Today is Shabbat, Kislev 2, 5779 · November 10, 2018
Daily Torah Study
Chumash: Toldot, 7th Portion Genesis 28:5-28:9 with Rashi
• Daily Wisdom (short insight)
Chumash with Rashi
Parshat Toldot
Genesis Chapter 28
| 5And Isaac sent Jacob, and he went to Padan aram, to Laban the son of Bethuel the Aramean, the brother of Rebecca, the mother of Jacob and Esau. | | הוַיִּשְׁלַ֤ח יִצְחָק֙ אֶת־יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב וַיֵּ֖לֶךְ פַּדֶּ֣נָ֥ה אֲרָ֑ם אֶל־לָבָ֤ן בֶּן־בְּתוּאֵל֙ הָֽאֲרַמִּ֔י אֲחִ֣י רִבְקָ֔ה אֵ֥ם יַֽעֲקֹ֖ב וְעֵשָֽׂו: |
| the mother of Jacob and Esau: I do not know what this teaches us. [I.e., We already know from the narrative that Rebecca was their mother.] | | אם יעקב ועשו: איני יודע מה מלמדנו: |
| 6And Esau saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob and sent him away to Padan aram, to take himself a wife from there, and that when he blessed him, he commanded him, saying, "You shall not take a wife of the daughters of Canaan." | | ווַיַּ֣רְא עֵשָׂ֗ו כִּֽי־בֵרַ֣ךְ יִצְחָק֘ אֶת־יַֽעֲקֹב֒ וְשִׁלַּ֤ח אֹתוֹ֙ פַּדֶּ֣נָ֥ה אֲרָ֔ם לָקַֽחַת־ל֥וֹ מִשָּׁ֖ם אִשָּׁ֑ה בְּבָֽרֲכ֣וֹ אֹת֔וֹ וַיְצַ֤ו עָלָיו֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לֹֽא־תִקַּ֥ח אִשָּׁ֖ה מִבְּנ֥וֹת כְּנָֽעַן: |
| 7And Jacob listened to his father and his mother, and he went to Padan aram. | | זוַיִּשְׁמַ֣ע יַֽעֲקֹ֔ב אֶל־אָבִ֖יו וְאֶל־אִמּ֑וֹ וַיֵּ֖לֶךְ פַּדֶּ֣נָ֥ה אֲרָֽם: |
| And Jacob listened: This is connected to the aforementioned topic: When Esau saw that Isaac had blessed [Jacob] and that he had sent him off to Padan-aram, and that Jacob listened to his father and went to Padan-aram, and that the daughters of Canaan were displeasing [to his father], then he, too, went to Ishmael. | | וישמע יעקב: מחובר לענין של מעלה וירא עשו כי ברך יצחק וגו' וכי שלח אותו פדנה ארם, וכי שמע יעקב אל אביו והלך פדנה ארם וכי רעות בנות כנען, והלך גם הוא אל ישמעאל: |
| 8And Esau saw that the daughters of Canaan were displeasing to his father Isaac. | | חוַיַּ֣רְא עֵשָׂ֔ו כִּ֥י רָע֖וֹת בְּנ֣וֹת כְּנָ֑עַן בְּעֵינֵ֖י יִצְחָ֥ק אָבִֽיו: |
| 9So Esau went to Ishmael, and he took Mahalath, the daughter of Ishmael, the son of Abraham, the sister of Nebaioth, in addition to his other wives as a wife. | | טוַיֵּ֥לֶךְ עֵשָׂ֖ו אֶל־יִשְׁמָעֵ֑אל וַיִּקַּ֡ח אֶת־מָֽחֲלַ֣ת | בַּת־יִשְׁמָעֵ֨אל בֶּן־אַבְרָהָ֜ם אֲח֧וֹת נְבָי֛וֹת עַל־נָשָׁ֖יו ל֥וֹ לְאִשָּֽׁה: |
| the sister of Nebaioth: Since it says, “the daughter of Ishmael,” do I not know that she was the sister of Nebaioth? But this teaches us that Ishmael died after he had betrothed her to Esau, before her marriage, and her brother Nebaioth gave her hand in marriage. This also teaches us that Jacob was sixty-three years old at that time, for Ishmael was seventy-four years old when Jacob was born. Ishmael was fourteen years older than Isaac, and Isaac was sixty years old when they were born, hence [Ishmael was] seventy-four. He lived one hundred and thirty seven years, as it is stated (above 25:17): “and these are the years of the life of Ishmael,” etc. Consequently, Jacob was sixty-three at Ishmael’s death. We learn from here that he hid for fourteen years in the house of Eber and afterwards went to Haran. [This can be deduced from the fact that] he stayed in Laban’s house before Joseph’s birth only fourteen years, as it is said (below 31:41): “I worked for you fourteen years for your two daughters and six years for your sheep,” and the payment for the sheep took place after Joseph was born, as it is said (below 30:25): “And it came to pass when Rachel had given birth to Joseph, etc.,” and Joseph was thirty years old when he became ruler, and from then until Jacob descended to Egypt were nine years: seven of plenty and two of famine. And Jacob said to Pharaoh (below 47:9): “The days of the years of my sojournings are one hundred and thirty years.” Go forth and figure 14 years before Joseph was born, plus the 30 years of Joseph’s age, plus the 9 years from the time he became ruler until Jacob came. The total is 53. And when he [Jacob] left his father, he was 63, totaling 116. Yet he said [to Pharaoh, “I am] one hundred and thirty years old.” Hence, there are fourteen years missing. Thus, you learn that after he had received the blessings, he hid in the house of Eber for fourteen years. [From Meg. 17:1] (However, he was not punished [for these fourteen years] because of the merit [of having studied] Torah, for Joseph was separated from his father only twenty-two years, i.e., from age seventeen until age thirty-nine, corresponding to the twenty-two years that Jacob was separated from his father [when] he did not honor him. These are the twenty years in Laban’s house, plus the two years that he spent traveling [home], as it is written (below 33:17): “And he built himself a house, and for his cattle he made booths.” Our Rabbis of Blessed Memory inferred from this verse that he spent eighteen months on the road, for the house was for the rainy season, and the booths were for the summer. And, according to the calculation of the verses, which we calculated above, from the time he left his father until he went down to Egypt, at the age of one hundred and thirty, we find an additional fourteen years, therefore, it is certain that he hid in the house of Eber to learn Torah while on his way to the house of Laban. And because of the merit of the Torah, he was not punished for them [those fourteen years], and Joseph was separated from him for only twenty-two years-measure for measure. The above is from an old Rashi text). | | אחות נביות: ממשמע שנאמר (לעיל כה יג) בת ישמעאל איני יודע שהיא אחות נביות, אלא למדנו שמת ישמעאל משיעדה לעשו קודם נשואיה והשיאה נביות אחיה. ולמדנו שהיה יעקב באותו הפרק בן ששים ושלש שנים, שהרי ישמעאל בן שבעים וארבע שנים היה כשנולד יעקב, ארבע עשרה שנה היה גדול ישמעאל מיצחק, ויצחק בן ששים שנה בלדת אותם הרי שבעים וארבע, ושנותיו היו מאה שלושים ושבע, שנאמר (שם יז) ואלה שני חיי ישמעאל וגו', נמצא יעקב כשמת ישמעאל בן ששים ושלש שנים היה, ולמדנו מכאן שנטמן בבית עבר ארבע עשרה שנה ואחר כך הלך לחרן, שהרי לא שהה בבית לבן שלפני לידתו של יוסף אלא ארבע עשרה שנה, שנאמר (שם לא מא) עבדתיך ארבע עשרה שנה בשתי בנותיך ושש שנים בצאנך ושכר הצאן משנולד יוסף היה, שנאמר (שם ל כה) ויהי כאשר ילדה רחל את יוסף וגו', ויוסף בן שלשים שנה היה כשמלך, ומשם עד שירד יעקב למצרים תשע שנים, שבע של שובע ושתיים של רעב, ויעקב אמר לפרעה (שם מז ט) ימי שני מגורי שלשים ומאת שנה. צא וחשוב ארבע עשרה שלפני לידת יוסף, ושלשים של יוסף, ותשע משמלך עד שבא יעקב הרי חמשים ושלש, וכשפירש מאביו היה בן ששים ושלש הרי מאה ושש עשרה, והוא אומר שלשים ומאת שנה, הרי חסרים ארבע עשרה שנים הא למדת שאחר שקבל הברכות נטמן בבית עבר ארבע עשרה שנים. (אבל לא נענש עליהם בזכות התורה, שהרי לא פירש יוסף מאביו אלא עשרים ושתים שנה דהיינו משבע עשרה עד שלשים ותשע כנגד עשרים ושתים שפירש יעקב מאביו ולא כבדו, והם עשרים שנים בבית לבן, ושתי שנים ששהה בדרך, כדכתיב (להלן לג יז) ויבן לו בית ולמקנהו עשה סכות, ופירשו רבותינו ז"ל מזה הפסוק ששהה שמונה עשר חדשים בדרך, דבית הוה בימות הגשמים וסכות הוה בימות החמה, ולחשבון הפסוקים שחשבנו לעיל משפירש מאביו עד שירד למצרים שהיה בן מאה שלשים שנים, שם אנו מוצאים עוד ארבע עשרה שנים, אלא ודאי נטמן בבית עבר בהליכתו לבית לבן ללמוד תורה ממנו, ובשביל זכות התורה לא נענש עליהם ולא פירש יוסף ממנו אלא עשרים ושתים שנה, מדה כנגד מדה): |
| to his other wives: He added wickedness upon his wickedness, for he did not divorce the first ones. [From Gen. Rabbah 67:13] | | על נשיו: הוסיף רשעה על רשעתו, שלא גירש את הראשונות: |
Tehillim: Chapters 10 - 17
• English text
Daily Tehillim - Psalms
Chapters 10-17
Chapter 10
This psalm tells of the wicked one’s prosperity and his boasting of it, until he says: “There is neither law nor judge. God pays no attention to the actions of mere mortals.”
1. Why, O Lord, do You stand afar, do You hide Yourself in times of distress?
2. The wicked man in his arrogance pursues the poor; they are caught by the schemes they have contrived.
3. For the wicked man glories in the desire of his heart, and the robber boasts that he has scorned the Lord.
4. The wicked one in his insolence [thinks], “He does not avenge”; all his thoughts are, “There is no God.”
5. His ways always succeed; Your retribution is far removed from before him; he puffs at all his foes.
6. He says in his heart, “I shall not falter; for all generations no evil will befall me.”
7. His mouth is full of oaths, deceit and malice; mischief and iniquity are under his tongue.
8. He sits in ambush near open cities; in hidden places he murders the innocent; his eyes stealthily watch for the helpless.
9. He lurks in hiding like a lion in his lair; he lurks to seize the poor, then seizes the poor when he draws his net.
10. He crouches and stoops, then the helpless fall prey to his might.
11. He says in his heart, “God has forgotten, He conceals His countenance, He will never see.”
12. Arise, O Lord! O God, lift Your hand! Do not forget the lowly.
13. Why does the wicked man scorn God? Because he says in his heart, “You do not avenge.”
14. Indeed, You do see! For You behold the mischief and vexation. To recompense is in Your power; the helpless place their trust in You; You have [always] helped the orphan.
15. Break the strength of the wicked; then search for the wickedness of the evil one and You will not find it.
16. The Lord reigns for all eternity; the nations have vanished from His land.
17. Lord, You have heard the desire of the humble; direct their hearts, let Your ear listen,
18. to bring justice to the orphan and the downtrodden, so that [the wicked] shall no longer crush the frail of the earth.
Chapter 11
This psalm declares that the suffering of the righteous one is for his own benefit, to cleanse him of his sins; whereas the wicked one is granted prosperity in this world-similar to the verse, "Wealth remains with its owner, to his detriment."
1. For the Conductor, by David. I have placed my trust in the Lord; [thus] how can you say of my soul, your mountain, that it flees like a bird?
2. For behold, the wicked bend the bow, they have readied their arrow upon the bowstring, to shoot in darkness at the upright of heart.
3. They destroyed the foundations; what [wrong] has the righteous man done?
4. The Lord is in His holy Sanctuary, the Lord's throne is in heaven, [yet] His eyes behold, His pupils probe [the deeds of] mankind.
5. The Lord tests the righteous, but He hates the wicked and the lover of violence.
6. He will rain down upon the wicked fiery coals and brimstone; a scorching wind will be their allotted portion.
7. For the Lord is righteous, He loves [the man of] righteous deeds; the upright will behold His countenance.
Chapter 12
This psalm admonishes informers, slanderers, and flatterers.
1. For the Conductor, upon the eight-stringed instrument, a psalm by David.
2. Help us, Lord, for the pious are no more; for the faithful have vanished from among men.
3. Men speak falsehood to one another; with flattering lips, with a duplicitous heart do they speak.
4. May the Lord cut off all flattering lips, the tongue that speaks boastfully-
5. those who have said, "With our tongues we shall prevail, our lips are with us, who is master over us!”
6. Because of the plundering of the poor, because of the moaning of the needy, the Lord says, "Now I will arise!" "I will grant deliverance," He says to him.
7. The words of the Lord are pure words, like silver refined in the finest earthen crucible, purified seven times.
8. May You, O Lord, watch over them; may You forever guard them from this generation,
9. [in which] the wicked walk on every side; when they are exalted it is a disgrace to mankind.
Chapter 13
A prayer for an end to the long exile. One in distress should offer this prayer for his troubles and for the length of the exile.
1. For the Conductor, a psalm by David.
2. How long, O Lord, will You forget me, forever? How long will You hide Your countenance from me?
3. How long must I seek counsel within my soul, [to escape] the grief in my heart all day? How long will my enemy be exalted over me?
