted to undermine the entire Torah tradition.
and e) He - Apostmos
erected an idol in the Temple. - Others interpret this as a reference to the idol erected by King Menasheh in the First Temple. (See the Jerusalem Talmud,Ta'anit 4:6.)
Halacha 3
On the Ninth of Av, five tragedies occurred:
It was decreed that the Jews in the desert would not enter Eretz Yisrael;
The First and the Second Temples were destroyed;
A large city named Betar was captured. Thousands and myriads of Jews inhabited it. They were ruled by a great king whom the entire Jewish people and the leading Sages considered to be the Messianic king. The city fell to the Romans and they were all slain, causing a national catastrophe equivalent to that of the Temple's destruction.
On that day designated for retribution, the wicked Tineius Rufus plowed the site of the Temple and its surroundings, thereby fulfilling the prophecy [Micah 3:12], "Zion will be plowed like a field."
Commentary Halacha
On the Ninth of Av, five tragedies occurred - Here, also, we see the reflection of the concept mentioned above, that undesirable events are gathered together on a day appropriate for them.
It was decreed that the Jews in the desert would not enter Eretz Yisrael -The spies sent by Moses returned to him on the eighth of Av, bearing a malicious report about Eretz Yisrael. That night the Jewish people wept, fearful about their future. God told them, "Tonight, you have wept without reason. I will designate this night as a night of weeping for generations" (Ta'anit 29a).
The First and the Second Temples were destroyed - Ta'anit 29a reconciles a seeming contradiction in chronology between II Kings 25:8-9 and Jeremiah 52:12-13, explaining that the Babylonians first entered the Temple on the seventh of Av. They reveled and wrought havoc there until the afternoon of the ninth of Av, when they set fire to the building. The fire continued burning throughout the tenth of Av.
The Sages (ibid.) do not cite a specific source for the tradition that the Second Temple was also destroyed on that day. Nevertheless, the tradition is universally accepted.
A large city named Betar was captured. Thousands and myriads of Jews inhabited it. - This was Bar Kochba's capital in his war against the Romans, 52 years after the destruction of the Temple.
They were ruled by a great king whom the entire Jewish people and the leading Sages considered to be the Messianic king. - See the Rambam's comments concerning Bar Kochva, Hilchot Melachim 11:3.
The city fell to the Romans and they were all slain, causing a national catastrophe equivalent to that of the Temple's destruction. - The extent of the carnage that accompanied Betar's fall was awesome. Gittin 57a states that rivers of blood flowed into the Mediterranean Sea, forty miles away.
On that day designated for retribution, the wicked Tineius Rufus - a Roman officer
plowed the site of the Temple and its surroundings, - According to Ta'anit29a, this took place while Rabban Gamliel was living, shortly after the destruction of the Temple.
thereby fulfilling the prophecy [Micah 3:12], "Zion will be plowed like a field." - The citation of this prophecy communicates a fundamental point: that the destruction of Jerusalem was not an end in its own right. Just as a field is plowed to produce crops, Jerusalem was plowed to allow the city to blossom into its ultimate fulfillment in the era of the Redemption.
Halacha 4
These four fasts are explicitly mentioned in the prophetic tradition [Zechariah 8:19]: "The fast of the fourth [month],1 the fast of the fifth [month]...." "The fast of the fourth [month]" refers to the Seventeenth of Tammuz,2 which is in the fourth month; "the fast of the fifth [month]," to Tish'ah B'Av, which is in the fifth month; "the fast of the seventh [month]," to the Third of Tishrei which is in the seventh month; "the fast of the tenth [month]," to the Tenth of Tevet, which is in the tenth month.3
Halacha 5
And the entire Jewish people follow the custom of fasting at these times and on the Thirteenth of Adar, in commemoration of the fasts that [the people] took upon themselves in the time of Haman, as mentioned [in Esther 9:31]: "the matter of the fasts and the outcries."
If the Thirteenth of Adar falls on the Sabbath, the fast is pushed forward and held on Thursday, which is the eleventh of Adar. If, however, any of the [dates of] other fasts fall on the Sabbath, the fasts are postponed until after the Sabbath. If [the dates of] these fasts fall on Friday, we should fast on Friday.
On all these fasts, the trumpets are not sounded, nor is the Ne'ilah service recited. The passage Vay'chal is read from the Torah, however, in both the morning and the afternoon services.
On all these [fasts], with the exception of Tish'ah B'Av, we may eat and drink at night.
Commentary Halacha
And the entire Jewish people follow the custom of fasting at these times and on the Thirteenth of Adar - The Maggid Mishneh interprets this phrase to mean that our obligation to fast on these days is a custom accepted by the Jewish people after the destruction of the Second Temple. As mentioned above, others interpret this obligation as stemming from the exegesis of the verse from Zechariah mentioned in the previous halachah, as found in Rosh HaShanah 18b.
Our translation follows the standard published texts of the Mishneh Torah. Many authoritative manuscripts make a small change in the wording, which would cause the lines to be rendered as: "And in these times, the entire Jewish people follow the custom of fasting on the Thirteenth of Adar."
in commemoration of the fasts that [the people] took upon themselves in the time of Haman - The Rabbis question precisely which fasts are being commemorated. Some maintain that since the Thirteenth of Adar was a day of battle on which the Jews waged war against their enemies, they fasted at that time to arouse Divine mercy (Maggid Mishneh). Others maintain that it is improper to fast in a time of war, lest this sap one's strength, and instead the Jews merely vowed to fast, but conducted the actual fasts at a later time.
A third opinion maintains that this refers to the three-day fast that Esther called before approaching Achashverosh. Although this fast was held in the month of Nisan, it is commemorated in connection with the Purim holiday.
as mentioned [in Esther 9:31]: "the matter of the fasts and the outcries." -The Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 141:2 writes that the commemoration of this fast makes us conscious of how God "hears each person's prayer in his time of distress when he fasts and repents... as He did on behalf of our ancestors in those days."
The fast of the Thirteenth of Adar is also referred to as Ta'anit Esther, "the fast of Esther."
When the fast of Esther became a formal part of Jewish observance is a matter of question. It is not mentioned in the Talmud. Furthermore, Megillat Ta'anit, a text which mentions all the fasts and festivals observed in the Talmudic era, does not mention this fast and speaks of the thirteenth of Adar, the day on which the fast of Esther is observed, as a day of celebration, the Day of Nicanor, marking the defeat of the Greek general of that name in the Hasmonean wars. It was not until after the destruction of the Temple that the observance of the dates mentioned in Megillat Ta'anit was nullified. This would appear to indicate that the observance of the Fast of Esther was of later origin.
In contrast, there is evidence pointing to the establishment of the Fast of Esther early in the Talmudic period. The Sheiltot of Rav Achai Gaon, Parshat Vayakhel67, speak of the observance of the Fast of Esther in the time of the Mishnah. Even if this teaching is not accepted as historical fact, we can glean from it that in Rav Achai's time, shortly after the conclusion of the Talmud, the fast was already a long-standing custom.
