Wednesday, June 6, 2018
1. Changes in church attendance patterns
Since 2001, worship attendance had been trending downward in many denominations, following a modest rebound in the 1990s. And declining worship attendance now plagues evangelical and Catholic churches in addition to the mainline. One contributing factor seems to be that “regular attenders” come to worship less regularly than in the past when pillars of the church would be in the pew virtually every Sunday. Today, many churches report that even their most faithful members sometimes attend only a couple of Sundays a month.
2. Changing life styles
Savvy congregations understand that church engagement can no longer be narrowly contained by traditional ideas about where and when church happens.
The changing nature of young adulthood for generations born in the wake of the Baby Boom is one reason young adults are so absent in many churches today. Delayed marriage is perhaps the most notable trend. Since the 1960s, the average age for marriage among both men and women has risen 25 percent. Churches assuming that young adults will return once they marry and have children may be waiting a long time — forever, in fact, because these young adults may never come back. Churches do just about as well in attracting young marrieds with children as they ever did, but this group has become a much smaller slice of the young adult population. The percentage of singles exceeded the percentage of marrieds among American adults for the first time in 2014, suggesting the need to adapt ministry models that are explicitly or implicitly focused on families.
3. The impact of income inequality
In his poignant book Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis, sociologist Robert Putnam describes how growing income inequality has eroded the American middle class, increasing fragile families and at-risk children. While many churches claim a calling to support families and children in need, the sad fact is that non-traditional families — singles, unwed mothers, divorced parents, grandparents raising children — often feel unwelcome in congregations they see as bastions of middle-class propriety. Churches often draw their participants from a decreasing cohort of “traditional families” whose lifestyle is increasingly associated with higher levels of income and education, while lower income families are increasingly dechurched, with each successive generation more distant from the church.
4. Demographic shifts and increasing cultural diversity
Demographers predict that non-whites will constitute the majority of the U.S. population by 2040 or 2050, and gentrification is reshaping the urban landscape in many major cities. Typically, congregations are slow to adjust to demographic change in their communities. And many urban and inner-ring suburban churches, weakened over decades as people moved further and further from cities, may not be nimble enough to adjust to the reversed flow. It is increasingly important that successful church leaders prioritize intercultural competence and inclusive approaches to ministry.
5. Changes in how people connect with congregations
We often expect that new people will become part of our churches by first attending worship, then visiting for a few Sundays before being received as members. But many newcomers today are less interested in joining even if they plan to stay around and get involved. Additionally, worship is no longer the only point of entry. Savvy congregations are developing mission activities, small groups, and online experiences as meaningful points of entry. They understand that church engagement no longer conforms to traditional ideas about where and when church happens.
6. The imperative of reaching beyond church walls
The idea that a church can simply fling open its doors and welcome those who come rests on the outdated cultural assumption that people wake up on Sunday morning motivated to find their way to a church. Successful congregations need to become “go to” churches rather than “come here” churches by extending their spiritual presence into the day-to-day places where people actually live and gather. New research on religion in everyday life provides hope to congregations that seek to connect with the spiritual impulses and religious memories of “nones” and “dones.”
7. Changes in how faith formation happens
How are people being brought up in faith today? Many are no longer taught at home. The Sunday School movement is waning. And preaching isn’t as significant a factor if people attend worship more erratically. Congregations attentive to these trends are developing more intentional discipleship systems, emphasizing organic approaches to faith formation such as relational mentoring, and exploring how spiritual development can be fostered through mission engagement.
8. Creative approaches to church financing
Just as the paradigm of church membership is challenged as people grow more skeptical of institutions, so too is reliance on pledging and tithing. Online giving holds great promise, not just for established givers, but also for those who might be reached through creative online fundraising on social media platforms. Looking to the example of other nonprofits, some congregations are more aggressively pursuing major gifts. And others are leveraging the value of their buildings and property through rentals or redevelopment opportunities.