4. Look! Answer me, O Lord, my God; give light to my eyes, lest I sleep the sleep of death.
5. Lest my enemy say, "I have overcome him," [and] my oppressors rejoice when I falter.
6. I have placed my trust in Your kindness, my heart will rejoice in Your deliverance. I will sing to the Lord, for He has dealt kindly with me.
Chapter 14
This psalm speaks of the destruction of the two Holy Temples-the first by Nebuchadnezzar, and the second by Titus.
1. For the Conductor, by David. The fool says in his heart, "There is no God!" [Man's] deeds have become corrupt and abominable, no one does good.
2. The Lord looked down from heaven upon mankind, to see if there was any wise man who searches for God.
3. They have all gone astray together, they have become corrupt; there is none who does good, not even one.
4. Indeed, all the evildoers, who devour My people as they devour bread, who do not call upon the Lord, will [ultimately] come to know [the consequences of their actions].
5. There they will be seized with fright, for God is with the righteous generation.
6. You scorn the counsel of the lowly, that he puts his trust in the Lord.
7. O that out of Zion would come Israel's deliverance! When the Lord returns the captivity of His people, Jacob will exult, Israel will rejoice.
Chapter 15
This psalm speaks of several virtues and attributes with which one should conduct oneself. He is then assured that his soul will rest in Gan Eden.
1. A psalm by David. Who may abide in Your tent, O Lord? Who may dwell on Your holy Mountain?
2. He who walks blamelessly, acts justly, and speaks truth in his heart;
3. who has no slander on his tongue, who has done his fellowman no evil, and who has brought no disgrace upon his relative;
4. in whose eyes a despicable person is abhorrent, but who honors those who are God-fearing; who does not change his oath even if it is to his own detriment;
5. who does not lend his money at interest, nor accept a bribe against the innocent. He who does these things shall never falter.
Chapter 16
When one is in need, he should not implore God in his own merit, for he must leave his merits for his children.
1. A michtam, by David. Watch over me, O God, for I have put my trust in You.
2. You, [my soul,] have said to God, "You are my Master; You are not obligated to benefit me.”
3. For the sake of the holy ones who lie in the earth, and for the mighty-all my desires are fulfilled in their merit.
4. Those who hasten after other [gods], their sorrows shall increase; I will not offer their libations of blood, nor take their names upon my lips.
5. The Lord is my allotted portion and my share; You guide my destiny.
6. Portions have fallen to me in pleasant places; indeed, a beautiful inheritance is mine.
7. I bless the Lord Who has advised me; even in the nights my intellect admonishes me.
8. I have set the Lord before me at all times; because He is at my right hand, I shall not falter.
9. Therefore my heart rejoices and my soul exults; my flesh, too, rests secure.
10. For You will not abandon my soul to the grave, You will not allow Your pious one to see purgatory.
11. Make known to me the path of life, that I may be satiated with the joy of Your presence, with the bliss of Your right hand forever.
Chapter 17
A loftily person should not ask God to test him with some sinful matter, or other things. If one has sinned, he should see to reform himself, and to save many others from sin.
1. A prayer by David. Hear my sincere [plea], O Lord; listen to my cry; give ear to my prayer, expressed by guileless lips.
2. Let my verdict come forth from before You; let Your eyes behold uprightness.
3. You have probed my heart, examined it in the night, tested me and found nothing; no evil thought crossed my mind; as are my words so are my thoughts.
4. So that [my] human deeds conform with the words of Your lips, I guard myself from the paths of the lawbreakers.
5. Support my steps in Your paths, so that my feet shall not falter.
6. I have called upon You, for You, O Lord, will answer me; incline Your ear to me, hear what I say.
7. Withhold Your kindness-O You who delivers with Your right hand those who put their trust in You-from those who rise up against [You].
8. Guard me like the apple of the eye; hide me in the shadow of Your wings
9. from the wicked who despoil me, [from] my mortal enemies who surround me.
10. Their fat has closed [their hearts]; their mouths speak arrogantly.
11. They encircle our footsteps; they set their eyes to make us stray from the earth.
12. His appearance is like a lion longing to devour, like a young lion lurking in hiding.
13. Arise, O Lord! Confront him, bring him to his knees; rescue my soul from the wicked [who serves as] Your sword.
14. Let me be among those whose death is by Your hand, O Lord, among those who die of old age, whose portion is eternal life and whose innards are filled with Your concealed goodness; who are sated with sons and leave their abundance to their offspring.
15. Because of my righteousness, I shall behold Your countenance; in the time of resurrection, I will be sated by Your image.
Tanya: Kuntres Acharon, beginning of Essay 4
LESSONS IN TANYA: Shabbat, November 10, 2018
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Kislev 2, 5779 · November 10, 2018
Today's Tanya Lesson
Kuntres Acharon, beginning of Essay 4
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In the beginning, as the Midrash teaches,1 G‑d “created worlds and destroyed them.” The Kabbalah explains that this refers to spiritual worlds, Supernal Sefirot (“emanations”), that first existed in one state of being and then in another. The Sefirot in the former state of being — called the World of Tohu(lit., “Chaos”) — underwent a “breaking of the vessels.” The World of Tikkun (lit., “Order”) was then built.
The Sefirot comprise orot (“lights”) and kelim (“vessels”) that contain these lights. The crisis in the World of Tohu occurred because the orot were so intense that the kelim were incapable of containing them. As a result of this breakage, sparks of holiness descended within the kelipot. These sparks are to be found in the Worlds of Beriah, Yetzirah and Asiyah in general, but particularly within the physicality of our world. It is the task of the Jew to sift this materiality by using it properly, in order to extract and refine these sparks, thereby elevating them to their original source in the World of Tohu. This elevation in turn elicits a mighty downflow of Divine energy from Tohu, and from even higher than that level.
(Certain Divine Names, whose respective Kabbalistic meanings are signified by Hebrew letter-combinations, are related to this process of beirurim, the extraction and refinement of the sparks of holiness. Thus the Name known as Ba’n (ב״ן) is the source of the fallen holy sparks; the Name Ma’h(מ״ה) is the power that extracts and elevates them; while the Name Sa’g (ס״ג) is the original source of the World of Tohu. When the extraction and elevation of the sparks deriving from the Name Ba’n is accomplished through the Name Ma’h, a lofty degree of Divine illumination is drawn down from the Name Sa’g, and is vested within the “capacious vessels” of the World of Tikkun.)
This extraction is for the most part accomplished through the performance of action-oriented mitzvot involving physical objects which derive their life-force from kelipat nogah, and which house the sparks of Tohu. Performing a mitzvah with such objects disencumbers the hidden sparks of their corporeal husk and elevates them.
The seeking out of sparks, however, can also be accomplished through the study of Torah, as well as through prayer.
In the present essay the Alter Rebbe will explain the statement of Pri Etz Chayim that nowadays this “extraction” is mainly effected through prayer. For prayer is uniquely able to draw down an infinite degree of G‑dliness; prayer alone can bring about changes within the world, healing the sick and causing rain to fall. In order for such a degree of G‑dliness to be called down, there must first be an arousal initiated from below, an expression of man’s ardent desire to be the recipient of Divine benefactions. And if these benefactions are to flow from an infinitely high source, the plea that requests them must surge from a correspondingly deep source — “with all one’s might,” from the infinite depths of one’s soul.
להבין מה שכתוב בפרי עץ חיים, דבזמן הזה עיקר הבירור על ידי התפלה דוקא
To understand the statement in Pri Etz Chayim,2 that in the contemporary period the refinement [of the sparks of Tohu] is primarily effected by prayer,
As explained above, the task of sifting the materiality of this world and salvaging its hidden holy sparks is the ongoing mission of Jews living as souls within bodies in this physical world.
This is accomplished either (a) through the performance of the action-oriented mitzvot which entail the use of physical objects whose life-force derives from kelipat nogah; (b) through the audibly-articulated study of Torah subjects that deal with physical matters; (c) through prayer, a form of spiritual service through which the Divine soul influences and refines the animal soul (whose life-force derives from kelipat nogah) to the point that it can attain a love of G‑d.
As stated above, Pri Etz Chayim teaches that in these latter generations the extraction and elevation of sparks is effected primarily through prayer.
אף שתלמוד תורה למעלה מהתפלה
even though Torah study is superior to prayer:
Torah study is3 “equivalent to them all,” to all the mitzvot, and higher even than4 “concentration in prayer.” Why, then, is the extraction of the sparks of Tohu mainly accomplished in the present era through prayer?
הענין הוא, שעל ידי תורה ומצות מוסיפין אור באצילות כו׳
The explanation is, that through Torah and mitzvotadditional light is drawn forth into Atzilut...
Divine light is drawn forth into the various worlds either in accordance with (a) Sod Shoresh (lit., “the principle of the root”), the degree of revelation originally apportioned, or in accordance with (b) Sod Tosefet (lit., “the principle of addition”), depending on the spiritual service of mortals. This additional measure of revelation is much greater than the base allocation.
Through Torah and mitzvot, as stated above, one draws down an additional measure of Divine illumination into the World of Atzilut.
פירוש: אור אין סוף ברוך הוא בכלים דאצילות, על ידי תלמוד תורה, בפנימית, דהיינו המשכות המוחין
This means that through Torah study the [infinite] Ein Sof-light [is drawn] into the inner aspect of the vessels of [the Sefirot of] Atzilut. This is a drawing down of the Divine Intellect.
Since Torah study involves mortal intellect, its heavenly echo calls forth a corresponding revelation of the Divine Intellect, which is the inward aspect of the Sefirot.
ובקיום המצות, בחיצונית הכלים, שהם בחינת נצח הוד יסוד שבי׳ ספירות ז״א שבאצילות
Through mitzvah observance [the light is drawn] into the external aspect of the vessels, meaning Netzach-Hod-Yesod of the Ten Sefirot of Za (the six emotive attributes) of Atzilut.
Za is a configuration (partzuf, lit., “countenance”) which comprises a full complement of Ten Sefirot. Into Netzach-Hod-Yesod, the lower Sefirot which are “outside of the torso”5 of Zaand thus comprise its external aspect, the [infinite] Ein Sof-light is drawn down, by means of those mitzvot that are performed with man’s power of action. For this power is external to man’s essence, just as Netzach-Hod-Yesod are external to Za.
The infinite lights from Divine Intellect that are drawn down by Torah and mitzvot are thus invested primarily in Atzilut.6
רק שמתלבשים בבריאה יצירה עשיה, בתורה ומצות הגשמיים שבעולם הזה
They [later] only clothe themselves with diminished intensity in Beriah, Yetzirah and Asiyah, in the physical Torah and mitzvot in This World.
The Divine Intellect that is drawn down into Atzilut is ultimately vested within the Torah of this world, while the Divine light which is drawn into the externality of the vessels of Za of Atzilut is vested within the mitzvot of this world. The effect is thus strictly within the material aspect of the Torah and mitzvot of this world, but not within the materiality of the world itself.
אבל התפלה היא המשכת אור אין סוף ברוך הוא בבריאה יצירה עשיה דוקא, לא בדרך התלבשות בלבד
Prayer, however, calls forth the [infinite] Ein Sof-light into Beriah, Yetzirah and Asiyah directly, and not by means of mere enclothement, as is the case with the study of Torah, where the Divine light is garbed in an entity which in turn is drawn down into this world.
רק האור ממש, לשנות הנבראים מכמות שהם
Rather, it is the actual light which modifies the state of created beings,
שיתרפא החולה, וירד הגשם משמים לארץ ויולידה ויצמיחה
so that (for example) the ill will be cured through the petition of “Heal us” in the Shemoneh Esreh, and the rain from heaven will fall to the earth so that it becomes fertile and yields vegetation,7 in response to the prayer of the “Blessing of the Years.”
These are changes effected within the actual physical world.
מה שאין כן בתורה ומצות, שאין שינוי בקלף התפילין על ידי הנחתן בראש ובזרוע
This is not the case with Torah and mitzvot: no modification in the parchment [on which are inscribed the Biblical passages] of the tefillin results from their being placed upon head and arm, notwithstanding the drawing down of Divine light and the subordination of mind and heart to the Divine Will.
וגם במצות שעשייתן הוא גמר מצותן
Even in the case of those mitzvot that are fulfilled through making [the object],
Examples would be the writing of a Torah scroll or making a sukkah (according to the opinions that the actual construction of a sukkah is a mitzvah8). Unlike tefillin, where the mitzvah is performed by wearing them and not by making them, these mitzvot are performed by modifying the relevant object. Nevertheless:
השינוי הוא על ידי אדם, ולא בידי שמים כבתפלה
the change within the object is effected by man, and not by Heaven, as is the case with prayer,
When an individual succeeds in bringing about a change in this world through prayer, e.g., the sick person becomes well, this change is ultimately brought about from above, not by the individual’s prayer,
ששהיא המשכת החיות מאין סוף ברוך הוא, שהוא לבדו כל יכול
for this calls forth the vivifying power from the Infinite One, blessed be He, Who alone is all-capable.
It is only G‑d who can effect a change such as this in our world, bringing about the cure or the productive rain.
והלכך, כדי להמשיך אור אין סוף ברוך הוא למטה, אי אפשר בלי העלאת מין נוקבין מלמטה דוקא
Therefore, calling forth the [infinite] Ein Sof-light into the lower world is impossible without the [prior] “elevation of mayin nukvin” specifically from below, whereby the mortal recipient initiates an anticipatory “arousal from below” through his spiritual service during prayer.
As the Alter Rebbe will soon explain, since this entails an infinite degree of service on the part of man it is able to draw down an infinite response from above, reciprocating each individual’s particular “arousal from below.”
מה שאין כן לתלמוד תורה, שבאצילות, המיוחדת בלאו הכי במאציל ברוך הוא
This is not the case with the study of Torah, which [affects] Atzilut, for [the Torah] is united in any case with the Emanator.