Significantly, because of the difference in status between it and the other commemorative fasts, the Ramah (Orach Chayim 686:2) rules far more leniently in regard to this fast than in regard to the others.
If the Thirteenth of Adar falls on the Sabbbath, the fast is pushed forward - It is not postponed until after the Sabbath, because Purim is Sunday and the celebration of Purim cannot be postponed. Nor is it appropriate to hold this fast after Purim.
and held on Thursday, which is the eleventh of Adar. - As the Rambam mentions, if the date of a commemorative fast falls on Friday, the fast is held on that day. Nevertheless, it is improper for a fast that is not scheduled for such a day to be held then, since this is not proper reverence for the Sabbath (Maggid Mishneh).
If, however, any of the [dates of] other fasts fall on the Sabbath, the fasts are postponed until after the Sabbath. - Megillah 5a states that the rationale is "we do not bring close [the recollection of] Divine retribution."
If [the dates of] these fasts fall on Friday, we should fast on Friday. -According to the fixed calendar we follow at present, this is a rare occurrence. Only the Tenth of Tevet (in the northern hemisphere a relatively short fast) can fall on Friday. Even this does not happen frequently.
On all these fasts, the trumpets are not sounded, nor is the Ne'ilah service recited. - These measures are taken only in times of current distress.
The passage Vay'chal - beginning Exodus 32:11.
is read from the Torah, however, in both the morning and the afternoon services. - See Hilchot Tefillah 13:18. As mentioned there, on Tish'ah B'Av a different passage (beginning Deuteronomy 4:25) is read in the morning. Significantly, the Rambam does not mention the custom of reciting the haftarahin the afternoon service.
On all these [fasts], with the exception of Tish'ah B'Av, we may eat and drink at night. - Similarly, on these days, work, wearing shoes, washing, anointing oneself, and sexual relations are permitted (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 550:2).
Halacha 6
When the month of Av enters, we reduce our joy. During the week of Tish'ah B'Av, it is forbidden to cut one's hair, to do laundry, or to wear a pressed garment - even one of linen - until after the fast.
It has already been accepted as a Jewish custom not to eat meat or enter a bathhouse during this week until after the fast. There are places that follow the custom of refraining from slaughtering from Rosh Chodesh Av until after the fast.
Commentary Halacha
When the month of Av enters - Significantly, the Rambam does not mention any restrictions from the period beginning the Seventeenth of Tammuz. During this period, it is the Askenazic custom (see Ramah, Orach Chayim 551:2,4;Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 122:1-3) to observe certain restrictions - e.g., prohibitions against marrying, against reciting the blessing Shehecheyanu, and against cutting one's hair. From the beginning of Av, however, other restrictions are also added.
we reduce our joy. - The Tur and the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 551:1-2) state that the restrictions mentioned by the Rambam in Chapter 3, Halachah 8, are applicable during this period.
During the week of Tish'ah B'Av - from the Sabbath before the fast onward.
According to Ashkenazic custom, all the activities mentioned by the Rambam are forbidden from Rosh Chodesh Av onward.
it is forbidden to cut one's hair - or to shave, even in a manner permitted by halachic authorities (Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 122:3)
to do laundry - it is customary to observe this prohibition even if one does not intend to wear the garment until after the fast (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim551:3).
or to wear a pressed garment - We have used a modern translation for the Hebrew term גהוץ. In Talmudic times, it referred to smoothing out the creases of a garment with a flat stone (Aruch).
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 551:3) also prohibits wearing clothes that are merely laundered, even if they have not been pressed. There are halachic authorities who will grant leniencies in this context with regard to underwear and the like.
even one of linen - Linen garments will not appear as distinguished after washing as those of other fabrics (Beit Yosef, Orach Chayim 551).
until after the fast. - As mentioned in the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim558:1) and commentaries, these and the following restrictions should be followed for a certain amount of time on the Tenth of Av, as well, to commemorate the fact that the Temple continued burning on that day as well.
According to the Ashkenazic custom, in which these practices are observed from Rosh Chodesh onward, there are certain leniencies, depending on one's community, with regard to wearing laundered and pressed clothes on the Sabbath before Tish'ah B'Av.
It has already been accepted as a Jewish custom not to eat meat - or fowl.Bava Batra 60b states that it would have been proper for the Jews to refrain from eating meat and drinking wine at all times in mourning over the loss of the opportunity to partake of the sacrificial meat and the loss of the wine libations. The Sages felt, however, that such a decree would be too stringent for the people to observe and hence, did not institute it.
or enter a bathhouse during this week until after the fast. - The prohibition applies only to washing for pleasure. Needless to say, washing associated with a mitzvah - e.g., a woman in preparation for her ritual immersion or washing necessary for hygienic purposes - is permitted.
There are places that follow the custom of refraining from slaughtering from Rosh Chodesh Av until after the fast. - This custom has not been accepted throughout the Jewish community. Today, animals are slaughtered so that those who do not observe the restriction against eating meat will at least eat kosher meat, and so that meat will be available for others after the fast.
Halacha 7
All [the restrictions of] Tish'ah B'Av apply at night as well as during the day. One may not eat after sunset [of the previous day]; [it is forbidden to eat] between sunset and the appearance of the stars, as on Yom Kippur.
One should not eat meat or drink wine at the meal before the fast. One may, however, drink grape juice that has not been left [to ferment] for three days. One may eat salted meat that was slaughtered more than three days previously. One should not eat two cooked dishes.
Commentary Halacha
In contrast to the other commemorative fasts, because of the seriousness of our loss on that day and the repetition of this loss
All [the restrictions of] Tish'ah B'Av - mentioned in Halachot 10 and 11
apply at night as well as during the day. One may not eat after sunset [of the previous day]; - Similarly, if one resolved to accept the fast beforehand, one may no longer eat (Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah, Ta'anit 4:6). The Ramah (Orach Chayim 553:1) states that only when one makes a verbal statement to this effect is the resolution binding.
[it is forbidden to eat] between sunset and the appearance of the stars -Shabbat 34b explains that the Sages were undecided whether this period of time, known as beyn hash'mashot, should be considered to be part of the night or the day. Hence, it is necessary to be stringent both at the entry and the departure of a day associated with halachic restrictions.
as on Yom Kippur. - In his Commentary on the Mishnah, loc. cit., the Rambam writes that, as on Yom Kippur, we are obligated to include a certain portion of the previous day in all the restrictions observed on that day.
Significantly, some of the foremost commentators on the Mishneh Torah (theMaggid Mishneh and the Radbaz) either were not aware of this statement or maintained that the Rambam changed his mind on this issue, for they ruled that no such obligation applies in connection with Tish'ah B'Av. Their opinion is accepted as halachah at present (Mishnah Berurah 553:3).