9. Changes in the religious workforce
As the average age of ordained clergy continues to rise in most denominations, the contours of the religious workforce are evolving with more part-time and bi-vocational clergy, with more laity taking on significant roles as paid staff or volunteers, and with more of those called to ministry serving in non-congregational settings. These changes have sweeping impact on how congregations fulfill their missions and on how people are prepared for ministry, and they require much more study.
Nimbleness and adaptivity are the name of the game in this time of disruptive change in the church.
Related Resources:
The changing nature of young adulthood for generations born in the wake of the Baby Boom is one reason young adults are so absent in many churches today. Delayed marriage is perhaps the most notable trend. Since the 1960s, the average age for marriage among both men and women has risen 25 percent. Churches assuming that young adults will return once they marry and have children may be waiting a long time — forever, in fact, because these young adults may never come back. Churches do just about as well in attracting young marrieds with children as they ever did, but this group has become a much smaller slice of the young adult population. The percentage of singles exceeded the percentage of marrieds among American adults for the first time in 2014, suggesting the need to adapt ministry models that are explicitly or implicitly focused on families.
3. The impact of income inequality
In his poignant book Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis, sociologist Robert Putnam describes how growing income inequality has eroded the American middle class, increasing fragile families and at-risk children. While many churches claim a calling to support families and children in need, the sad fact is that non-traditional families — singles, unwed mothers, divorced parents, grandparents raising children — often feel unwelcome in congregations they see as bastions of middle-class propriety. Churches often draw their participants from a decreasing cohort of “traditional families” whose lifestyle is increasingly associated with higher levels of income and education, while lower income families are increasingly dechurched, with each successive generation more distant from the church.
4. Demographic shifts and increasing cultural diversity
Demographers predict that non-whites will constitute the majority of the U.S. population by 2040 or 2050, and gentrification is reshaping the urban landscape in many major cities. Typically, congregations are slow to adjust to demographic change in their communities. And many urban and inner-ring suburban churches, weakened over decades as people moved further and further from cities, may not be nimble enough to adjust to the reversed flow. It is increasingly important that successful church leaders prioritize intercultural competence and inclusive approaches to ministry.
5. Changes in how people connect with congregations
We often expect that new people will become part of our churches by first attending worship, then visiting for a few Sundays before being received as members. But many newcomers today are less interested in joining even if they plan to stay around and get involved. Additionally, worship is no longer the only point of entry. Savvy congregations are developing mission activities, small groups, and online experiences as meaningful points of entry. They understand that church engagement no longer conforms to traditional ideas about where and when church happens.
6. The imperative of reaching beyond church walls
The idea that a church can simply fling open its doors and welcome those who come rests on the outdated cultural assumption that people wake up on Sunday morning motivated to find their way to a church. Successful congregations need to become “go to” churches rather than “come here” churches by extending their spiritual presence into the day-to-day places where people actually live and gather. New research on religion in everyday life provides hope to congregations that seek to connect with the spiritual impulses and religious memories of “nones” and “dones.”
7. Changes in how faith formation happens
How are people being brought up in faith today? Many are no longer taught at home. The Sunday School movement is waning. And preaching isn’t as significant a factor if people attend worship more erratically. Congregations attentive to these trends are developing more intentional discipleship systems, emphasizing organic approaches to faith formation such as relational mentoring, and exploring how spiritual development can be fostered through mission engagement.
8. Creative approaches to church financing
Just as the paradigm of church membership is challenged as people grow more skeptical of institutions, so too is reliance on pledging and tithing. Online giving holds great promise, not just for established givers, but also for those who might be reached through creative online fundraising on social media platforms. Looking to the example of other nonprofits, some congregations are more aggressively pursuing major gifts. And others are leveraging the value of their buildings and property through rentals or redevelopment opportunities.
9. Changes in the religious workforce
As the average age of ordained clergy continues to rise in most denominations, the contours of the religious workforce are evolving with more part-time and bi-vocational clergy, with more laity taking on significant roles as paid staff or volunteers, and with more of those called to ministry serving in non-congregational settings. These changes have sweeping impact on how congregations fulfill their missions and on how people are prepared for ministry, and they require much more study.
Nimbleness and adaptivity are the name of the game in this time of disruptive change in the church.