Since Torah study thus does not need to be drawn down below, there is no need for an “arousal from below.”
As the Rebbe notes, “The Alter Rebbe now goes on to explain how this may be considered mayin nukvin, and what is its connection to the infinite light.”
והעלאת מין נוקבין במוחו ולבו של אדם, היא בחינת רשפי אש בלי גבול
The “elevation of mayin nukvin” in the mind and heart of man is [the love of G‑d] in a state of boundless flames of fire, and being boundless it relates to the infinite light;
ונקרא מאדך
it is described as meodecha — loving G‑d “with all your might,”9 with each individual’s capacity for infinitude,
Though man is inherently limited, and though, moreover, all of one man’s might may be considered less than ultimate in another man, nevertheless, even this limited degree of “limitlessness” suffices:
כדי לעורר בחינת אין סוף
to arouse the [Divine] state of infinity.
For the “arousal from below” need but resemble the response from above that it seeks to elicit. If an “arousal from below” may truly be considered “infinite” relative to the particular individual’s capacities, it suffices to draw down the infinite light from above.
והיינו על ידי גבורות דס״ג, שהן הן הרפ״ח ניצוצין כו׳
This is effected through the Gevurot (the attributes of severity) of [the Divine Name] Sa’g, which constitute the 288 sparks....
The love and longing (ratzo) which a man experiences during prayer to the extent of meodecha (“with all your might”) are aroused by the Gevurot of Sa’g, the Divine Name that is the source of the 288 sparks of Tohu. These sparks derive from the vessels of Tohu, whose Sefirot were originally in a state of infinite longing to become wholly one with G‑d. This longing parallels the soul’s love and longing for G‑d to the point of meodecha.
ולכן נקראת התפלה חיי שעה, היא מלכות היורדת בבריאה יצירה עשיה
For this reason worship is called10 “life of the moment,” for it is Malchut descending into Beriah, Yetzirah and Asiyah.
As Rashi explains on the straightforward level of pshat, the Talmud calls prayer “life of the moment” (lit., “life of the hour”) because people pray for health, peace and a livelihood — temporal things that are subject to the limitations of the passing moment.
Here the Alter Rebbe speaks of how these matters exist in their source, in the Supernal Sefirot. In the worlds above, the Sefirah of Malchut is the source of time. For it is the Sefirah of Malchut (“sovereignty”) that reflects the relationship of the Infinite One to time — “He reigns, He reigned, He will reign,” in the present, past and future.
This relationship is particularly evident as Malchutdescends to animate the Worlds of Beriah, Yetzirahand Asiyah, for these worlds all exist in the category of time.
And because prayer draws down Divine energy into Beriah, Yetzirah and Asiyah through their source, the time-related Sefirah of Malchut, prayer is called “life of the moment.”
ותורה חיי עולם, הוא ז״א
Torah [by contrast is called]11 “eternal life,” which (in terms of the Sefirot) is Za,12
כי רמ״ח פקודין הן מתחלקין בי׳ כלים דעשר ספירות דז״א כו׳
for the 248 commandments of the Torah divide into the ten vessels of the Ten Sefirot of Za....
For Za comprises Sefirot within the World of Atzilut, and as stated in Torah Or, at the end of Parshat Terumah, Za marks the conclusion of the infinite worlds, utterly transcending the Worlds of Beriah, Yetzirah and Asiyah.
* * *
Rambam:
• Sefer Hamitzvot:
DAILY MITZVAH (Maimonides): Shabbat, November 10, 2018
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Kislev 2, 5779 · November 10, 2018
Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
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"There shall be no indecent women among the daughters of Israel"—Deuteronomy 23:18.
It is forbidden for a man and woman to be intimate unless married to each other.
Out of Wedlock Intimacy
Negative Commandment 355
The 355th prohibition is that we are forbidden from having relations with a woman without [giving her] a Kesubah and acquiring her (kiddushin).
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement (exalted be He), "There may not be any prostitutes among Jewish girls."
This same commandment is repeated, but using a different expression, in G‑d's statement (exalted be He), "Do not defile your daughter with premarital relations." The Sifra says, " 'Do not defile your daughter' — this command is directed towards a man who hands over his unmarried daughter for sexual relations without marriage, as well as a girl who herself has sexual relations without marriage."
Now listen as I explain why the prohibition is repeated with this wording, and what the repetition adds. G‑d (exalted be He) has already instructed us in the Torah that a man who has relations with a virgin incurs none of the punishments, regardless of whether he seduced or raped her. Rather, he must pay a monetary fine and marry the girl that he harmed, as explained in the Torah.
Accordingly, a person might think that since the offender is only required to pay a fine, therefore this is looked upon as a purely financial case. Therefore, just as a person, if he wishes, is allowed to give away his money to another person, or to forgive a debt, so too, [he might think,] he may take his unmarried daughter and give her to a man to have relations with her. This would be like forgiving a debt due to him, since the 50 silver [shekels which the seducer or rapist must pay] go to the father. Alternatively, a person might think that [since this is purely a financial matter,] he may give his daughter on condition that the man pays a certain amount of money.
Therefore, the Torah prohibited this and said, "Do not defile your daughter with premarital relations." The monetary fine only refers to a case where the seduction or rape actually occurred. But it is still completely forbidden for them to engage in sexual relations, even when they both agree.
The Torah also reveals the reason for this prohibition: ["Do not defile your daughter with premarital relations,] and you will then not make the land sexually immoral, and the land [will not] be filled with perversion." The explanation of this: seduction and rape occur very rarely, but if the Torah allowed premarital relations when both parties agree, it would occur often and become widespread throughout the world.
This is a fine and wondrous explanation of this verse, and fits all the sayings of our Sages and laws of the Torah.
This prohibition, i.e. the prohibition of [having relations with] an unmarried woman, is punishable by lashes.
The details of this mitzvah are explained in Kesubos and Kiddushin.
• 1 Chapter A Day: Maaser Sheini Maaser Sheini - Chapter 6
Rambam - 1 Chapter a Day
Maaser Sheini - Chapter 6
• 3 Chapters A Day: Ishut Ishut - Chapter Five, Ishut Ishut - Chapter Six, Ishut Ishut - Chapter Seven
Rambam - 3 Chapters a Day
Ishut - Chapter Five, Ishut - Chapter Six, Ishut - Chapter Seven
Maaser Sheini - Chapter 6
1
[The following rules apply when] ordinary money and money from the second tithe become scattered [in the same place]. If he gathered from both sides, what he gathers belongs to the second tithe until he reaches the original amount and then the remainder is ordinary produce. If he mixed the coins togetherand grabbed a handful or gathered only from one side, he should calculate the percentage proportionately.
What is implied? There were 200 coins of the second tithe and 100 ordinary coins. They became scattered. He mixed them and picked them all up, but found only 270, 180 are the second tithe and 90 are ordinary coins. This is the general principle. Those that are gathered are considered as the second tithe. Those that are mixed together are divided according to the percentage.
He should make a stipulation and say: "If those in my hand are from the second tithe, the remainder are ordinary money and if they are ordinary money, the holiness from the coins from the second tithe wherever they are is transferred to them."
א
מעות חולין ומעות מעשר שנתפזרו וליקט מיכן ומיכן מה שלקט לקט למעשר עד שישלים והשאר חולין ואם בלל וחפן או שליקט מצד אחד ומצא חסר הרי זה לפי חשבון כיצד היו מאתים מע"ש ומאה חולין נתפזרו ובללן וחפן הכל נמצאו מאתים ושבעים הרי ק"פ מהן מעשר וצ' חולין זה הכלל המתלקטין למעשר שני והנבללין לפי חשבון מתנה ואומר אם אלו שבידי הן המעשר השאר חולין ואם הן חולין הרי מעות המעשר בכל מקום שהן מחוללין עליהם:
2
When a sela of the second tithe becomes mixed with a sela of ordinary money, one should bring coins - even brass coins - worth a sela and say: "Wherever the sela of the second tithe is, its holiness is transferred to these coins." Afterwards, he should chose the better of the two [selaim] and transfer the holiness of the brass coins to it. Thus the better selahas been become the money of the second tithe.
ב
סלע של מעשר שני ושל חולין שנתערבו מביא בסלע מעות ואפילו מעות נחשת ואומר סלע של מעשר שני בכ"מ שהיא מחוללת על המעות האלו ואח"כ בורר את היפה שבשתיהן ומחלל המעות של נחושת עליה ותחזור הסלע היפה למעשר:
3
When [a father] tells his son: "Produce from the second tithe is found in this corner," and is found in another corner, it is ordinary produce. If he told him: "A manehthere," and 200 were discovered, the remainder is ordinary money. "There are 200," and only a maneh was discovered, it is ordinary money. If he left a maneh and discovered 200 or 200 and discovered a maneh, the entire amount is ordinary money. [This applies] even if the money is found in two wallets.
ג
האומר לבנו מע"ש בזוית זו ונמצא בזוית אחרת הרי אלו חולין אמר לו הרי שם מנה ונמצא מאתים השאר חולין הרי שם מאתים ונמצא מנה הרי הוא חולין הניח מנה מעשר ונמצא מאתים מאתים ונמצא מנה אפילו הן בשני כיסין הכל חולין:
4
If his father told him: "I have a pouch [with produce] from the second tithe at home," and [the son] found three pouches, the greater one is [considered as containing produce from] the second tithe and the remainder are [considered as containing produce containing] ordinary produce. Nevertheless, he should not make use of [the produce from] the smaller pouches until he transfers their holiness to the greater one.
ד
אמר לו אביו כיס מעשר שני לי בבית הלך ומצא שם שלשה כיסים הגודל שבכולן מעשר והשאר חולין ואעפ"כ לא יאכל מן הקטנים עד שיחללם על הגדול:
5
[The following laws apply when] a person loses his power of speech. If he was asked: "Is your produce from the second tithe in this-and-this place?" and he nodded his head, he should be tested three times like he is tested with regard to a bill of divorce.[If it is proven that he understands what he is being told,] his words have consequence.
ה
מי שנשתתק ואמרו לו מע"ש שלך במקום פלוני והרכין בראשו בודקין אותו שלש פעמים כדרך שבודקין לגיטין והרי דבריו קיימין:
6
If one was told in a dream: "The produce from the second tithe of your father that you are seeking is in this-and-this place," [the statements are of no consequence.This applies even] if he found the produce there like he was told. For words communicated in a dream are of no significance at all.
ו
אמרו לו בחלום מעשר שני של אביך שאתה מבקש הרי הוא במקום פלוני אף ע"פ שמצא שם מה שנאמר לו אינו מעשר דברי חלומות לא מעלין ולא מורידין:
7
Although a person tells his sons: "Even if you are dying, do not touch [what is in] that corner," if money is found there, it is considered as ordinary money.[Different laws apply if] he buried money in their presence and told them: "It belongs to so-and-so" or "It is from the second tithe." If it appears that he is speaking with guile,we do not pay attention to his words. If it appears that he is serious, his words are given weight.
ז
האומר לבניו אפילו אתם מתים אל תגעו בזוית זו ונמצאו שם מעות הרי אלו חולין טמן מעות מפניהם ואמר להם של פלוני הן או של מעשר שני הן אם כמערים אין חוששין לדבריו ואם כמתכוין דבריו קיימין:
8
When a person finds a containerwith the letter mem written on it, its contents [are considered as] the second tithe. When there is a dalet written on it, its contents are considered demai; a tet, tevel; kuf, for a sacrifice. If the container was metal, the container and its contents were consecrated for a sacrifice. For in dangerous times, they would write one letter from the name [as a sign].
ח
המוצא כלי וכתוב עליו מ' הרי מה שבתוכו מעשר שני ד' דמאי ט' טבל ת' תרומה ק' קרבן ואם היה של מתכת הוא ומה שבתוכו קרבן שכן היו כותבין אות אחת מן השם בשעת הסכנה:
9
When coins - even golden dinarim, together with silver, and [brass] coins- are found in Jerusalem, they are considered as ordinary money. [The rationale is that] the streets of Jerusalem are swept every day. If a shard upon which was written ma'aser, it is considered as the second tithe.
When does the above apply? During the majority of the days of the year. On the pilgrimage festivals, by contrast, all [the money found] is considered as from the second tithe.
ט
מעות הנמצאות בירושלים אפילו דינרי זהב עם הכסף ועם המעות הרי אלו חולין הואיל ושוקי ירושלים מתכבדין בכל יום מצא בתוכן חרס וכתוב בו מעשר הרי אלו מעשר שני במה דברים אמורים בשאר ימות השנה אבל ברגל הכל מעשר:
10
Money which is found in front of a seller of livestock in Jerusalem are always considered as from the second tithe. We operate under the assumption that the majority of the clients are bringing money from the second tithe and using it to purchase animals. [Money] which is found on the Temple Mount is always considered as ordinary funds. We operate under the assumption that it came from the Temple treasury and the treasurers had already transferred its holiness to an animal.
י
מעות הנמצאות לפני סוחרי בהמה בירושלים לעולם מעשר שחזקת רוב העם מביאין מעות מעשר וקונין בו בהמות והנמצאות בהר הבית לעולם חולין שחזקתן מתרומת הלשכה שחללום הגזברין על בהמה:
11
[The following rules apply when] money is found in a chest that had been used for both ordinary produce and the second tithe. If the majority of the people who placed money [in the chest placed money] from the second tithe, the money is considered as from the second tithe. If the majority placed ordinary money, the money is considered as ordinary money. If the ratio is half and half, the money is considered as ordinary money.
יא
תיבה שנשתמש בה חולין ומע"ש ונמצא בתוכה מעות אם רוב מניחין מעשר הרי המעות מעשר ואם רוב מניחין חולין חולין מחצה למחצה חולין:
12
When one find produce between produce of the second tithe and produce that is terumah, it should be included among the type to which it is closest. If it is equidistant [from both], it should be eaten according to the stringencies that apply to both. Thus it is forbidden to non-priests; one must wash his hands [before partaking of it],and must wait until sunset [on the day of one's purification before partaking of it]like terumah. [Similarly,] it is forbidden to one in an acute state of mourning and must be brought [to Jerusalem] as required of the second tithe.