One should not eat meat or drink wine at the meal before the fast. - theseudah hamafseket. Even a person who does not observe the custom of refraining from these foods during the week of Tish'ah B'Av (or the Nine Days according to Ashkenazic custom), should refrain from partaking of them in this meal. This meal should be characterized by mourning and sadness, and these foods bring happiness.
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 554:25) associates Ezekiel 32:27: "And their sins will be upon their bones" with eating meat and drinking wine at this meal.
One may, however, drink grape juice that has not been left [to ferment] for three days. - For it has no alcoholic content, and will not lead to happiness.
One may eat salted meat that was slaughtered more than three days previously. - The prohibition against eating meat was derived from the fact that with the Temple's destruction, the sacrifices were nullified. Since no sacrificial meat could be eaten on the third day and afterwards, this restriction does not apply to such meat (Mishnah Berurah 552:5).
It must be emphasized that the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 552:2) and the later authorities explain that, at present, it is customary to refrain from partaking of even these foods at this meal.
One should not eat two cooked dishes. - This restriction was instituted because when two or more dishes are served, a meal is considered important, and partaking of such a meal is inappropriate at this time (Rabbenu Asher).
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 552:3-5) discusses in detail what is excluded by the phrase "two cooked dishes."
Halacha 8
When does the above apply? When one ate [this meal] in the afternoon on the day preceding Tish'ah B'Av. If, however, one eats a meal before noon, although this is the last meal one eats before the fast, one may eat all that one desires.
When the day before Tish'ah B'Av falls on the Sabbath, one may eat and drink to the full extent of one's needs, and one may serve even a meal resembling Solomon's feasts at one's table.
Similarly, when Tish'ah B'Av falls on the Sabbath, one need not withhold anything at all.
Commentary Halacha
When does the - need to observe the restrictions mentioned
above apply? When one ate [this meal] in the afternoon on the day preceding Tish'ah B'Av. - The governing principle for this and the previous and following halachot is that unlike the meal before the fast on Yom Kippur, the meal before the fast of Tish'ah B'Av is somber in nature. The atmosphere of mourning that prevails throughout the fast has already begun, and therefore, eating a normal meal should be out of the question.
If, however, one eats a meal before noon, although this is the last meal one eats before the fast, one may eat all that one desires. - For then, one is still far removed from the fast itself.
When the day before Tish'ah B'Av falls on the Sabbath - the obligation to honor the Sabbath surpasses the need to commemorate the destruction of the Temple. Therefore,
one may eat and drink to the full extent of one's needs, and one may serve even a meal resembling Solomon's feasts at one's table. - There are some authorities (Hagahot Maimoniot) who recommend observing certain practices associated with mourning at the third Sabbath meal. Their opinions are not, however, accepted as halachah.
There is, however, one aspect in which this third Sabbath meal differs from the way this meal is eaten throughout the year. Generally, we are allowed to continue this meal into the night. When the fast of Tish'ah B'Av begins on Sunday, however, we must cease eating at sunset. (See Ramah, Orach Chayim552:10.)
Similarly, when Tish'ah B'Av falls on the Sabbath - since the observance of the fast is postponed, there is no need to minimize one's Sabbath joy, and
one need not withhold anything at all. - Significantly, the Rambam does not mention any mourning rites in connection with such a day. In contrast, the decisions of the Ramah (Orach Chayim 554:19) reflect the following principles. All expressions of mourning that would be noticed by the public should be forbidden. Those practices of mourning which are private in nature - e.g., the prohibition of sexual relations - should be observed.
Halacha 9
This is the rite observed by the people as a whole who cannot endure more. In contrast, the rite observed by the pious of the earlier generations was as follows:4 A person would sit alone between the oven and the cooking range. Others would bring him dried bread and salt. He would dip it in water and drink a pitcher of water while worried, forlorn, and in tears, as one whose dead was lying before him.
The scholars should act in this or a similar manner.5 We never ate cooked food, even lentils, on the day before Tish'ah B'Av, except on the Sabbath.
Halacha 10
Pregnant women and those who are nursing must complete their fasts on Tish'ah B'Av.
[On this day,] it is forbidden to wash in either hot or cold water; it is even forbidden to place one's finger in water. Similarly, anointing oneself for the sake of pleasure, wearing shoes, and sexual relations are forbidden, as on Yom Kippur.
In places where it is customary to do work, one may work. In places where it is not customary to work, one should not. Torah scholars everywhere should remain idle on this day. Our Sages said, "Whoever performs work on this day will never see a sign of blessing forever."
Commentary Halacha
Pregnant women and those who are nursing - although absolved from fasting on the other commemorative fasts
must complete their fasts on Tish'ah B'Av. - Needless to say, they or any other person who feels that fasting will threaten their health may eat and drink. (See Ramah, Orach Chayim 554:6.)
[On this day,] it is forbidden to wash in either hot or cold water - for the sake of pleasure. One may, however, wash one's hands to remove filth or for ritual purposes. (See the Shulchan Aruch and commentaries, Orach Chayim544:9-10.)
it is even forbidden to place one's finger in water - without any valid reason. One may, however, pass through water to greet one's teacher or to watch one's crops (ibid.:12-13). Similarly, a woman is allowed to wash food that she will serve children, even though her hands also become wet (Mishnah Berurah554:19).
The Rambam does not elaborate on these leniencies here, because he has already mentioned them at length with regard to Yom Kippur in Hilchot Sh'vitat Asor 3:1-7.
Similarly, anointing oneself for the sake of pleasure - in contrast to anointment for hygienic or medicinal reasons
wearing - leather
shoes - is forbidden. One may, however, wear shoes made from other materials. Even leather shoes are permitted in certain instances. (See Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 554:17.)
and sexual relations are forbidden - See Mishnah Berurah 554:37, where the question is raised whether one may touch one's wife or not.
as on Yom Kippur. - With this phrase, the Rambam refers the reader to his discussion of these prohibitions and the leniencies that may be granted inHilchot Sh'vitat Asor.
In places where it is customary to do work - The word "work" in this context does not refer to the thirty-nine labors prohibited on the Sabbath, but rather to concentrated activity that would distract one's attention from mourning (Mishnah Berurah 554:43).
one may work. - If, however, a person desires to refrain from working because of the unique nature of the day, he may.
In places where it is not customary to work, one should not. - TheMishnah Berurah 554:45 states that this is the custom in the Ashkenazic community at present.
Torah scholars everywhere should remain idle on this day. - For they should set examples to the people at large. Note the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah, Ta'anit 4:6, where he writes that "Performing work on this day is very disgraceful."
Our Sages said - Ta'anit 30b
"Whoever performs work on this day will never see a sign of blessing forever." - Rashi and Tosafot interpret this as referring to the work performed on Tish'ah B'Av itself. This interpretation is quoted in the Shulchan Aruch(Orach Chayim 554:24).