Related Resources:
- The Worship Recession by Lovett H. Weems, Jr.
- The New Welcome Video Tool Kit
- Taking Church to the Community Video Tool Kit
Read more.
Honoring the Context of a New Ministry Setting by Lovett H. Weems, Jr.
Lovett H. Weems, Jr., says incoming pastors tend to see everything through the lens of their own experience, vision, and interests, rather than learning how things got to be the way they are. Good leadership is always about the group, not the leader, says Weems. So it's important for new pastors to take time to understand the pulse of a new congregation.
When clergy enter a new pastoral setting, it is difficult to avoid comparing everything in the new place with what they have done in the past or to a general understanding of what is good for any church. New pastors tend to see everything through the lens of their own experiences, which may or may not fit the new context. Despite their best intentions, they often see deficiencies of past leadership much more quickly than strengths. Writing in his journal in 1924 as a young pastor in Detroit, Reinhold Niebuhr observed, “One of the most disillusioning experiences which I have had with ministers is their invariable tendency to belittle or to be unappreciative of the work of their predecessors.”
The consequences of ignoring context
Lovett H. Weems, Jr., says incoming pastors tend to see everything through the lens of their own experience, vision, and interests, rather than learning how things got to be the way they are. Good leadership is always about the group, not the leader, says Weems. So it's important for new pastors to take time to understand the pulse of a new congregation.
When clergy enter a new pastoral setting, it is difficult to avoid comparing everything in the new place with what they have done in the past or to a general understanding of what is good for any church. New pastors tend to see everything through the lens of their own experiences, which may or may not fit the new context. Despite their best intentions, they often see deficiencies of past leadership much more quickly than strengths. Writing in his journal in 1924 as a young pastor in Detroit, Reinhold Niebuhr observed, “One of the most disillusioning experiences which I have had with ministers is their invariable tendency to belittle or to be unappreciative of the work of their predecessors.”
The consequences of ignoring context
Leadership is always about a group, not the leader. Leadership begins with those whom God has given us the opportunity to serve.
Three examples illustrate what can happen if context is not considered before making major changes.
How can an entering pastor avoid such mistakes? One example of taking the time and having the interest to appreciate a new context involves a pastor whose personal passion had always centered on teaching and education. In every church he served, he would establish high quality studies that offered wonderful opportunities to learn more about the Bible, history, theology, and ethics. After serving many years at a church where the interest in Christian education matched his, this pastor went to another church whose identity revolved around mission. From the first day, every person the new pastor met talked about the congregation’s vast engagement in a multitude of mission initiatives. It would have been tempting for this incoming pastor to say, “That’s wonderful” and then proceed to implement his own priorities around education and learning.
Instead, the new pastor spent the first year immersed in the congregation’s vital life of mission. He came to understand the culture of the church and to know the key leaders well. After a year, the pastor began asking some of those leaders some questions such as, “Have you ever studied biblical models of mission? Or the history of missions? Or the theology of mission?” Invariably, those active leaders were unaware that such learning was available. “Could we study that?” and “I’d love to know more” were the responses. Out of these conversations emerged a Mission Academy that gave those active in mission the opportunity each year to study in depth a new aspect of the biblical, theological, historical, or ethical dimensions of mission. It also gave the pastor a chance to exercise his vision and gifts in a way that fit the new context.
The pastor began with the people God had given rather than beginning with the pastor’s interests. This is a good reminder of something we know about leadership but often forget — leadership is always about a group, not the leader. Leadership begins with those whom God has given us the opportunity to serve.
Related Resources:
Three examples illustrate what can happen if context is not considered before making major changes.
- A church had developed a strong tradition of recognizing on All Saints Sunday members who had died in the past year. While naming and ringing a bell for each of the deceased took a brief portion of the service, the care with which it was planned and promoted made All Saints Sunday one of the best attended Sundays of the year. It also became an occasion for people to learn about the history and meaning of a Christian tradition new to many of them. An entering pastor moved this recognition from All Saints to Memorial Day Sunday without adequately inquiring about the local tradition. The Memorial Day recognition never caught on in this church so schooled in the All Saints tradition.