Similar principles apply with regard to coins that are found between ordinary coins and coins from the second tithe.
יב
מצא פירות בין פירות מעשר לפירות תרומה יפלו לקרוב מחצה למחצה יאכלו כחומרי שניהן אסורין לזרים וטעונין רחיצת ידים והערב שמש כתרומה ואסורים לאונן וטעונים הבאת מקום כמעשר וכן המעות הנמצאות בין חולין למעשר:
13
When produce that is from the second tithe of demai and produce that is definitely from the second tithe are mixed together, [the mixture] must be eaten according to the more stringent requirements.
יג
מעשר שני של דמאי ושל ודאי שנתערבו יאכלו כחמור שבהן:
14
When produce from the second tithe becomes mixed with ordinary produce, [the mixture] should be eaten in a state of ritual purity in Jerusalem or the second tithe should be redeemed. Therefore if such a mixture takes place in Jerusalem, even the smallest amount of the same species becomes forbidden [to be eaten as ordinary produce]. Since the produce is in Jerusalem, it is considered as an entity that can be permitted and should be eaten in a state of ritual purity.
יד
פירות מעשר שנתערבו בפירות חולין יאכל הכל בטהרה במקום או יפדה את המעשר לפיכך אם נתערבו בירושלים אסורין בכל שהן כמנין הואיל והוא בירושלים הרי הוא כדבר שיש לו מתירין ויאכל הכל בטהרה:
15
When a person sows produce from the second tithe after it had entered Jerusalem, the produce which grows is considered as produce from the second tithe.If he sows it before it enters Jerusalem, the produce which grows is considered as ordinary produce even if its seed does not decompose. [Preferably, however,] it should be redeemed at the time it was sown.
טו
הזורע מעשר שני אחר שנכנס לירושלים הגידולים מעשר שני זרעו קודם שיכנס הגידולין חולין ואפילו בדבר שאין זרעו כלה ופודין אותו בשעת זריעתו:
16
When produce from the second tithe is mixed with other substances, it is considered as nullified when mixed with a simple majority.
To which produce from the second tithe does this apply? To produce that entered Jerusalem and then departed from there and afterwards, the walls of the city fell. Thus it is impossible to return it to [the holy city] and it is impossible to redeem since it has already entered that place. [This applies] even though [its fifth] is not worth a p'rutah.It is a substance that has no way to be permitted and is there nullified by a simple majority, as stated in Hilchot Issurei Ma'achalot.
טז
מעשר שני בטל ברוב באיזה מעשר אמרו במעשר שנכנס לירושלים ויצא ונפלו מחיצות שהרי אין שם מחיצות להחזירו לשם ואי אפשר לפדותו מאחר שנכנס ואע"פ שאין בו שוה פרוטה ונמצא דבר שאין לו מתירין ובטל ברוב כמו שביארנו בהלכות איסורי מאכלות:
Ishut - Chapter Five
1
When a man consecrates a woman with an object from which it is forbidden to derive benefit - e.g., a mixture of milk and meat, chametz on Pesach, or other similar objects from which it is prohibited to derive benefit - she is not consecrated. [This ruling applies] even if the prohibition against deriving benefit from the object is merely Rabbinic in origin - e.g., chametz during the sixth hour on the fourteenth of Nisan.
א
המקדש בדבר שהוא אסור בהנאה כגון חמץ בפסח או בשר בחלב וכיוצא בהן משאר איסורי הנאה אינה מקודשת. ואפילו היה אסור בהנאה מדבריהם כגון חמץ בשעה ששית מיום י"ד אינה מקודשת:
2
If a man transgresses and sells an article from which it is forbidden to derive benefit, and consecrates [a woman] with the money [he receives] for it, the kiddushin are valid. [There is one] exception. If a person consecrates a woman with the money [received] for a false deity, the kiddushin are not valid. For it is forbidden to derive benefit from the money received for a false deity, just as [it is forbidden to derive benefit from] the false deity itself.
When [a man] consecrates [a woman] with the dung of cows [consecrated to] a false deity, the kiddushin are not valid. For it is forbidden to derive benefit from anything produced by entities [consecrated to] a false deity, as [Deuteronomy 13:18] states: "Let nothing that is condemned cling to your hand."
If, by contrast, [a man] consecrates [a woman] with the dung of an ox condemned to be stoned, the kiddushin are binding. Although it is forbidden to derive benefit from an ox condemned to be stoned, this prohibition does not apply to its dung. For the dung is considered of negligible importance when compared to the ox.
ב
עבר ומכר דבר האסור בהנאה וקידש בדמיו הרי זו מקודשת חוץ מעכו"ם שאם קידש בדמיה אינה מקודשת מפני שדמי עכו"ם אסורין בהנאה כמוה. המקדש בפרש עגלי עכו"ם אינה מקודשת שהכל מעכו"ם אסור בהנאה שנאמר ולא ידבק בידך מאומה מן החרם. אבל המקדש בפרש שור הנסקל הרי זו מקודשת אע"פ ששור הנסקל אסור בהנאה פרשו אינו אסור בהנאה שאינו דבר חשוב לגבי השור:
3
When [a man] consecrates [a woman] with the produce of the Sabbatical year, with the ashes of the Red Heifer, or with water that was drawn for the purpose of sprinkling [the ashes of the Red Heifer],the kiddushin are valid.
[The following rules apply when a man] consecrates [a woman] with property dedicated to the Temple. If he was unaware [that the property had been dedicated], the kiddushin are valid. He must give the value [of the dedicated property] and an [additional fifth] to the Temple treasury and bring a guilt offering, as is required of all those who unwittingly make mundane use of property dedicated to the Temple. If he consecrated the woman knowing [that the property was dedicated], she is not consecrated.
ג
המקדש בפירות שביעית או באפר פרה אדומה או במים שמילאן לעשותן מי נדה הרי זו מקודשת. המקדש בהקדש של בדק הבית בשוגג הרי זו מקודשת. והוא ישלם קרן וחומש להקדש ויביא אשמו כדין כל מועל בשגגה. ואם קידש בו אשה במזיד אינה מקודשת:
4
When [a man] consecrates [a woman] with the produce of the second tithe - whether unknowingly or knowingly - the kiddushin are not valid. For unless a person redeems [this produce], it does not belong to him to use for his other purposes, since with regard to [this] tithe, [Leviticus 27:30] states: "It is God's."
ד
קידשה במעשר שני בין בשוגג בין במזיד אינה מקודשת. לפי שאין לו לעשות בו שאר חפציו עד שיתחלל שנאמר במעשר ליי' הוא:
5
When a priest consecrates [a woman] with his share of offerings of the most sacred nature or [his share of] offerings of lesser sanctity, she is not consecrated. For one was permitted merely to eat these sacrifices.
When, by contrast, a priest consecrates [a woman] with the great terumah, the terumah taken from the tithe or with the first fruits, the kiddushin are binding. [This same ruling applies] when a Levite consecrates [a woman] with [produce from] the first tithe, or an Israelite consecrates [a woman] with [produce from] the tithe of the poor.
ה
כהן שקידש בחלקו מקדשי קדשים או מקדשים קלים אינה מקודשת מפני שלא הותרו אלא לאכילה בלבד. אבל כהן שקידש בתרומה גדולה ובתרומת מעשר ובבכורים וכן לוי שקידש במעשר ראשון וישראל שקידש במעשר עני הרי זו מקודשת:
6
The gifts [required to be separated from produce] that have not been separated are considered as if they have already been separated. Therefore, when an Israelite inherited produce from his maternal grandfather who was a priest, and none of the required gifts had been separated from that produce, he may separate the terumah and the tithes [and keep the portions to be given to the priests as his own]. It is as if he inherited the terumah and the tithes from his maternal grandfather. Therefore, if he consecrates a woman with them, she is consecrated. Although they are not fit for [the Israelite] to eat, he has the right to sell them to someone for whom they are fit.
When, by contrast, an Israelite consecrates [a woman] with terumah that he separates from his grain heap, the kiddushin are not effective. For he does not have the right to sell this terumah; he possesses merely the privilege of giving it to the priest of his choice. This privilege is not considered to be money.
ו
מתנות שלא הורמו הרי הם כמו שהורמו. לפיכך ישראל שנפלו לו טבלים מבית אבי אמו כהן והפריש מהן תרומה ומעשרות הרי הן כתרומות ומעשרות שנפלו לו בירושה מאבי אמו. ואם קידש בהן אשה הרי זו מקודשת שאע"פ שאינן ראוין לו לאכילה יש לו למוכרן למי שהן ראוין לו. אבל ישראל שקידש בתרומה שהפריש מגרנו אינה מקודשת שהרי אין לו למוכרה ואין לו בה אלא טובת הנאה. לפי שנותנה לכל כהן שירצה וטובת הנאה אינה ממון:
7
[The following rules apply when] a person consecrates a woman [with property that] he robbed, stole or took against its owner's will. If the owner has despaired of the return of the article, and it is known that [the man] acquired it through the owner's despair, the consecration is effective. If not, it is not valid.
ז
המקדש את האשה בגזל או בגניבה או בחמס. אם נתייאשו הבעלים ונודע שקנה אותו דבר בייאוש הרי זו מקודשת ואם לאו אינה מקודשת:
8
When a person enters a colleague's home and takes an object, food or the like, and consecrates a woman, she is not consecrated. [This ruling applies] even when the owner comes and says, "Why did you not give her a more valuable article than the one you gave her?" He is making this statement only to prevent the person from being shamed [and it does not reflect his true intent]. Since the man consecrated [a woman] with property belonging to a colleague without the colleague's knowledge, this is robbery, and the woman is not consecrated.
If [the man] consecrated [the woman] with an article that the owner would not object [to its being taken] - e.g., a date or a nut - the status of the kiddushin is in doubt.
ח
הנכנס לבית חבירו ולקח לו כלי או אוכל וכיוצא בהן וקידש בו אשה ובא בעל הבית אע"פ שאמר לו למה לא נתת לה דבר זה שהוא טוב ממה שנתת לה אינה מקודשת. שלא אמר לו דבר זה אלא כדי שלא להתבייש עמו. והואיל וקידש בממון חבירו שלא מדעת חבירו הרי זה גזל ואינה מקודשת. ואם קידשה בדבר שאין בעל הבית מקפיד עליו כגון תמרה או אגוז הרי זו מקודשת מספק:
9
When a person owns merchandise in partnership with a colleague and divides the merchandise without his colleague's knowledge, using it to consecrate [a woman], the kiddushin are not valid. [The rationale is that for the division of a partnership's assets to be effective,] an evaluation by the court is necessary. One [partner] may not take what he wants as his own and leave [the remainder for his colleague].
ט
היתה סחורה בינו ובין חבירו וחלקה שלא מדעת חבירו וקידש בחלקו הואיל וצריכה שומת ב"ד אינה מקודשת שאין זה נוטל לעצמו מה שירצה ויניח מה שירצה:
10
[The following rules apply when] a person robbed or stole an article from a woman or took it without her consent, and afterwards consecrated her with the article that he took from her, saying: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this." If the two were already engaged, and she took the article in silence, she is consecrated.If, however, there was never an engagement between them, she is not consecrated, even if she remained silent when he gave her [the stolen articles] as kiddushin. If, however, she explicitly agreed [to the kiddushin], she is consecrated.
י
גזל את האשה או גנב ממנה או חמסה וחזר וקידשה בגזל ובגניבה ובחמס שלה ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת בו. אם קדם ביניהן שידוכין ונטלה ושתקה הרי זו מקודשת. ואם לא שידך אותה מעולם אף ע"פ ששתקה כשנתן לה דברים אלו בתורת קידושין אינה מקודשת. ואם אמרה הן הרי זו מקודשת:
11
Similar [concepts apply when a man] entrusts an article to [a woman] for safekeeping and tells her: "Take care of this article," and afterwards tells her: "Behold, you are consecrated with it." If he told her this before she took [possession of] the article, and she took it in silence, she is consecrated. If, however, he made his second statement after she had accepted the article for the purpose of safekeeping, and she remained silent, [the kiddushin] are not valid. For whenever [a woman] remains silent after money has been given, [the kiddushin] are not valid. If, however, she explicitly agreed, she is consecrated, even though she made the statement after accepting the article.
יא
וכן אם נתן לה פקדון ואמר לה כנסי פקדון זה וחזר ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בו. אם אמר לה קודם שנטלתו ונטלתו ושתקה הרי זו מקודשת. ואם אחר שנטלתו בתורת פקדון אמר לה הרי את מקודשת בו ושתקה אין זה כלום שכל שתיקה שלאחר מתן מעות אינה מועלת. אבל אם אמרה הן אחר שנטלה הרי זו מקודשת:
12
[The following rules apply when a man] pays a debt that he owed [a woman] and [upon paying it,] says: "You are consecrated with it." If the two were engaged, [the man made the statement] before she accepted the money, and she accepted it in silence, she is consecrated. If they were not engaged, she is not consecrated unless she explicitly agrees.
If he states [his desire to consecrate her] after she accepted payment of the debt, she is not consecrated, even if she explicitly agrees. For nothing has been given her; she merely took what was rightfully hers. The debt he owed was repaid when she took the money, and she cannot demand repayment again.