Halacha 11
Torah scholars should not exchange greetings on Tish'ah B'Av. Instead, they should sit in agony and frustration like mourners. If a common person greets them, they should reply to him weakly, in a somber tone.
On Tish'ah B'Av, it is forbidden to read from the Torah, the Prophets, or the Sacred Writings [or to study] the Mishnah, Torah law, the Talmud, or the Aggadic works. One may study only Job, Eichah, and the prophecies of retribution in Jeremiah. Children should not study in school on this day.
There are some sages who do not wear the head tefillin.
Commentary Halacha
Torah scholars - Indeed, this applies also the people as a whole. Torah scholars are mentioned because they are expected to be more sensitive to the tragedy of our loss on Tish'ah B'Av.
The Rambam's choice of wording is based on his interpretation of the Tosefta, Ta'anit 3:11, "Chaverim should not exchange greetings on Tish'ah B'Av," for the term chaverim is often used as a reference to Torah scholars. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 554:20), however, interprets chaverim in its literal sense, that it means "friends."
should not exchange greetings on Tish'ah B'Av. - Nor should gifts or other social amenities be exchanged (Mishnah Berurah 554:41).
Instead, they should sit in agony and frustration like mourners. - Nothing should be done to distract one's attention from the loss.
With the above expression, the Rambam also explains the rationale for these laws. When the Sages ordained the commemoration of Tish'ah B'Av, they structured its observance to resemble Yom Kippur in certain contexts, and to resemble the laws of mourning in others.
If a common person greets them, they should reply to him - lest he become upset, but this should be done
weakly, in a somber tone. - So that he also appreciates the nature of the day. See also Chapter 3, Halachah 8.
On Tish'ah B'Av, it is forbidden to read from the Torah, the Prophets, or the Sacred Writings [or to study] the Mishnah, Torah law, the Talmud, or the Aggadic works. - Because "the precepts of God... make the heart glad" (Psalms 19:9). Even this joy is inappropriate on Tish'ah B'Av (Ta'anit 30a).
One may study only - Torah works that are somber in nature - e.g.,
Job, - which recounts his grief and suffering over the tribulations which beset him
Eichah - the Book of Lamentations for the Temple's destruction. This text is read communally on Tish'ah B'Av and may be studied by individuals as well.
and the prophecies of retribution in Jeremiah. - In addition, one may study the Talmudic passages describing the Temple's destruction (from the chapterHanezikin, Gittin, Chapter 5, in the Babylonian Talmud, and the last chapter ofTa'anit in the Jerusalem Talmud), the Midrashim on Eichah, the laws of Tish'ah B'Av, the laws of mourning, and other similar texts.
One should, however, recite all the passages from the Bible and the Talmud that are included in the daily prayer service.
Children should not study in school on this day. - for they also derive happiness from their study (Ta'anit, ibid.).
There are some sages who do not wear the head tefillin. - A mourner does not wear tefillin on the first day of mourning (Hilchot Eivel 4:9). In particular, support for this custom is derived from Eichah 2:1, which states, "He cast down the glory of Israel from the heaven to the earth." "The glory of Israel" is a reference to tefillin.
The Rambam's choice of wording appears to indicate that the arm tefillin may be worn. Similarly, he does not mention any change in practice regarding thetallit gadol. The custom at present in most communities (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 555:1) is not to wear tefillin - neither the head tefillin nor the arm tefillin- nor to wear the tallit gadol in the morning service. A tallit k'tan is worn, but a blessing is not recited over it.
For the afternoon service, the tallit gadol and both the head and arm tefillin are worn.
Halacha 12
After the Temple was destroyed, the Sages of that generation ordained6 that one should never build a building7 whose walls are decorated with ornate designs like the palaces of kings. Instead, one should cover the walls of one's home with mortar and paint over them with lime, leaving a space one cubit square opposite the doorway8 that is unpainted.9 If, however, a person buys a dwelling whose walls have been decorated, it may remain as is; he is not obligated to scrape [the designs] from the walls.
Halacha 13
Similarly, they ordained that a person who sets a table for guests should serve slightly less [than usual] and should leave a place empty, [so that it obviously] lacks one of the dishes that would ordinarily be placed there.10
When a woman has a set of jewelry made for her, she should refrain from having one of the pieces appropriate for the set made, so that her jewelry is not perfect.11
Similarly, when a groom marries, he should place ashes on his forehead12 on the place where one wears tefillin.13 All of these practices were instituted to recall Jerusalem, as [Psalms 137:5-6] states: "If I forget you, O Jerusalem, may my right hand lose its dexterity. Let my tongue cleave to my palate if I do not remember you, if I do not recall Jerusalem during my greatest joy."
Halacha 14
Similarly, they ordained that one should not play melodies with any sort of musical instrument. It is forbidden to celebrate with such instruments or to listen to them being played [as an expression of mourning]14 for the destruction.15
Even songs [without musical accompaniment] that are recited over wine are forbidden, as [Isaiah 24:9] states: "Do not drink wine with song." It has, however, become accepted custom among the entire Jewish people to recite words of praise, songs of thanksgiving, and the like to God over wine.16
Halacha 15
Afterwards, they ordained that grooms17 should not wear crowns at all, nor should they wear any diadems at all,18 as [implied by Ezekiel 21:31]: "Remove the miter and lift up the crown." Similarly, they ordained that brides should not wear crowns of silver or gold; a garland made from twisted cords is, however, permitted for a bride.19
Halacha 16
When a person sees the cities of Judah in a state of destruction,20 he should recite [Isaiah 64:9]: "Your holy cities have become like the desert," and rend his garments.21 When one sees Jerusalem in a state of destruction,22 one should recite [the continuation of the verse,] "Zion is a desert...." When one sees the Temple in a state of destruction, one should recite [ibid.:10]: "Our holy and beautiful House [...has been burned with fire]" and rend one's garments.23
From which point is one obligated to rend one's garments? From Tzofim.24Afterwards, when one reaches the Temple, one should rend them a second time.25 If one encountered the Temple first, because one came from the desert, one should rend one's garments because of the Temple, and add to the tear because of Jerusalem.26
Halacha 17
In all these situations, one must rend one's garments with one's hands and not with a utensil.27 While standing,28 the person should rend all the garments he is wearing until he reveals his heart.29 He should never mend these tears at all.30He may, however, have them stitched, hemmed, gathered closed, or sewn with a ladder pattern.
Halacha 18
[The following rules apply when a person] comes to Jerusalem frequently in his travels: If he comes within thirty days of his last visit, he is not required to rend his garments. If he comes after thirty days, he is.31
Halacha 19
All these [commemorative] fasts will be nullified in the Messianic era and, indeed ultimately, they will be transformed into holidays and days of rejoicing and celebration, as [Zechariah 8:19] states: "Thus declares the Lord of Hosts, 'The fast of the fourth [month], the fast of the fifth [month], the fast of the seventh [month], and the fast of the tenth [month] will be [times of] happiness and celebration and festivals for the House of Judah. And they shall love truth and peace.'