- In another case, a church had for years held youth confirmation on Easter, certainly an appropriate time. But there was always a time crunch, and, with extra attendance, families of confirmands were not always able to sit together. So the congregation shifted the reception of confirmation class members to Pentecost Sunday, also a meaningful time for such an important event. But a new pastor, who had always received confirmation classes into membership on Easter, changed confirmation back to Easter. This pastor, who had previously served in smaller churches, failed to understand the challenges of Easter confirmation experienced by the new church and without appropriate consultation made a poor decision.
- The third example occurred when a pastor very interested in mission went to a church with a long history of mission engagement. That match was good. However, the new pastor failed to recognize the strong ties between the church and a particular place where youth mission teams had served for the past 20 years. The incoming pastor had similar long connections with another place equally in need of help and, by the pastor’s second year, had changed the mission trip location with little consultation.
How can an entering pastor avoid such mistakes? One example of taking the time and having the interest to appreciate a new context involves a pastor whose personal passion had always centered on teaching and education. In every church he served, he would establish high quality studies that offered wonderful opportunities to learn more about the Bible, history, theology, and ethics. After serving many years at a church where the interest in Christian education matched his, this pastor went to another church whose identity revolved around mission. From the first day, every person the new pastor met talked about the congregation’s vast engagement in a multitude of mission initiatives. It would have been tempting for this incoming pastor to say, “That’s wonderful” and then proceed to implement his own priorities around education and learning.
Instead, the new pastor spent the first year immersed in the congregation’s vital life of mission. He came to understand the culture of the church and to know the key leaders well. After a year, the pastor began asking some of those leaders some questions such as, “Have you ever studied biblical models of mission? Or the history of missions? Or the theology of mission?” Invariably, those active leaders were unaware that such learning was available. “Could we study that?” and “I’d love to know more” were the responses. Out of these conversations emerged a Mission Academy that gave those active in mission the opportunity each year to study in depth a new aspect of the biblical, theological, historical, or ethical dimensions of mission. It also gave the pastor a chance to exercise his vision and gifts in a way that fit the new context.
The pastor began with the people God had given rather than beginning with the pastor’s interests. This is a good reminder of something we know about leadership but often forget — leadership is always about a group, not the leader. Leadership begins with those whom God has given us the opportunity to serve.
Related Resources:
Read more.
The Right Question:
Leaders do not need answers. Leaders must have the right questions.
In planning for the future, some congregations have found it helpful to ask these questions:
Free Video: "Why Worship Attendance Matters and Clues for Improving It"
To help you reach new disciples, this free Lewis Center video by Lovett H. Weems, Jr., provides an overview of why worship attendance is important and ways you can improve it.
Watch now.
Pastors Moving to New Churches Need the Right Start
Are you a pastor preparing to begin ministry in a new setting? With The Right Start Video Tool Kit, you'll learn how to end your current ministry well, develop a personal transition plan, and make the most of your first days, weeks, and months in your new congregation. The Right Start is available in both Pastor's and Group Training Versions.
Learn more and watch a video preview.
Quotable Leadership:
Having inherited heavy organizational structures from the last century, leaders must lighten structure so that they can reclaim their primary roles as guiding a people to enact a spiritual mission and vision within a community. (Hayim Herring and Terri Martinson Elton)
50 Ways to Increase Worship Attendance
Worship attendance is vital to the mission of the church. Our free "50 Ways" tip sheet provides practical strategies to help you invite new people to attend worship, improve the attendance of current members, make your church visible and attractive, welcome worship guests warmly, and make worship accessible to newcomers.
Synergy: A Leadership Guide for Church Staff and Volunteers by Dr. Ann A. Michel, Lewis Center Associate DirectorThe landscape of ministry is rapidly evolving as more and more lay persons take on significant ministry roles. Yet our mindset about ministry hasn't been as quick to change. Lay ministry practitioners are often ill-prepared and underappreciated, confused about their call, and unsure of their theological identity. Dr. Michel's book Synergy is a leadership guide that speaks directly to their needs.