יב
החזיר לה חוב שהיה לה אצלו ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת בו קודם שתטלנו ונטלתו ושתקה. אם היה ביניהן שידוכין הרי זו מקודשת. ואם לא שידך אינה מקודשת עד שתאמר הן. ואם אמר לה אחר שנטלה החוב שלה הרי את מקודשת בו אפילו אמרה הן אינה מקודשת. שהרי לא הגיע לידה ממנו כלום אלא שלה נטלה וכבר נפרע חובו משעה שנטלה ואינה יכולה לחזור ולתובעו בחוב פעם אחרת:
13
When [a man] consecrates [a woman] with a debt, even with [a debt that is recorded] in a promissory note, she is not consecrated.
What is implied? [The woman] owed [the man] a dinar; if he tells her, "Behold, you are consecrated to me with the dinar that you owe me," she is not consecrated. [The rationale is that] a loan is given to be spent, and there is nothing that presently exists for her to derive benefit from [and to accept as kiddushin]. For she has [- or it is as if she has - ] already spent that dinarand has derived benefit from it already.
יג
המקדש במלוה אפילו היתה בשטר אינה מקודשת. כיצד כגון שהיה לו אצלה חוב דינר ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר שיש לי בידך אינה מקודשת. מפני שהמלוה להוצאה ניתנה ואין כאן שום דבר קיים ליהנות בו מעתה שכבר הוציאה אותו דינר ועברה הנאתו:
14
[A different rule applies when] he has given her a loan [and received] collateral for it. If he consecrates her with the loan and returns the collateral, she is consecrated. For she derives benefit from the collateral from that time onward, and thus, [as a result of the kiddushin,] she has derived benefit.
יד
היה לו אצלה מלוה על המשכון וקידשה באותה המלוה והחזיר לה המשכון הרי זו מקודשת שהרי היא נהנית במשכון מעתה והרי הגיע הנאה לידה:
15
When [a man] consecrates [a woman] with the benefit [derived from] a loan, the consecration is valid.
What is implied? The consecration is binding if he lends her 200 zuz [at the time of the kiddushin] and tells her: "Behold, you are consecrated to me through the benefit [you receive] by my extending the length of this loan for you. It may be in your possession for so many days, and I will not demand payment until this date." For she is receiving benefit now [from the opportunity] to use the loan until the end of the time period fixed.
It is forbidden to make [such a condition], because it is like taking interest. My teachers interpreted the expression "the benefit [derived from] a loan," in a way that is not worthy of mention.
טו
המקדש בהנאת מלוה הרי זו מקודשת. כיצד כגון שהלוה אותה עתה מאתים זוז ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בהנאת זמן שארויח לך במלוה זו שתהיה בידך כך וכך יום ואיני תובעה ממך עד זמן פלוני הרי זו מקודשת. שהרי יש לה הנאה מעתה להשתמש במלוה זו עד סוף זמן שקבע. ואסור לעשות כן מפני שהיא כרבית. ופירשו רבותי בהנאת מלוה דברים שאין ראוי לשומען:
16
If [the man] tells [the woman]: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this p'rutah and with the debt that you owe me," she is consecrated. Similarly, if he tells her, "[Behold, you are consecrated...] with the debt that you owe me and with this p'rutah, the consecration is binding.
טז
אמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בפרוטה זו ובחוב שיש לי אצלך הרי זו מקודשת. וכן אם אמר לה במלוה שיש לי אצלך ובפרוטה זו הרי זו מקודשת:
17
When [a man] is owed a debt by a third party, and he tells [a woman] in the presence of the third party: "Behold, you are consecrated to me by virtue of the debt that I am owed by this person," the consecration is binding.
יז
היה לו חוב ביד אחרים ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בחוב שיש לי ביד זה במעמד שלשתן הרי זו מקודשת:
18
[The following rule applies when a man] consecrates [a woman] with an object that he has entrusted to her for safekeeping or with an article that he has lent her: If the entrusted object or borrowed article is worth a p'rutah and it exists within her property, she is consecrated.
יח
קידשה בפקדון שיש לו בידה או בשאלה שהשאילה. אם היה הפקדון והשאלה פרוטה או שוה פרוטה באחד מהן קיים ברשותה הרי זו מקודשת:
19
[The following rule applies when a man] tells [a woman]: "Behold, you are consecrated to me in consideration of my speaking to the ruling authorities on your behalf." Although [the man] indeed spoke to the ruling authorities on her behalf - [and his words had an effect,] causing them to refrain from prosecuting her, she is not consecrated unless he gives her a p'rutah of his own.
[The rationale is that] the benefit that she received from his speaking [on her behalf] is regarded as a loan, and when one consecrates [a woman] with a loan, the kiddushin are not binding.
יט
אמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בשכר שאדבר עליך לשלטון ודיבר עליה לשלטון והניח השלטון ולא תבעה אינה מקודשת אלא אם נתן לה פרוטה משלו שההנאה שבאה לה מדבריו הרי היא כמלוה והמקדש במלוה אינה מקודשת:
20
[The following rule applies when a man] tells [a woman]: "Behold, you are consecrated to me [in return] for the work that I will perform on your behalf." Although [the man] indeed performs [the work he promised], she is not consecrated unless he gives her a p'rutah of his own.
[The rationale is that] a worker earns his wages [continuously] from [the time he] begins [working] until the end. As he performs a portion of the work, he earns an [equivalent] portion of his wages. Thus, [in the above situation, the man's] wages are considered to be a debt that she [owes him]. And when one consecrates [a woman] with a loan, the kiddushin are not binding.
כ
הרי את מקודשת לי במלאכה זו שאעשה עמך ועשה אינה מקודשת אלא אם כן נתן לה פרוטה משלו. לפי שהשכירות יזכה בה הפועל מתחלה ועד סוף כל זמן שיעשה מקצת מן המלאכה זוכה במקצת מן השכר ונמצא השכר כולו מלוה אצלה והמקדש במלוה אינה מקודשת:
21
[The following rule applies when a woman] tells [a man]: "Give so and so a present, and I will be consecrated to you." If he tells her, "Behold, you are consecrated to me for the sake of the present I gave upon your request," the kiddushin are binding. Although she [personally] did not receive anything, she derived benefit from the fact that her will was carried out, and the other derived benefit because of her.
Similarly, if she told him, "Give a dinar to so and so as a present, and I will be consecrated to him," the kiddushin are binding provided the person who receives the present tells [the woman]: "Behold, you are consecrated to me by virtue of the pleasure [you derived] from the present that I received at your request."
כא
האשה שאמרה תן דינר לפלוני מתנה ואתקדש אני לך ונתן ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בהנאת מתנה זו שנתתי על פיך הרי זו מקודשת. אע"פ שלא הגיע לה כלום הרי נהנית ברצונה שנעשה ונהנה פלוני בגללה. וכן אם אמרה לו תן דינר לפלוני מתנה ואתקדש לו ונתן לו וקידשה אותו פלוני ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בהנאת מתנה זו שקבלתי ברצונך הרי זו מקודשת:
22
[To cite a similar instance: A man] tells [a woman]: "Take this dinar as a present and become consecrated to so and so"; the kiddushin are binding provided that the other person tells her: "Behold, you are consecrated to me by virtue of the benefit you received on my behalf," despite the fact that he himself did not give her anything.
[The following rule applies when a woman] tells [a man]: "Take this dinar as a present and I will become consecrated to you"; he receives the present and tells her "Behold, you are consecrated to me by virtue of the pleasure [you received] in my accepting a present from you." If he is an important person, she is consecrated. For she derives satisfaction from the fact that he has benefited from her, and for the sake of this satisfaction, she consecrates herself to him.
כב
אמר לה הילך דינר זה במתנה והתקדשי לפלוני וקידשה אותו פלוני ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בהנאה זו הבאה ליך בגללי הרי זו מקודשת אע"פ שלא נתן לה המקדש כלום. אמרה לו הילך דינר זה מתנה ואתקדש לך ולקחו ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בהנאה זו שקבלתי ממך מתנה אם אדם חשוב הוא הרי זו מקודשת שהנאה יש לה בהיותו נהנה ממנה ובהנאה זו הקנת עצמה לו:
23
When [a man] tells a woman: "Become consecrated to me with a dinar. [Take this article] as security until I give you the dinar," she is not consecrated to him. For she did not receive the dinar, and the security was not given to her for it to be her own.
If the man has in his possession security that he was given for a debt that a third party owes him, and he gives a woman the security as kiddushin, the consecration is binding although [the security] does not belong to him. For a creditor has certain rights with regard to the ownership of security.
כג
האומר לאשה התקדשי לי בדינר והרי זה המשכון בידך עד שאתן הדינר אינה מקודשת לו. לפי שלא הגיע הדינר לידה ולא המשכון נתן להיותו שלה. היה בידו משכון על חוב שיש לו אצל אחרים וקידש בו אשה אע"פ שאינו שלו הרי זו מקודשת. לפי שבעל חוב יש לו מקצת קנין בגופו של משכון:
24
When [a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this dinar on condition that you return it to me," she is not consecrated, regardless of whether or not she returns it. For if she does not return it, his condition will not be met. And if she returns it, she will not have derived any benefit, for she will not have received anything.
כד
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה על מנת שתחזירהו לי אינה מקודשת בין החזירה בין לא החזירה. שאם לא החזירתו לא נתקיים התנאי. ואם החזירתו הרי לא נהנית ולא הגיע לידה כלום:
25
[These rulings were issued with regard to the following instances:] [A man] gave [a woman] a wreath of myrtle or the like and told her: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this." She accepted it, but [protested,] saying: "But it is not worth a p'rutah." He responded, "Become consecrated with the four zuz that are hidden in the wreath."
If she said yes, she is consecrated. If she remained silent, she is not consecrated with this money, for remaining silent after money has been given is of no consequence. There is nonetheless a doubt: perhaps the kiddushin are valid, lest the wreath be worth a p'rutah in another place.
כה
נתן לה אגודה של הדס וכיוצא בה ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בזו וקבלה אותו אמרו לו והלא אין בה שוה פרוטה ואמר תתקדש בד' זוזים המוחבאים בתוך האגודה אם אמרה הן הרי זו מקודשת. ואם שתקה אינה מקודשת במעות אלו שהשתיקה שלאחר מתן מעות אינה מועלת כלום ותהיה מקודשת בספק מפני האגודה שמא שוה פרוטה במקום אחר:
26
[The following rules apply when a man] tells a woman: "Become consecrated to me with this date. Become consecrated to me with this one. Become consecrated to me with this one." If one of them is worth a p'rutah, she is consecrated. If not, the kiddushin are merely of doubtful status, [their viability stemming only from] the possibility that one of the dates would be considered to be worth a p'rutahin another place.
כו
האומר לאשה התקדשי לי בתמרה זו התקדשי לי בזו התקדשי לי בזו אם יש באחת מהן שוה פרוטה הרי זו מקודשת ואם לאו אינה מקודשת אלא מספק שמא תשוה תמרה אחת פרוטה במקום אחר:
27
[Different rules apply if] he told her: "Become consecrated to me with this one, with this one and with this one." If together, they are all worth a p'rutah, she is consecrated. If not, the status of the kiddushin is doubtful.
[Different rules apply if] she eats [the dates] one after another as he gives them to her: If the last date is worth a p'rutah, she is consecrated. If not, the status of the kiddushin is doubtful. For the dates that she ate are considered to be a loan, and when [a man] consecrates [a woman] with a loan, the kiddushin are not valid. Thus, the status of the kiddushin [depends] solely on [the worth of] the final date.
כז
אמר לה התקדשי לי בזו ובזו ובזו אם יש בכולם שוה פרוטה מקודשת ואם לאו אינה מקודשת אלא מספק. היתה אוכלת ראשונה ראשונה אם יש באחרונה שוה פרוטה מקודשת ואם לאו אינה מקודשת אלא מספק. שאותן תמרים שאכלה הרי הן כמלוה והמקדש במלוה אינה מקודשת ונמצא שאין הקידושין אלא בתמרה אחרונה:
28
If he tells her: "Behold, you are consecrated with these," the kiddushin are binding if all the dates together are worth a p'rutah. [This applies] even when she eats [the dates] one after another as he gives them to her. She is consecrated, for she is eating her own property.
כח
אמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי באלו אם יש בכולן שוה פרוטה מקודשת אף ע"פ שהיא אוכלת ראשונה ראשונה שלה היא אוכלת ומקודשת:
29
[The following rules apply when a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this cup." If it is filled with water, the consecration [depends on the combined value of] the cup itself and its contents. If it is filled with wine, the consecration [depends on the value of] the cup itself, but not its contents. If it is filled with oil, the consecration [depends on the value of] the contents, but not of the cup itself.
Therefore, if the oil was not worth a p'rutah, the status of the kiddushin is doubtful. If the oil is worth a p'rutah, she is definitely consecrated; no attention is paid to [the value of] the cup.
כט
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי בכוס זה אם היה מלא מים הרי זו מקודשת בו ובמה שבתוכו. ואם היה מלא יין הרי זו מקודשת בו ולא במה שבתוכו. ואם היה מלא שמן הרי זו מקודשת במה שבתוכו ולא בו. לפיכך אם לא היה בשמן שוה פרוטה הרי זו מקודשת בספק. ואם היה בשמן שוה פרוטה הרי זו מקודשת ודאי ואין משגיחין על הכוס:
Ishut - Chapter Six
1
[The following rules apply when a man] consecrates [a woman] based on a conditional agreement: If the condition is met, the kiddushin are binding. If not, they are of no consequence. This applies regardless of whether the condition was stipulated by the man or by the woman.
Every [valid] conditional agreement whatsoever - whether with regard to kiddushin, divorce, commercial transactions or other questions of business law - must conform to the following four rules.
א
המקדש על תנאי אם נתקיים התנאי מקודשת ואם לאו אינה מקודשת בין שיהיה התנאי מן האיש בין שיהיה מן האשה. וכל תנאי שבעולם בין בקידושין בין בגירושין בין במקח בין בממכר בין בשאר דיני ממון צריך להיות בתנאי ארבעה דברים:
2
These are the four rules governing all conditional agreements:
a) the stipulation must be twofold [with both a positive and negative statement];
b) the positive aspect must be stated before the negative aspect;
c) the stipulation should be mentioned before the completion of the deed that one desires to make conditional;
d) the stipulation must be something that is possible to comply with.