Commentary Halacha
All these [commemorative] fasts will be nullified in the Messianic era -With the conclusion of the exile, there will be no need to mark the dates that led to it with mourning and fasting. Thus the Rambam writes at the conclusion ofHilchot Megillah: "All memories of the difficulties [endured by our people] will be nullified as [Isaiah 65:16] states: 'For the former difficulties will be forgotten.'
As mentioned previously, fasting is not an end in its own right, but a means to motivate the Jews to return to God and correct the faults in their behavior. The coming of the redemption will be a sign that the service of repentance is complete, and thus there will be no further need for fasting.
and, indeed, ultimately, they will be transformed - Through repentance, sins are transformed into merits (Yoma 86a). And in this process, these fasts, which came as a result of the exile that stems from sin, will be transformed
into holidays and days of rejoicing and celebration - There is no possibility for the existence of an entity that is genuinely negative in nature. All those factors that appear negative represent hidden good, and furthermore, a good so powerful that the only way it can be revealed in this world is through qualities that outwardly appear negative. Their inner nature, however, is good, and in the era of the redemption when the world will be refined to the extent that it can accept this great good, this nature will be revealed.
as [Zechariah 8:19] states: "Thus declares the Lord of Hosts, 'The fast of the fourth [month] - The Ninth, or at present, the Seventeenth, of Tammuz (see Halachah 4),
the fast of the fifth [month] - Tish'ah B'Av
the fast of the seventh [month] - the Third of Tishrei
and the fast of the tenth [month] - the Tenth of Tevet
will be [times of] happiness and celebration and festivals for the House of Judah. And they shall love truth and peace.' - Note the interpretation of this verse in the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah, and the introduction to the tractate of Avot (Shemonah Perakim), Chapter 4. There the Rambam elaborates on how, instead of asceticism and fasting, God desires intellectual development ("truth") and emotional harmony ("peace").
From a different perspective, it can be understood that by quoting the conclusion of the verse, the prophet was also alluding to the means by which the Messianic redemption - and thus the transformation of these fasts - could be brought closer.
Yoma 9b relates that the Temple was destroyed because of unwarranted hatred among the Jewish people. By spreading peace and truth, we will nullify the cause for the exile, and this will cause the effect, the exile itself, also to cease (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. 15, pp. 415ff.).
| FOOTNOTES | |
| 1. |
In this verse and in the Rambam's reference to it, the months are counted from Nisan onward.
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| 2. |
Zechariah lived after the destruction of the First Temple and is referring to the fasts instituted because of its destruction. Accordingly, the fast of Tammuz in his time was the on ninth of the month, as mentioned above. The Rambam mentions it as referring to the seventeenth, because this is when the fast of the breaching of the city's walls is observed at present.
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| 3. |
Note the positive references to this prophecy at the conclusion of the chapter.
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| 4. |
Ta'anit 30a,b describes Rabbi Yehudah bar Ilai as eating this meal in this fashion.
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| 5. |
At present, our custom is to eat a filling meal in the late afternoon. Afterwards, shortly before the fast, one eats a slight meal with bread and eggs dipped in ashes. Nevertheless, anyone who feels able to endure the fast when eating less is encouraged to do so. Three people should not sit together, so as not to become obligated in a zimun. (See Ramah, Orach Chayim 552:9; Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 123:3.)
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| 6. |
From Bava Batra 60b, one may infer that this refers to the destruction of the Second Temple.
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| 7. |
The Be'ur Halachah 560 cites texts which maintain that this prohibition applies only to a person's private home, but not to synagogues or houses of study. These may be built ornately.
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| 8. |
So that it will be noticed upon entry.
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| 9. |
From the Rambam's expression (which is quoted in the Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 560), it appears that even after leaving the square cubit space unpainted, one should not have ornate walls. The Tur (Orach Chayim 560) differs, maintaining that if one leaves this space unpainted, one may decorate one's walls as one desires. The Mishnah Berurah 560:1 states that the Tur'sopinion may be followed.
The latter text (560:2, as does the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 126:1) questions why the observance of this practice is not more widespread.
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| 10. |
Note the Mishnah Berurah 560:5, which states that this applies even with regard to feasts served in association with a mitzvah - e.g., wedding feasts, bar-mitzvahs, and the like.
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| 11. |
The Rabbis have also cited other reasons for women to be modest in their wearing of jewelry. (See Mishnah Berurah 560:8.)
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| 12. |
Compare to Chapter 4, Halachah 1.
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| 13. |
Although this custom is not observed in many places at present, it is customary for these reasons to break a glass under the wedding canopy (Ramah, Orach Chayim 560:2).
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| 14. |
Thus, according to this opinion (which is quoted by the Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 560:3), listening to any music is forbidden. The Ramah, however, quotes several more lenient views. He concludes that "for the sake of a mitzvah - e.g., at a wedding feast - everything is permitted." The meaning of "for the sake of a mitzvah" has been extended by contemporary authorities to include many different situations.
|
| 15. |
Significantly, Sotah 48a mentions this measure as having been ordained for the nullification of theSanhedrin (Israel's High Court), and not for the destruction of the Temple.
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| 16. |
In his responsa and in his Commentary on the Mishnah (Avot 1:17), the Rambam criticizes most singing and music, without mentioning the obligation to mourn for Jerusalem, because it caters to man's lust and material desires, rather than to his spiritual impulses.
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| 17. |
The Maggid Mishneh emphasizes that this prohibition applies to brides and grooms, who must be reminded to minimize their rejoicing at this time of celebration, but not to other individuals at ordinary times.
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| 18. |
According to Sotah 49b, this includes even a crown of flowers.
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| 19. |
Note the Mishnah Berurah 460:18, which states that if the crown is made from fabric, it may have gold, silver, and jewels attached to it.
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| 20. |
One of the most sensitive differences of opinion in the religious community in Eretz Yisrael at present revolves around this law. The Beit Yosef (Orach Chayim 561) states that the obligation to rend one's garments applies only when Eretz Yisrael is under gentile rule. The question is whether the establishment of a secular Jewish state is sufficient to have this obligation nullified or not.
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| 21. |
In Hilchot Eivel 9:10, the Rambam mentions this obligation, and as a proof-text cites Jeremiah 41:5, "And eighty men from Shechem, Shiloh, and Shomron came with their beards shaven and their garments rent." The commentaries on this verse explain that these measures were taken in mourning over the Temple.
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| 22. |
Even if a person sees the cities of Judah, Jerusalem, and the site of the Temple on the same journey, he is obligated to rend his clothes three times. The Maggid Mishneh emphasizes, however, that the converse is not true. If one sees Jerusalem before any other city and rends one's garments on its behalf, there is no need to rend one's garments for the other cities (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 561:3).