If one of these rules was not kept when a conditional agreement was made, the stipulation is nullified; it is as if there is no condition at all. Thus, [the woman] is either consecrated or divorced immediately, and the commercial agreement is completed as if no condition had ever been made, for one of the four rules of conditional agreements was not met.
ב
ואלו הן הד' דברים של כל תנאי. שיהיה כפול. ושיהיה הן שלו קודם ללאו. ושיהיה התנאי קודם למעשה. ושיהיה התנאי דבר שאפשר לקיימו. ואם חסר התנאי אחד מהן הרי התנאי בטל וכאילו אין שם תנאי כלל אלא תהיה זו מקודשת או מגורשת מיד ויתקיים המקח או המתנה מיד וכאילו לא התנה כלל הואיל וחסר התנאי אחד מן הד':
3
What is implied? [When a man] tells a woman: "If you give me 200 zuz, you are consecrated to me with this dinar. And if you do not give me [that sum], you are not consecrated," and after making this stipulation gives her the dinar, the condition is valid, and the kiddushin are subject to its terms. If she gives him 200 zuz, she is consecrated. If she does not give him, she is not consecrated.
ג
כיצד האומר לאשה אם תתני לי מאתים זוז הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה ואם לא תתני לי לא תהיה מקודשת ואחר שהתנה תנאי זה נתן לה הדינר. הרי התנאי קיים והרי זו מקודשת על תנאי. ואם נתנה לו מאתים זוז תהיה מקודשת ואם לא נתנה לו אינה מקודשת:
4
If, however, [the man] told [the woman]: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this dinar," gave her the dinar in her hand and then made a stipulation, saying: "If you give me 200 zuz you are consecrated," and if you do not give me [that sum] you are not consecrated," the stipulation is of no consequence, because he performed the deed first by giving it to her, and then making the stipulation.
[The above applies] even if everything occurred within a brief span of time; she is consecrated immediately and does not have to give [her husband] anything at all.
ד
אבל אם אמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה ונתן הדינר בידה והשלים התנאי ואמר אם תתני לי מאתים זוז תהיי מקודשת ואם לא תתני לי לא תהיי מקודשת הרי התנאי בטל מפני שהקדים המעשה ונתן בידה ואח"כ התנה. ואע"פ שהכל בתוך כדי דיבור הרי זו מקודשת מיד ואינה צריכה ליתן לו כלום:
5
Similarly, when [a man] tells [a woman]: "If you give me 200 zuz you are consecrated to me with this dinar," and then places the dinar in her hand, the stipulation is of no consequence, because the condition was not stated in a twofold manner. He did not tell her: "If you do not give me, you will not be consecrated." [Therefore] she is consecrated immediately without having to give him anything.
ה
וכן אם אמר לה אם תתני לי מאתים זוז הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה ואח"כ נתן הדינר בידה הרי התנאי בטל מפני שלא כפל תנאו. שהרי לא אמר לה ואם לא תתני לא תהיי מקודשת והרי זו מקודשת מיד ואינה צריכה ליתן לו כלום:
6
Similarly, when [a man] tells [a woman]: "If you do not give me 200 zuz, you will not be consecrated to me. But if you give me 200 zuz, you are consecrated to me with this dinar," and then places the dinar in her hand, the stipulation is of no consequence, because the negative dimension of the stipulation was stated before the positive one. [Therefore,] she is consecrated immediately without having to give him anything.
ו
וכן אם אמר לה אם לא תתני לי מאתים זוז לא תהיי מקודשת לי ואם תתני לי מאתים זוז הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה ואח"כ נתן הדינר בידה הרי התנאי בטל לפי שהקדים לאו להן והרי זו מקודשת מיד ואינה צריכה ליתן לו כלום:
7
Similarly, when [a man] tells [a woman]: "If you ascend to the heavens or descend to the depths, you are consecrated to me with this dinar. But if you do not ascend to the heavens or descend to the depths, you are not consecrated." If he places the dinar in her hand afterwards, the stipulation is of no consequence, and the kiddushin are effective immediately. For it is well known that she cannot keep this stipulation; he is merely speaking facetiously in a jesting and teasing manner.
ז
וכן אם אמר לה אם תעלי לרקיע או תרדי לתהום הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה ואם לא תעלי לרקיע ולא תרדי לתהום לא תהיי מקודשת ואח"כ נתן הדינר בידה הרי התנאי בטל והרי היא מקודשת מיד שהדבר ידוע שא"א לה לקיים תנאי זה ואין זה אלא כמפליגה בדברים דרך שחוק והיתול:
8
[The following rules apply when a man] makes a condition with regard to a deed that is possible to be performed, but that is forbidden by the Torah - e.g., he told a woman: "If you eat fat or blood, you are consecrated to me with this dinar. But if you do not eat fat or blood, you are not consecrated," or [a man tells his wife]: "If you eat the meat of pigs, this is your get. But if you do not eat it, the get is not effective." If, after making this stipulation, he placed the dinar or the get in her hand, the stipulation is valid. If the woman transgresses and eats [the forbidden article as stipulated], she will be either consecrated or divorced [accordingly]. It is not with regard to such a situation that it is said, "the person made a stipulation that contradicts what is written in the Torah." For the woman has the option not to eat and not to be consecrated or divorced.
ח
הרי שהתנה בדבר שאפשר לעשותו אלא שהתורה אסרה אותו כגון שאמר לאשה אם תאכלי חלב ודם הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה ואם לא תאכלי לא תהיי מקודשת. אם תאכלי בשר חזיר הרי זה גיטיך ואם לא תאכלי לא יהא גט. ואחר שהתנה נתן הדינר או הגט בידה הרי התנאי קיים. ואם עברה ואכלה תהיה מקודשת או מגורשת. ואם לא אכלה אינה מקודשת ואינה מגורשת. ואין אומרים בזה הרי התנה על מה שכתוב בתורה שהרי בידה שלא תאכל ושלא תתקדש ולא תתגרש:
9
With regard [to which situations] did in fact our Sages say: "Whenever a person makes a stipulation that contradicts what is written in the Torah, his stipulation is nullified, except with regard to financial matters, in which instances his stipulation is binding"?
When a person consecrates, divorces, gives or sells, dependent on a stipulation through which he wants to acquire a right that the Torah did not grant him, but rather prevented him from obtaining, or to use this stipulation to free himself from an obligation for which the Torah made him liable. In such an instance, he is told, "Your stipulation is of no consequence. The deed you have performed is binding. You are not freed from any responsibility for which the Torah obligates you, nor can you acquire any privilege that the Torah does not grant you."
ט
ובמה אמרו חכמים כל המתנה על מה שכתוב בתורה תנאו בטל חוץ מדבר שבממון שתנאו קיים. כגון שקידש או גירש או נתן או מכר על תנאי שהוא רוצה בתנאו שיזכה עצמו בדבר שלא זיכתה לו תורה ומנעה ממנו או יפטור עצמו בתנאו מדבר שחייבה אותו בו התורה שאומרין לו תנאך בטל וכבר נתקיימו מעשיך ואין אתה נפטר מדבר שחייבה אותך בו התורה ולא תזכה בדבר שמנעה אותך ממנו:
10
What is implied? For example, when a man consecrates a woman on condition that he is not obligated to provide her with her provisions or garments, nor grant her conjugal rights, he is told: "With regard to provisions and garments, your stipulation is binding, for these are financial obligations. With regard to conjugal rights, however, your condition is not binding, for the Torah has obligated you to grant these [to a woman]. Therefore, she is consecrated and you are obligated to grant her conjugal rights. You do not have the potential to free yourself of this responsibility with this stipulation." The same applies in all similar situations.
Similarly, if a man consecrates a woman whom he took as a captive for sexual relations on condition that he may have her perform servile tasks, she is consecrated and he is forbidden to have her perform these tasks, for after he had relations with her this was prohibited by the Torah. His stipulation does not empower him to a privilege that the Torah held back from him. The same applies in all similar situations.
י
כיצד כגון שקידש אשה על תנאי שאין לה עליו שאר כסות ועונה. שאומרין לו בכסות ושאר שהוא תנאי שבממון תנאך קיים אבל בעונה תנאך בטל שהתורה חייבה אותך בעונה והרי זו מקודשת ואתה חייב בעונתה ואין בידך לפטור עצמך בתנאך וכן כל כיוצא בזה. וכן המקדש יפת תואר על תנאי שיתעמר בה הרי זו מקודשת ואין לו להתעמר בה שהרי התורה מנעה אותו מלהשתעבד בה אחר שנבעלה. ולא מפני תנאו יזכה בדבר שמנעה אותו תורה אלא תנאו בטל וכן כל כיוצא בזה:
11
If a man established a condition with a woman at the time of kiddushin or divorce requiring her to engage in sexual relations with her father, her brother, her son or the like, it is as if he made a stipulation that she ascend to the heavens or descend to the depths, and his condition is of no consequence. For it is not within the woman's capacity to cause others to transgress and to engage in a forbidden sexual relationship. Thus, he has made a stipulation that she is incapable of fulfilling. The same applies with regard to all similar instances.
יא
התנה על האשה בשעת קידושין או בשעת גירושין שתבעל לאביה ולאחיה או לבנה וכיוצא בזה הרי זה כמי שהתנה עליה שתעלה לרקיע או שתרד לתהום ותנאו בטל שאין בידה שיעברו אחרים ויבאו על הערוה ונמצא שהתנה עמה בדבר שאינו בידה לקיימו וכן כל כיוצא בזה:
12
If, however, the man made a stipulation that she [influence] so and so to "give me his courtyard or to have his daughter marry my son," the stipulation is binding. For it is in her capacity to fulfill it, she can give so and so a large amount of money so that he will [consent to] give the man [making the condition] his courtyard or have his daughter marry that man's son. For in this instance, there is no sin involved. The same applies with regard to all similar instances.
יב
אבל אם התנה עליה שיתן לי פלוני חצירו או שישיא בתו לבני וכיוצא בזה תנאו קיים שהרי אפשר בידה לקיימו ותתן לפלוני ממון רב עד שיתן לו חצירו ועד שישיא בתו לבנו שהרי אין כאן עבירה וכן כל כיוצא בזה:
13
Have in mind at all times all these guidelines that have been mentioned with regard to conditional agreements. Whenever you hear the expression "A man consecrated [a woman] on the basis of these and these conditions," "gave a divorce on the basis of these and these conditions," or made a sale or gave a present conditionally, you will know that the condition must fit the four rules mentioned. Thus, it will not be necessary to repeat them on every occasion. If one of these rules is not kept, the stipulation is of no consequence.
יג
שים כל אלו הדברים של תנאים לנגד עיניך תמיד. וכל מקום שאתה שומע המקדש על תנאי כך וכך או הנותן גט על תנאי כך וכך או המוכר או הנותן על תנאי תדע שהתנאי יש בו ד' דברים אלו שביארנו כדי שלא נהיה צריכין לפרש אותן בכל מקום. ואם חסר אחד מהן אין כאן תנאי:
14
Some of the later geonim maintain that a person is required to make a conditional statement twofold only with regard to kiddushin and divorce. With regard to financial matters, by contrast, a twofold statement need not be made.
It is not proper to rely on this ruling, for our Sages derived the need to make a twofold statement of the condition, and the other four rules, from the condition made [with] the members [of the tribes] of Gad and Reuven, as [Numbers 38:29-30] states: "If the members [of the tribes] of Gad... cross over. But if they do not cross over...." And this condition involved neither kiddushinnor divorce. [My ruling echoes] the decisions of the great geonim of the previous eras, and it is fitting to follow it.
יד
יש מקצת גאונים אחרונים שאמרו שאין צריך אדם לכפול תנאו אלא בגיטין וקידושין בלבד אבל בדיני ממון אינו צריך לכפול. ואין ראוי לסמוך על דבר זה שכפילת התנאי עם שאר הארבעה דברים מתנאי בני גד ובני ראובן למדו אותן חכמים אם יעברו בני גד וגו' ואם לא יעברו ותנאי זה לא היה לא בגיטין ולא בקידושין. וכזה הורו גדולי הגאונים הראשונים וכן ראוי לעשות:
15
When a man consecrates a woman conditionally, the kiddushin become effective at the time the stipulation is fulfilled, and not at the time of the [original] kiddushin.
What is implied? [For example, a man] tells a woman: "If I give you 200 zuz this year, you are consecrated to me with this dinar. But if I do not give you, you are not consecrated." If he [made these statements and] gave her the dinar in Nisan, but gave her the 200 zuz that he stipulated only in Elul, it is in Elul that the consecration takes effect. Therefore, if another person consecrates her before the first completes carrying out his stipulation, she is consecrated to the second.
Similar laws apply with regard to divorce and monetary law. When the stipulation is fulfilled, the divorce is effective or the sale or gift is completed.
טו
המקדש על תנאי כשיתקיים התנאי תהיה מקודשת משעה שנתקיים התנאי לא משעה שנתקדשה. כיצד האומר לאשה אם אתן ליך מאתים זוז בשנה זו הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה ואם לא אתן ליך לא תהיי מקודשת ונתן הדינר לידה בניסן ונתן לה המאתים זוז שהתנה עמה באלול הרי זו מקודשת מאלול. לפיכך אם קדשה אחר קודם שיתקיים התנאי של ראשון הרי זו מקודשת לשני. וכן הדין בגיטין ובממונות בשעה שיתקיים התנאי הוא שיהיה גט או יתקיים המקח או המתנה:
16
When does the above apply? When a stipulation was made, and [the person making it did not state that the agreement took effect] from this time onward. If, however, [a man] told [a woman]: "Behold, you are consecrated to me from this time onward with this dinar if I give you 200 zuz," when at a later date he gives her the 200 zuz she is consecrated. Retroactively, the kiddushinare considered to have taken effect at the time they were given, despite the fact that the stipulation was not fulfilled until after much time had passed. Therefore, if a second person consecrates her before the stipulation has been fulfilled, she is not consecrated to that [second] person. Similar laws apply with regard to divorce and monetary law.
טז
בד"א בשהיה שם תנאי ולא אמר מעכשיו. אבל אם אמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי מעכשיו בדינר זה אם אתן ליך מאתים זוז ולאחר זמן נתן לה מאתים זוז הרי זו מקודשת למפרע משעת הקידושין אע"פ שלא נעשה תנאו אלא לאחר זמן מרובה. לפיכך אם קידשה השני קודם שיעשה התנאי אינה מקודשת. וכן הדין בגיטין ובממון:
17
Whenever a person makes a stipulation and states [that it is effective] "from this time onward," it is not necessary for him to make a twofold statement of the stipulation, nor is it necessary to state the stipulation before performing the deed involved. Even when he performs the deed first, his stipulation is effective. He must, however, make a stipulation that is possible to fulfill. A person who makes a stipulation that is impossible to fulfill is merely speaking facetiously; there is no [intent to make] a [binding] stipulation.
When a person appends a stipulation to an agreement using the wording al menat ("on condition that"), the rules that apply when the person states "from this time onward" also apply. It is not necessary for him to make a twofold statement of the stipulation, nor is it necessary to state the stipulation before performing the deed involved.
יז
כל האומר מעכשיו לא יצטרך לכפול תנאו ולא להקדים התנאי על המעשה אלא אף על פי שהקדים המעשה תנאו קיים. אבל צריך להתנות בדבר שאפשר לקיימו. ואם התנה בדבר שא"א לקיימו הרי זה כמפליג בדברים ואין שם תנאי. וכל האומר על מנת כאומר מעכשיו ואינו צריך לכפול התנאי ולא להקדימו למעשה:
18
What is implied? When [a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me on condition that you give me 200 zuz," "here is your get on condition that you give me 200 zuz," or "this courtyard is given to you as a present on condition that you give me 200 zuz," the stipulation is binding. She is consecrated or divorced, or she acquires the field, but she must give the 200 zuz. If she does not give [the money], she will not be consecrated or divorced, nor will she acquire the field.
[The above applies] even when the man did not make a twofold condition, and even though he performed the deed before stating the condition - i.e., he placed the kiddushin or the get in her hand or let her take possession of the courtyard, and then completed [the statement of] his stipulation. [The rationale for these leniencies is that] when the stipulation is fulfilled, she retroactively either acquires the field or is consecrated or divorced from the time the deed was performed, as if a stipulation had never been made at all.
יח
כיצד האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי על מנת שתתני לי מאתים זוז. הרי זה גיטיך על מנת שתתני לי מאתים זוז. הרי חצר זו נתונה ליך במתנה על מנת שתתני לי מאתים זוז הרי תנאו קיים ונתקדשה או נתגרשה וזכתה זו בחצר והם יתנו המאתים זוז. ואם לא נתנו לא תהיה זו מקודשת ולא מגורשת ולא תזכה זו בחצר. ואע"פ שלא כפל תנאו ואע"פ שהקדים המעשה לתנאי ונתן הקידושין או הגט בידה והחזיקה זו בחצר ואח"כ השלים תנאו. שהרי כשיתקיים התנאי תזכה זו בחצר ותתקדש זו ותתגרש משעה ראשונה שבה נעשה המעשה כאילו לא היה שם תנאי כלל:
Ishut - Chapter Seven
1
[The following rules apply when a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me on condition that my father will consent." If his father consents, she is consecrated. If he does not consent, if he remained silent, or if he died before he heard of the matter, she is not consecrated.
[If the man tells her: "Behold, you are consecrated to me] on condition that my father does not object." If he hears and objects, she is not consecrated. If he does not object or he dies, she is consecrated. If the son dies, and the father hears afterwards, we instruct the father to say: "I do not consent," so the kiddushin will not be effective, and the woman will not be obligated to undergo the rites of yibbum.
א
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי ע"מ שירצה אבי רצה האב מקודשת לא רצה או ששתק או שמת קודם שישמע הדבר אינה מקודשת. על מנת שלא ימחה אבי שמע ומיחה אינה מקודשת. לא מיחה או שמת הרי זו מקודשת. מת הבן ואחר כך שמע האב מלמדין האב שיאמר איני רוצה כדי שלא יהו קידושין ולא תפול לפני יבם:
2
[The following rules apply when a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this [item] on condition that I possess 200 zuz or land on which it is fit to grow a kor of grain." If there are witnesses who say that he possesses these entities, the kiddushin are binding. If there are no witnesses, [the kiddushin are not nullified entirely; instead,] their status is doubtful. Perhaps he possesses these entities and says he does not own them in order to cause the woman difficulties.
ב
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי בזה על מנת שיש לי מאתים זוז או בית כור עפר אם יש שם עדים שיש לו הרי זו מקודשת. ואם אין לו הרי זו מקודשת מספק שמא יש לו והוא אומר אין לי כדי לקלקלה:
3
[The following rules apply when he tells her:] "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this [item] on condition that I possess 200 zuz or land on which it is fit to grow a kor of grain in a particular place." If he possesses these entities in that place, the kiddushin are binding. If he does not possess these entities in the place he specified, [the kiddushin are not nullified entirely; instead,] their status is doubtful. Perhaps he possesses these entities in that place [and says he does not own them] in order to cause the woman difficulties.
ג
הרי את מקודשת לי בזה על מנת שיש לי מאתים זוז או בית כור עפר במקום פלוני. אם יש לו באותו מקום הרי זו מקודשת. ואם אין לו באותו מקום שאומר הרי זו מקודשת מספק שמא יש לו שם והוא מתכוין לקלקלה:
4
[The following rules apply when he tells her:] "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this [item] on condition that I show you 200 zuz or land on which it is fit to grow a kor of grain." When he shows her these entities, she is consecrated. If he shows her money that is possessed by someone else or land on which it is fit to grow a kor of grain in a field belonging to someone else, she is not consecrated; he [must] show her what belongs to him.
If he borrowed the money, rented a field or took it on a sharecropping arrangement and showed it to her, she is not consecrated; he [must] show her what belongs to him. For when he says "I will show you," that implies that "I will show you the entity I mentioned that belongs to me and is in my possession."
ד
הרי את מקודשת לי בזה על מנת שאראך מאתים זוז או בית כור עפר הרי זו מקודשת ויראנה. הראה הזוזים ביד אחרים או שהראה בית כור עפר בשדה אחרים אינה מקודשת עד שיראנה משלו. לקח המעות בהלואה או בשותפות או ששכר השדה או לקחה באריסות והראה אינה מקודשת עד שיראנה משלו. שמשמע שאראך שאראך משל עצמי דבר זה שאמרתי לך:
5
[The following rules apply when] the man owns land on which it is fit to grow a kor of grain, but it contains clefts ten handbreadths deep or rocks ten handbreadths high. If the clefts are filled with water, they are considered to be rocks and are not included in the total measure, because they are not fit to be sown. If they are not filled with water, they are included in the total measure, because they are fit to be sown.
ה
היה לו בית כור עפר והיה בו נקעים עמוקים עשרה טפחים או סלעים גבוהים עשרה טפחים. אם היו הנקעים מלאים מים הרי הן כסלעים ואין נמדדין עמו מפני שאינן ראויין לזריעה ואם אינן מלאין מים נמדדין עמו מפני שהן ראויין לזריעה:
6
[The following rules apply when a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this [item] on condition that you are not bound by vows." The kiddushin are not binding if she is bound by any of the following three vows: that she may not eat meat, that she may not drink wine, or that she may not wear colored ornaments. If she is bound by any vow other than these, she is consecrated, even when [the husband] states: "I object even with regard to these."
If he told her, "[Behold, you are consecrated...] on condition that you are not bound by any vow," even if she has made a vow [as insignificant as] not to eat carobs, she is not consecrated.
ו
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי בזה על מנת שאין עליך נדרים ונמצא עליה אחד משלשה נדרים אלו שלא תאכל בשר או שלא תשתה יין או שלא תתקשט במיני צבעונין אינה מקודשת. נמצא עליה נדר חוץ מאלו אף ע"פ שהוא אומר מקפיד אני אפילו על זה הרי זו מקודשת. ואם אמר לה על מנת שאין עליך כל נדר אפילו נמצאת שנדרה שלא תאכל חרובין אינה מקודשת:
7
[The following rules apply when a man tells a woman:] "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this [item] on condition that you do not have any physical blemishes." If she has one of the physical blemishes that cause a woman to be deemed unfit [as a wife], she is not consecrated. If she has a physical blemish other than these, she is consecrated, even though he states, "I object even with regard to these."
What are the physical blemishes that cause a woman to be deemed unfit [as a wife]: All the physical blemishes that cause a priest to be deemed unfit [for service in the Temple] cause a woman to be deemed unfit. In Hilchot Bi'at HaMikdash, all the blemishes affecting the priests are explained. In addition, [there are other blemishes that cause] women [to be deemed unfit]. They include: foul body odor, [excessive] sweating, foul breath, deep voice, breasts of abnormal size, being more than a handbreadth larger than those of other women, a distance of more than a handbreadth between one breast and the other, a scar in the place where she was bit by a dog, and a birthmark on her forehead.
This includes even a birthmark that is very small, even if it is close to her hairline, and even if there are no hairs growing from it. This is the birthmark that is mentioned as a disqualifying factor for a woman and not for a priest. If, however, a birthmark has facial hair growing from it, or if it is as large as an isar even when no hair grows from it, it is a disqualifying blemish, both for priests and for women.
ז
הרי את מקודשת לי בזה על מנת שאין בך מומין ונמצא בה אחד מן המומין הפוסלין בנשים אינה מקודשת. נמצא בה מום אחר חוץ מאותן המומין אף ע"פ שאמר מקפיד אני אפילו על זה הרי זו מקודשת. ומה הן המומין הפוסלין בנשים כל המומין הפוסלין בכהנים פוסלין בנשים. ובהלכות ביאת מקדש יתבארו כל מומין של כהנים. ויותר עליהן בנשים. ריח רע. וזיעה. וריח הפה. וקול עבה. ודדין גסין מחברותיה טפח. וטפח בין דד לדד. ונשיכת כלב ונעשה המקום צלקת. ושומא שעל הפדחת. אפילו היתה קטנה ביותר ואפילו קרובה לשער ראשה ואף ע"פ שאין בה שיער. וזו היא השומא שיתרה אשה על הכהנים. אבל אם היתה שומא שיש בה שיער בשאר הפנים או שומא גדולה כאיסר אעפ"י שאין בה שיער הרי זה מום בין בכהנים בין בנשים:
8
When a man consecrates a woman without making any specific stipulations, and it is discovered that she has one of the physical blemishes that cause a woman to be deemed unfit, or [it is discovered that] she is bound by one of the three vows mentioned above, the status of the kiddushin is in doubt.
If [a man] consecrates [a woman] on condition that she is not bound by vows, and she was bound by vows, but [afterwards,] she went to a wise man who nullified them for her, she is consecrated.
ח
המקדש אשה סתם ונמצא עליה אחד מן המומין הפוסלין בנשים או נמצא עליה אחד משלשה נדרים הרי זו מקודשת מספק. קידשה על מנת שאין עליה נדרים והיו עליה נדרים והלכה אצל חכם והתיר לה הרי זו מקודשת:
9
If [a man] consecrates [a woman] on condition that she does not have physical blemishes, and she does have blemishes, she is not consecrated, even if [afterwards,] she goes to a physician who heals these blemishes.
When, by contrast, a man enters into a marriage contract on condition that he is not bound by any vows, and that he does not have any physical blemishes, although he is indeed bound by vows and has physical blemishes, if he goes to a wise man who nullifies the vows, and if he goes to a physician who heals the blemishes, the marriage is valid. [The rationale is that] there is no shame for a man to have had physical blemishes once they have been healed. A woman will not object because of such a thing.
ט
קידשה על מנת שאין בה מומין והיו בה מומין והלכה אצל רופא וריפא אותה אינה מקודשת. אבל אם התנה האיש שאין עליו נדרים ושאין בו מומין והיו עליו נדרים והיו בו מומין והלך אצל חכם והתירו אצל רופא וריפאו הרי זו מקודשת שאין גנאי לאיש במומין שכבר נרפאו והאשה אינה מקפדת על זאת:
10
[The following rules apply when a man tells a woman:] "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this [item] on condition that I give you 200 zuz within 30 days." If he gives her [the money] within 30 days, she is consecrated. If 30 days pass without him giving it to her, she is not consecrated.
[If a man tells a woman,] "Behold, you are consecrated to me with these zuz after 30 days," she is consecrated after 30 days, even though she used the money within the 30 days. If either he or she change their minds [and decide to nullify the marriage] within these 30 days, she is not consecrated.
י
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי בזה על מנת שאתן ליך מאתים זוז מיכן ועד שלשים יום אם נתן לה בתוך שלשים יום מקודשת ואם עברו שלשים יום ולא נתן לה אינה מקודשת. הרי את מקודשת לי בזוזים אלו לאחר שלשים יום. אע"פ שנתאכלו המעות בתוך שלשים יום הרי זו מקודשת לאחר שלשים יום. ואם חזר בו בתוך השלשים או חזרה היא אינה מקודשת:
11
If another man comes and consecrates her within these 30 days, she is consecrated to the second man forever. [The rationale is] that at the time the second man consecrated her, she was not consecrated. Therefore, the second man's kiddushin are binding and make her a married woman. Thus, after the 30 days pass and the first man's kiddushinare fit to take effect, she is already a married woman. It is thus as if the first man consecrated a married woman, in which case the kiddushin are not binding.