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| 23. |
The Bayit Chadash (Orach Chayim 561) emphasizes how one should prostrate oneself in mourning, overcome with grief at the sight of this holy place in ruins.
The Mishnah Berurah 561:5 emphasizes that this refers to seeing the Temple from afar. It is forbidden to enter the Temple Mount itself, because we are all ritually impure, and the sanctity of that holy place is still intact. (See Hilchot Beit HaBechirah 6:16.)
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| 24. |
This refers to a point from which one could see the Jerusalem of the Biblical and Talmudic eras. The location of the present city is slightly different. Tzofim is not identical with present-day Mount Scopus.
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| 25. |
A parallel exists in the laws of mourning. If one parent dies after one has rent one's garment over the passing of another relative, it is not sufficient merely to add slightly to the tear; one must rend the garment a second time (Hilchot Eivel 8:10).
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| 26. |
Here also we see a parallel in the laws of mourning. If one hears of the death of a relative other than a parent after one has rent a garment over the passing of another relative, all that is necessary is to add slightly to the tear (ibid.).
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| 27. |
As mentioned in Hilchot Eivel 9:2, the Rambam equates the obligation to rend one's garments over the cities of Judah, Jerusalem, and the Temple with the obligation to rend one's garments over one's parent's death. In mourning over others, one may cut one's garments with a utensil (loc. cit.8:2). For one's parents and in these situations, the tear must be made with one's hands (loc. cit.8:3).
Significantly, the Ra'avad objects to a complete equation between seeing these sites in destruction and one's parent's death, and therefore maintains that there is no obligation to rend one's garments with one's hands and reveal one's heart. The later halachic authorities, however, do not accept his ruling.
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| 28. |
Whenever one is required to rend one's garments, one must stand (loc. cit. 8:1).
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| 29. |
In mourning over others, one need not rend one's garments more than a handbreadth (loc. cit.8:2). For one's parents and in these situations, one must continue tearing until one's heart is revealed (loc. cit. 8:3, 9:3).
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| 30. |
This refers to a usual pattern of stitching, which does not make it obvious that the garment had been rent. If one rends a garment using a less perfect method of sewing, it is permitted, as explained below.
The prohibition against mending one's garments in this manner applies in these instances and for one's parents. When mourning the passing of others, one may mend the garment afterwards (loc. cit. 9:1).
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| 31. |
At present, rather than rend one's garments every time one comes to Jerusalem, it is customary to sell one's garments to another person, so that it would be forbidden to tear them (see loc. cit.8:7).
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Megillah vChanukah - Chapter One
HILCHOT MEGILLAH VACHANUKAH
THE LAWS OF READING THE MEGILLAH AND OF CHANUKAH
They include two positive commandments that were ordained by the Rabbis which are not included among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.
The explanation of these mitzvot is contained in the following chapters.
Halacha 1
It is a positive mitzvah ordained by the Rabbis to read the Megillah at the appointed time. It is well-known that this was ordained by the Prophets.
Everyone is obligated in this reading: men, women, converts, and freed slaves. Children should also be trained to read it. Even the priests should neglect their service in the Temple and come to hear the reading of the Megillah.
Similarly, Torah study should be neglected to hear the reading of the Megillah. Surely, this applies to the other mitzvot of the Torah: the observance of all of them is superseded by the reading of the Megillah. There is nothing that takes priority over the reading of the Megillah except the burial of a meit mitzvah - a corpse that has no one to take care of it. A person who encounters such a corpse should bury it and then read the Megillah.
Halacha 2
One can fulfill one's obligation by reading or by listening to another person's reading, provided one listens to a person who is obligated to hear the reading. For this reason, if the reader was a minor or mentally incompetent, one who hears his reading does not fulfill his obligation.
Halacha 3
It is a mitzvah to read the entire Megillah and to read it both at night and during the day. The entire night is an appropriate time for the night reading, and the entire day is appropriate for the day reading.
Before the reading at night, one should recite three blessings. They are:
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to read the Megillah.Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who wrought miracles for our ancestors in previous days at this season.Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has granted us life, sustained us, and enabled us to reach this occasion.
During the day, one should not recite the final blessing.
In places where it is customary to recite a blessing after the reading, the following blessing should be recited:
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who wages our battles and executes judgment on our behalf, who avenges the vengeance wrought against us, who exacts retribution from our enemies on our behalf, and who acquits justly all our mortal enemies. Blessed are You, God, the Almighty, who exacts payment on behalf of His nation Israel from all their oppressors, the God of salvation.
Halacha 4
What is the appropriate time for the Megillah to be read? The Sages ordained many different times for its reading, as implied by Esther 9:31: "To confirm these days of Purim in their appointed times." The following are the days on which the Megillah is read:
Every city, whether in Eretz Yisrael or in the diaspora, that was surrounded by a wall at the time of Joshua bin Nun should read the Megillah on the fifteenth of Adar. This applies even when a wall does not surround the city at present. Such a city is called a כרך .
Every city that was not surrounded by a wall at the time of Joshua bin Nun should read the Megillah on the fourteenth of Adar. This applies even when there is a wall surrounding the city at present. Such a city is called an עיר .
Halacha 5
In the capital of Shushan, the Megillah is read on the fifteenth of Adar although it was not surrounded by a wall at the time of Joshua bin Nun, because the miracle occurred within it and at that time, the Jews celebrated on that day, asEsther 9:18 states, "And they rested on the fifteenth."
Why was the matter made dependent on the time of Joshua bin Nun? To give honor to the cities of Eretz Yisrael that were in ruin at the time of the Purim miracle. Although they are in ruin at present, this would allow them to read the Megillah on the fifteenth as do the inhabitants of Shushan, since they were surrounded by a wall at the time of Joshua. Thus the commemoration of the miracle would include a remembrance of Eretz Yisrael.
Halacha 6
The Sages ordained that the inhabitants of the villages who gather in the synagogues only on Mondays and Thursdays could read the Megillah earlier, on the day when they gather in the synagogues.
What is implied? If the fourteenth of Adar falls on either Monday or Thursday, the Megillah is read on that day. If it falls on a day other than Monday or Thursday, we read on an earlier date, on the Monday or Thursday that is closest to the fourteenth of Adar.
Halacha 7
What is implied? If the fourteenth of Adar falls on Sunday, the Megillah is read on the previous Thursday, the eleventh of Adar. If the fourteenth falls on Tuesday, the Megillah is read earlier, on Monday, the thirteenth. If the fourteenth falls on Wednesday, the Megillah is read earlier, on Monday, the twelfth.
Whenever license is granted to read the Megillah before the fourteenth, it should not be read unless ten are present.
Halacha 8
In a village where the Jews do not gather together to read the Torah on Mondays and Thursdays, the Megillah should be read only on the fourteenth of Adar. When a city does not have ten people who have no other occupation but to attend the synagogue for communal purposes, it is considered to be a village, and the Megillah is read earlier, on the day when people gather in the synagogue.