יא
בא שני וקידשה בתוך שלשים יום הרי זו מקודשת לשני לעולם. לפי שבשעה שקידשה השני לא היתה מקודשת ותפסו בה קידושי שני ונעשת אשת איש ולאחר השלשים יום כשיבואו קידושי ראשון ימצאו אותה אשת איש ונמצא הראשון כמי שקידש אשת איש שאין הקידושין תופסין בה:
12
[The following rules apply when a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this dinar from this time onward, and after 30 days," and another person consecrates her within the 30 days. [There is doubt regarding the matter, and] both [men] are considered as having established kiddushin that may possibly be binding. Therefore, both are required to divorce her. The divorce may be given within the [original] 30 days or afterwards.
[Should one man tell a woman,] "Behold, you are consecrated to me from this time onward, and after 30 days"; and another man comes and tells her, "Behold, you are consecrated to me from this time onward, and after 20 days," and another man comes and tells her, "Behold, you are consecrated to me from this time onward, and after 10 days," [there is doubt regarding the matter, and] all [the men] are considered as having established kiddushin [that may possibly] be binding, and every one must divorce her. [Indeed, these rules apply] even when a hundred men consecrate her in this manner.
יב
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי מעכשיו ולאחר שלשים יום בדינר זה ובא אחר וקידשה בתוך השלשים יום הרי זו מקודשת מספק לשניהם. לפיכך שניהם נותנין גט בין בתוך השלשים יום בין לאחר השלשים יום. הרי את מקודשת לי מעכשיו ולאחר שלשים יום. ובא אחר ואמר הרי את מקודשת לי מעכשיו ולאחר עשרים יום. ובא אחר ואמר הרי את מקודשת לי מעכשיו ולאחר עשרה ימים. אפילו הן מאה על הסדר הזה קידושי כולן תופסין בה וצריכה גט מכל אחד ואחד מפני שהיא ספק מקודשת לכולן:
13
When [a man] tells a woman, "Behold, you are consecrated to me [and these kiddushin apply to everyone] with the exception of so and so" - i.e., that she should not be forbidden to have relations with him - with regard to everyone else she should be considered a married woman, but with regard to him she should be considered to be single - there is doubt regarding the status of the kiddushin.
If, however, he tells her, "Behold, you are consecrated to me on condition that you are permitted to so and so," she is consecrated, and she is forbidden to that person as she is forbidden to all others. [The rationale is that] he has made a condition that is impossible to fulfill.
יג
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי חוץ מפלוני כלומר שלא תיאסר עליו אלא תהיה אשת איש על כל העולם ולפלוני כפנויה הרי זו מקודשת מספק. אבל אם אמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי על מנת שתהיי מותרת לפלוני הרי זו מקודשת ותהיה אסורה עליו כשאר העם מפני שהתנה בדבר שא"א לקיימו:
14
When [a man] gives two p'rutot to a woman and tells her: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with one today, and with the other after I divorce you," she is consecrated. When he divorces her, she becomes consecrated to him again until he divorces her a second time, because of the kiddushin established by the second p'rutah.
If, however, [a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this [item] after I convert," "...after you convert," "...after I become freed [from servitude],""...after you become freed [from servitude]," "...after your husband dies," or "...after your sister dies," she is not consecrated. [The rationale is] that he cannot consecrate her now.
יד
הנותן שתי פרוטות לאשה ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי היום באחת ובאחת לאחר שאגרשך הרי זו מקודשת. וכשיגרש אותה תהיה תקודשת עד שיגרש אותה פעם שנייה מן קידושי פרוטה שנייה. אבל אם אמר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי בזה לאחר שאתגייר. לאחר שתתגיירי. לאחר שאשתחרר. לאחר שתשתחררי לאחר שימות בעליך. לאחר שתמות אחותיך אינה מקודשת לפי שאינו יכול עתה לקדשה:
15
When [a man] tells a yevamah: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this [item] after your yavam performs chalitzah for you," she is consecrated. [The rationale is] that even if he consecrated her at present, the kiddushinwould be [at least] of a doubtful status.
טו
האומר ליבמה הרי את מקודשת לי בזה לאחר שיחלוץ ליך יבמיך הרי זו מקודשת הואיל ואילו קידשה עתה היו קידושין תופסין בה מספק:
16
When a man tells a friend, "If your wife gives birth to a girl, [the girl] is consecrated to me with this [item]," his statements are of no consequence. If the friend's wife is pregnant, and the existence of a fetus has been recognized, [the girl] is consecrated. [Nevertheless,] it appears to me that [the man] must consecrate [his bride] again via her father after she is born, so that she will enter a marriage bond about which there are no questions.
טז
האומר לחבירו אם ילדה אשתך נקבה הרי היא מקודשת לי בזה לא אמר כלום. ואם היתה אשת חבירו מעוברת והוכר העובר הרי זו מקודשת. ויראה לי שצריך לחזור ולקדש אותה אחר שתלד ע"י אביה כדי שיכניס אותה בקידושין שאין בהן דופי:
17
When [a man] tells a woman: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with 100 dinarim," and gives her at least one dinar, she is consecrated, provided he gives her the entire sum. It is as if he told her, "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this dinar on condition that I give you 100 dinarim." [In such an instance,] the kiddushin take effect from [the time he gave her the first dinar].
When does the above apply? When he told her "with 100 dinarim" without specifying [any particular dinarim]. If, however, he is more explicit and tells her, "Behold, you are consecrated to me with these 100 dinarim," and begins counting them out into her hand, she is not consecrated until he gives her [all 100]. Either of them may retract their consent until the very last dinar is given.
Similarly, if one of the dinarim was found lacking the standard weight, or one was a dinar of brass, she is not consecrated.[The following rules apply when] one of the dinarim was inferior: If it would be accepted with difficulty, [the kiddushin are valid, provided] he exchanges it. If it would not [be accepted], the kiddushin are of no consequence.
יז
האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי במאה דינרין ונתן לה אפילו דינר אחד הרי זו מקודשת משלקחה הדינר והוא שישלים לה השאר. שזה כמי שאמר הרי את מקודשת לי בדינר זה על מנת שאשלים ליך מאה דינרים שהיא מקודשת לו מעכשיו. בד"א כשאמר לה במאה דינרים סתם אבל אם פירש ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי במאה דינרין אלו והתחיל למנות לתוך ידה אינה מקודשת עד שישלים [לה מאה] ואפילו בדינר האחרון שניהם יכולים לחזור זה בזה. וכן אם נמצא מנה חסר דינר או נמצא מהן דינר נחשת אינה מקודשת. נמצא בהם דינר רע אם יכולה להוציאו על ידי הדחק יחליפנו ואם לאו אינה מקודשת:
18
[The following rules apply when a man] tells [a woman]: "Behold, you are consecrated to me with these clothes that are worth 50 dinarim." When they are silk or of similar fabrics that a woman would desire, and they are worth 50 [dinarim], the woman is consecrated from the time she took them onward. There is no need that they be evaluated in the market, and only afterwards, when the woman is assured [of their value], will she be consecrated. Instead, since they are worth the amount he states, she is consecrated from the time of the initial [exchange]. If they are not worth [that amount], she is not consecrated.
יח
אמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי בבגדים אלו שהן שוין חמשים דינרים והיו של משי וכיוצא בהן שהאשה מתאווה להן אם היו שוין חמשים הרי זו מקודשת משעת לקיחה. ואינן צריכין שומא בשוק ואחר כך תהיה מקודשת כדי שתסמוך דעתה אלא הואיל והן שוין כמו שאמר לה הרי זו מקודשת משעה ראשונה. ואם אינן שוין אינה מקודשת:
19
A man and a woman were discussing the subject of their consecration, he saying: "I will consecrate you with 100 dinarim," and she saying: "I will not be consecrated for less than 200 [dinarim]." [Since they did not agree,] they both went home.
[The following rules apply when] afterwards, [either the man or the woman requested the other [to reconsider], and the man consecrated her without specifying a sum. If the man made the request of the woman, the sum [originally] quoted by the woman is accepted. If the woman made the request of the man, the sum [originally] quoted by the man is accepted.
יט
איש ואשה שהיו עסוקין בדברי אירוסין הוא אומר במאה דינרים אקדש אותך והיא אומרת איני מתקדשת לך אלא במאתים והלך זה לביתו וזו לביתה ואחר כך תבעו זה את זה וקדשו סתם. אם האיש תבע את האשה יעשו דברי האשה ואם האשה תבעה את האיש יעשו דברי האיש:
20
When a man appoints an agent to consecrate a woman, and the agent consecrates her on the basis of a conditional agreement, the kiddushin are not valid. Similarly, if [the principal] instructed the agent to consecrate the woman on the basis of a conditional agreement, and he consecrated her without making any stipulation whatsoever, or made another stipulation or changed the stipulation stated by the principal, the kiddushin are not valid.
כ
העושה שליח לקדש לו אשה והלך השליח וקדשה על תנאי אינה מקודשת. וכן אם אמר לו לקדשה על תנאי והלך וקדשה סתם או על תנאי אחר או ששינה את התנאי אינה מקודשת:
21
When [the principal] tells the agent: "Consecrate her in this and this place," and the agent consecrated her in another place, the kiddushin are not valid.[If the principal tells the agent:] "Consecrate her for me. She is in this and this place," and the agent goes and consecrates her in another place, she is consecrated; he is merely suggesting to him the place [where she might be found].
Similarly, if [the woman] tells her agent, "Receive kiddushin for me in this and this place," and the agent received them for her in another place, the kiddushin are not valid. [If she told her agent: "Receive kiddushin for me. My prospective] husband is in this and this place," and [the agent] receives the kiddushin in another place, she is consecrated; she is merely suggesting to him the place [where he might be found].
כא
אמר לו קדשה לי במקום פלוני והלך וקידשה במקום אחר אינה מקודשת. קדשה לי והרי היא במקום פלוני והלך וקידשה במקום אחר הרי זו מקודשת מפני שמראה מקום הוא לו. וכן היא שאמרה לשלוחה קבל לי קידושי במקום פלוני וקבלם לה במקום אחר אינה מקודשת. הרי הבעל במקום פלוני וקבל לה במקום אחר הרי זו מקודשת מפני שמראה מקום היא לו:
22
When [a man] consecrates a woman, but he or she desires to retract immediately - even if the retraction is made within a very short amount of time - the retraction is of no consequence and the woman is consecrated.
כב
המקדש את האשה וחזרו בו מיד הוא או היא אף ע"פ שחזרו בתוך כדי דיבור אין חזרתה כלום והרי היא מקודשת:
23
When [a man] consecrates [a woman] and attaches a condition [to the kiddushin], and after several days changes his mind and nullifies the condition, the condition is of no consequence and it is as if the woman had been consecrated without any condition ever having been made. [This law applies] even when he nullifies the condition in the presence of his intended bride alone, without this being observed by witnesses. Similarly, if the woman was the one who attached a condition to the kiddushin, and afterwards nullified it in the presence of her prospective husband alone, the condition is of no consequence.
Therefore, if [a man] consecrated [a woman] and attached a condition [to the kiddushin], and afterwards, brought her [to the chuppah] without mentioning the condition, or engaged in sexual relations with her without mentioning the condition, she must receive a divorce [before she marries another man] even though the condition was never fulfilled. [The rationale is that] perhaps [the man] nullified the condition when he brought her [to the chuppah] or when he engaged in sexual relations with her.
Similarly, when [a man] consecrates a woman with [an article] worth less than a p'rutah or with a loan, and then engages in sexual relations [with this woman] in the presence of witnesses, without making a statement of intent, the woman must receive a divorce [before she marries another man]. [The rationale is that] perhaps [the man intended to consecrate her through these relations] and relied on them, rather than on the kiddushin that are inadequate.
[The principle on which these rulings depend is:] It is an accepted presumption that no virtuous Jewish man will enter into sexual relations that are wanton when he has the potential to engage in these relations in a way that is a mitzvah.
כג
המקדש על תנאי וחזר אחר כמה ימים וביטל התנאי אף ע"פ שבטלו בינו לבינה שלא בפני עדים בטל התנאי והרי היא מקודשת סתם. וכן אם היה התנאי מן האשה ובטלה אותו (אח"כ) בינה ובינו בטל התנאי. לפיכך המקדש על תנאי וכנס סתם או בעל סתם הרי זו צריכה גט אע"פ שלא נתקיים התנאי שמא ביטל התנאי כשבעל או כשכנס. וכן המקדש בפחות משוה פרוטה או במלוה וחזר ובעל סתם בפני עדים צריכה גט שעל בעילה זו סמך ולא על אותן הקידושין הפסולין חזקה היא שאין אדם מישראל הכשרים עושה בעילתו בעילת זנות והרי בידו עתה לעשותה בעילת מצוה:
Hayom Yom:
| Monday | Kislev 2 | 5704 |
| Torah lessons: | Chumash: Chumash: Vayeitsei, Sheini with Rashi. |
| Tehillim: 10-17. |
| Tanya: Now, in one (p. 603)...Yetzirah and Asiyah. (p. 603). |
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My grandfather once explained in a maamar the statement, R. Elazar first gave a coin to a pauper and then davened: "Davening must be with life. By giving, before davening, charity to a pauper - thereby giving him life - one's davening is suffused with a great increase of 'aliveness'." So saying he motioned with his hand in an upwards gesture to indicate that the increase is beyond imagination. Indeed my father would often seek out a pauper before davening to give him food.
Compiled and arranged by the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, of righteous memory, in 5703 (1943) from the talks and letters of the sixth Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, of righteous memory.
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