If a city lacks ten adult men, the very difficulty leads to its solution, and they are considered to be like the inhabitants of a large city and read the Megillah only on the fourteenth.
Halacha 9
When does the above leniency - that it is possible to read the Megillah earlier, on the day people gather in the synagogue - apply? When Israel rules itself. In the present era, however, the Megillah is read only at its appropriate times, the fourteenth of Adar and the fifteenth. The inhabitants of villages and cities read on the fourteenth, and the inhabitants of walled cities read on the fifteenth.
Halacha 10
The following rules apply when an inhabitant of an unwalled city travels to a walled city, or an inhabitant of a walled city travels to an unwalled city:
If his intent was to return home for the day of the Megillah reading, but he was prevented from returning, he should read the Megillah on the day when it is read in his home. If his intent was not to return home until after the day of the Megillah reading, he should read the Megillah together with the people in the place where he is visiting.
The following rule applies to all those homes adjacent to a walled city which are seen together with it: If there are not more than two thousand cubits between them, they are considered to be part of the walled city, and their inhabitants should read the Megillah on the fifteenth.
Halacha 11
When a doubt exists and it is unknown whether a city had been surrounded by a wall at the time of Joshua bin Nun or whether it was surrounded afterwards, its inhabitants should read the Megillah on the day and the night of both the fourteenth and the fifteenth of Adar. They should recite the blessing only when reading on the fourteenth, since this is the time when the Megillah is read in most places in the world.
Halacha 12
When the Megillah was read in the first month of Adar and, afterwards, the court proclaimed a leap year, the Megillah should be read again in the second month of Adar at its appropriate time.
Halacha 13
The Megillah should not be read on the Sabbath. This is a decree, enacted so that one should not take it in one's hands and bring it to a person who knows how to read it, thus carrying it four cubits in the public domain. Everyone is obligated to read the Megillah, but everyone is not capable of reading it. Thus, there is the possibility for such an error to occur.
For this reason, if the appropriate time for the Megillah to be read falls on the Sabbath, we read it earlier, on the day prior to the Sabbath. We discuss the laws of Purim on that Sabbath to commemorate the fact that it is Purim.
Halacha 14
What is implied? When the fourteenth of Adar falls on the Sabbath, the inhabitants of the unwalled cities should read the Megillah earlier, on Friday. The inhabitants of the walled cities should read it at their appropriate time, on Sunday.
When the fifteenth falls on the Sabbath, the inhabitants of the walled cities read the Megillah earlier, on Friday the fourteenth. The inhabitants of the unwalled cities also read on that day, for this is the appropriate time for them to read. Thus in such an instance, everyone reads on the fourteenth.
Megillah vChanukah - Chapter Two
Halacha 1
When a person reads the Megillah in improper sequence, he does not fulfill his obligation. If a person was reading, forgot a verse and read the following verse, went back and read the verse he forgot, and then read a third verse, he does not fulfill his obligation, because he read a verse in improper sequence. What should he do instead? He should begin from the second verse, the verse he forgot, and continue reading the Megillah in its proper order.
Halacha 2
Should one encounter a congregation that has already read half of the Megillah, one should not say, "I will read the latter half together with this congregation, and then go back and read the first half," for this is reading in improper sequence. Instead, one should read the entire Megillah from beginning to end in order.
When a person reads a portion and pauses and then goes back and continues reading, since he read in order, he fulfills his obligation, even though the entire Megillah could have been read while he had paused.
Halacha 3
A person who reads the Megillah by heart does not fulfill his obligation. A person who speaks a language other than Hebrew and hears the Megillah read in Hebrew written in the holy script fulfills his obligation, although he does not understand what is being read. Similarly, if the Megillah was written in Greek, a person who hears it, even one who speaks Hebrew, fulfills his obligation although he does not understand what is being read.
Halacha 4
If, however, it was written in Aramaic or in another language of gentile origin, one who listens to this reading fulfills his obligation only when he understands that language and only when the Megillah is written in that language.
In contrast, if the Megillah was written in Hebrew and one read in Aramaic for a person who understood that tongue, one does not fulfill one's obligation, for one is reading by heart. And since the reader cannot fulfill his obligation, the person hearing it read by him also cannot.
Halacha 5
A person who was reading the Megillah without the desired intent does not fulfill his obligation. What is implied? That he was writing a Megillah, explaining it, or checking it: If he had the intent to fulfill his obligation with this reading, his obligation is fulfilled. If he did not have this intent, he did not fulfill his obligation. Should one read while dozing off, he fulfills his obligation, since he is not sound asleep.
Halacha 6
When does the statement that a person can fulfill his obligation by reading when writing a Megillah apply? When he intends to fulfill his obligation to read it by reading from the scroll which he is copying. If, however, he intends to fulfill his obligation by reading the scroll that he is writing at present, he does not fulfill his obligation, for one can fulfill one's obligation only by reading from a scroll that was completely written at the time of the reading.
Halacha 7
A person who errs while reading the Megillah and reads in an inexact manner fulfills his obligation, for we are not required to read in a precise manner.
A person fulfills his obligation whether he reads it standing or sitting. This applies even when reading for a congregation. Nevertheless, at the outset, out of respect for the congregation, one should not read for the congregation while sitting.
If two, and even if ten, people read the Megillah in unison, both the readers and those who listen to the readers fulfill their obligation. An adult and a child can read the Megillah together, even for the community.
Halacha 8
We should not read the Megillah for a congregation from a scroll that contains the other Sacred Writings. Should one read for the congregation from such a scroll, no one fulfills their obligation, unless the portions of parchment on which it is written are larger or smaller than those of the remainder for the scroll, so that it will be distinct.
An individual reading for himself, by contrast, may read from such a scroll even though the portion containing the Megillah is not larger or smaller than the remainder of the scroll, and thus fulfill his obligation.
Halacha 9
A Megillah may be written only with ink on g'vil or on k'laf, like a Torah scroll. If it was written with gall-nut juice or vitriol it is acceptable, but if it was written with other tints it is not acceptable.
It must be written on ruled parchment like a Torah scroll. The parchment need not, however, be processed with the intent that it be used for the mitzvah. If it was written on paper or on an animal hide that was not processed or if it was written by a gentile or by a non-believer, it is not acceptable.
Halacha 10
The following rules apply when the letters of a Megillah are rubbed out or torn: If a trace of the letters is discernible, the scroll is acceptable, even if most of the letters have been rubbed out. If no trace of the letters is discernible, the scroll is acceptable if the majority of its letters are intact. If not, it is not acceptable.
If the scribe left out certain letters or verses and the reader reads them by heart, he fulfills his obligation.
Halacha 11
A Megillah must be sewn together - i.e., all the parchments on which it is written must be joined as a single scroll. It should be sewn only with animal sinews, as a Torah scroll is. If it is sewn with other thread, it is unacceptable.
It is not necessary, however, to sew the entire length of the parchment with animal sinews, as a Torah scroll is sewn. As long as one sews three stitches at one end of the parchment, three stitches in the middle, and three stitches at the other end, it is acceptable. This leniency is taken, because the Megillah is referred to as an "epistle" Esther 9:29.
Halacha 12
The reader should read the names of Haman's ten sons and the word which follows, asseret Esther 9:7-10, in one breath, to show the entire people that they were all hung and slain together.
It is a universally accepted Jewish custom that as the reader of the Megillah reads, he spreads the text out as an epistle (to show the miracle). When he concludes, he goes back, rolls up the entire text, and recites the concluding blessing.
Halacha 13
On these two days, the fourteenth and the fifteenth of Adar, it is forbidden to eulogize and to fast. This prohibition applies to all people in all places, to the inhabitants of the walled cities who celebrate only the fifteenth and to the inhabitants of the unwalled cities who celebrate only the fourteenth.
In a leap year, it is forbidden to eulogize and to fast on these two dates in the first Adar as well as in the second Adar. When the inhabitants of the villages read the Megillah earlier, on the Monday or Thursday before Purim, they are permitted to eulogize and to fast on the day they read the Megillah, and are forbidden to eulogize and to fast on these two dates, even though they do not read the Megillah on them.
Halacha 14
It is a mitzvah for the inhabitants of the villages and unwalled cities to consider the fourteenth of Adar - and for the inhabitants of the walled cities to consider the fifteenth of Adar - as a day of happiness and festivity, when portions of food are sent to one's friends and presents are given to the poor.
It is permitted to work on these days. It is not, however, proper to do so. Our Sages declared, "Whoever works on Purim will never see a sign of blessing."
Should the inhabitants of the villages read the Megillah earlier, on a Monday or a Thursday, and give monetary gifts to the poor on the day on which they read, they fulfill their obligation. The rejoicing and festivities of the Purim holiday, by contrast, should be held only on the day of the fourteenth. If they are held earlier, the participants do not fulfill their obligation. A person who conducts the Purim feast at night does not fulfill his obligation.
Halacha 15
What is the nature of our obligation for this feast? A person should eat meat and prepare as attractive a feast as his means permit. He should drink wine until he becomes intoxicated and falls asleep in a stupor.
Similarly, a person is obligated to send two portions of meat, two other cooked dishes, or two other foods to a friend, as implied by Esther 9:22, "sending portions of food one to another" - i.e., two portions to one friend. Whoever sends portions to many friends is praiseworthy. If one does not have the means to send presents of food to a friend, one should exchange one's meal with him, each one sending the other what they had prepared for the Purim feast and in this way fulfill the mitzvah of sending presents of food to one's friends.
Halacha 16
One is obligated to distribute charity to the poor on the day of Purim. At the very least, to give each of two poor people one present, be it money, cooked dishes, or other foods, as implied by Esther 9:22 "gifts to the poor" - i.e., two gifts to two poor people.
We should not be discriminating in selecting the recipients of these Purim gifts. Instead, one should give to whomever stretches out his hand. Money given to be distributed on Purim should not be used for other charitable purposes.
Halacha 17
It is preferable for a person to be more liberal with his donations to the poor than to be lavish in his preparation of the Purim feast or in sending portions to his friends. For there is no greater and more splendid happiness than to gladden the hearts of the poor, the orphans, the widows, and the converts.
One who brings happiness to the hearts of these unfortunate individuals resembles the Divine Presence, which Isaiah 57:15 describes as having the tendency "to revive the spirit of the lowly and to revive those with broken hearts."
Halacha 18
All the books of the Prophets and all the Holy Writings will be nullified in the Messianic era, with the exception of the Book of Esther. It will continue to exist, as will the five books of the Torah and the halachot of the Oral Law, which will never be nullified.
Although all memories of the difficulties endured by our people will be nullified, as Isaiah 65:16 states: "For the former difficulties will be forgotten and for they will be hidden from My eye," the celebration of the days of Purim will not be nullified, as Esther 9:28 states: "And these days of Purim will not pass from among the Jews, nor will their remembrance cease from their seed."
• Adar 1, 5775 · 02/20/2015
"Today's Day"
Torah lessons: Chumash: Mishpatim, Shevi'i with Rashi.
Tehillim: 1-9.
Tanya: Ch. 26. Truly this (p. 111)...as mentioned above. (p. 115).
(Here there appears an interpretation of an abbreviation in Torah Or, relevant only in Hebrew. Translator).
It is written: "Man goes out to his work and to his labor (avoda) until evening."1 Every soul in its descent into this material world has general and personal tasks. This, then, is the meaning of the verse:
Man goes out to his work - the soul "goes out" from its position in the trove of souls, in the highest heavens, and descends from plane to plane until it comes to be invested in a body and in the natural and animal souls. The purpose of this descent is "man to his work" - to his general task of achieving dominance of "form over matter" (meaning, the spiritual over the material),2 to illuminate the world with the light of Torah and the candle of Mitzva.
...to his labor refers to each individual's particular mission, for every soul has its unique Avoda in intellect and emotions according to its nature and character.3
...until evening - while there is still time to accomplish, as it is written, "Today, to perform them (the mitzvot)."4
On a more profound level the verse may be explained as follows: The verse refers to the ascent of the soul5 in general, achieved by its prior descent (Man goes out) into the material world:
When the soul ascends from its being enclothed in the body in this material world, then...
...to his work - the soul's occupation in the World To Come6 is commensurate with its occupation in the material world. If he had studied Torah regularly, there too (in the World To Come) the soul is ushered into the "Tents of Torah";
...to his labor - if he performed his avoda properly then his ascent goes on...
...until erev ("evening") - higher and higher until he attains the ultimate delight andareivut7 ("sweetness") of the Essence of the En Sof,8 may He be blessed.
Monday Adar Sheini 1, Rosh Chodesh 5703
Torah lessons: Chumash: P'kudei, Sheini with Rashi.
Tehillim: 1-9.
Tanya: But since the Temple (p. 153)...upon him by G-d. (p. 155).
In Yaaleh v'yavo (p. 57) zachreinu...bo,1 ufakdeinu vo2
FOOTNOTES
1. The word bo spelled with the letter beit - i.e., with a dagesh point.
2. The same word spelled here vo, with the letter veit - i.e., without the dagesh point.
Daily Thought:
Faithful Deeds
Examine, investigate and question. You must, because otherwise you will learn nothing.
But when it comes to getting the job done, do it with 100% confidence that it is the right thing to do.
To get something done, you need conviction and faith. A fruitful life will not sprout out of ever-shifting sands, and its home cannot be built upon a foundation of doubts.[Likutei Sichot vol. 18, pg. 154]
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