Learn more and order now.
The Right Question:
Leaders do not need answers. Leaders must have the right questions.
In planning for the future, some congregations have found it helpful to ask these questions:
- What current strengths do we have that we could use to meet the opportunities and challenges we face?
- What new skills or competencies do we need to develop to meet the opportunities and challenges we face?
To help you reach new disciples, this free Lewis Center video by Lovett H. Weems, Jr., provides an overview of why worship attendance is important and ways you can improve it.
Watch now.
Are you a pastor preparing to begin ministry in a new setting? With The Right Start Video Tool Kit, you'll learn how to end your current ministry well, develop a personal transition plan, and make the most of your first days, weeks, and months in your new congregation. The Right Start is available in both Pastor's and Group Training Versions.
Learn more and watch a video preview.
Quotable Leadership:
Having inherited heavy organizational structures from the last century, leaders must lighten structure so that they can reclaim their primary roles as guiding a people to enact a spiritual mission and vision within a community. (Hayim Herring and Terri Martinson Elton)
Worship attendance is vital to the mission of the church. Our free "50 Ways" tip sheet provides practical strategies to help you invite new people to attend worship, improve the attendance of current members, make your church visible and attractive, welcome worship guests warmly, and make worship accessible to newcomers.
Vital worship strengthens other areas of ministry by inspiring faith, building community, and connecting people to the congregation’s mission. Because worship is at the center of congregational life, strong attendance is more than a number. It is a vital sign.
Prepared by Robert Crossman
Improve the attendance of current members
- Strive to increase the number of times current members are in worship each year. Start with yourself.
- At least once or twice each year, perhaps in the New Year’s resolution season, teach and preach the importance of faithful worship attendance.
- Invite church members to make a written commitment to grow one step toward faithful attendance.
- Include a commitment to faithful worship attendance as part of a holistic annual stewardship commitment.
- Keep a record of attendance and monitor it.
- Know that it is important to respond to absentees before they drop out of active attendance. Once a regular attender misses six consecutive weeks, it is hard to return to the habit of consistent Sunday worship.
- Form a worship membership care team to review attendance within 24 hours of each service.
- Send a handwritten note (signed by the membership care team, not the pastor) to anyone who has missed three Sundays in a row. Say, “Looking through the attendance slips, we’ve missed your name! Hope to see you next Sunday.” In a smaller church, the wording can be more personal.
- Ask a personal friend (a choir mate, Sunday School class member, or someone who sits in the same pew) to telephone people who have missed four Sundays in a row. “Hi John. We’ve noticed that Fred has missed church the last four Sundays. Can you telephone him this evening?”
- Maintain a loving, invitational relationship with those who have been absent for five or more Sundays. Never be judgmental.
- Know that is often very difficult to return to worship after the death of a loved one. Form a Grief Support Team to send handwritten notes monthly until the family has returned to regular Sunday attendance.
- Telephone every household in the church and everyone who has ever visited to invite them to some special event four times a year. Say, “Hi, we are calling everyone related to First Church this week, reminding everyone that this Sunday the choir is singing the Messiah. I hope you will be there.”
Invite new people to attend worship
- Decide today to open your minds, hearts, and doors to new faces, even if it means changing your music, sermon content, Sunday School, and enlarging your personal circle of Christian friends.
- Pray for the unchurched in your community. Pray for children being raised outside the church, couples in marriages that don’t have Christ at their center, etc. But pray also for specific families and individuals — friends, relatives, associates, neighbors — by name every day.
- Know that personal invitations are the most effective method of increasing worship attendance. Invest 60 seconds once a week to invite someone to attend worship with you.
- Continue to invite a person every two months even if they decline your invitations. Those invited may eventually come to a season of life when they are receptive to attending worship. Regular invitations are more likely to overlap one of these seasons.
- Recycle your worship bulletins. Keep Sunday’s bulletin in your car or on your desk until you have given it to someone along with your personal invitation for them to join you in worship.
- At least once a year, perhaps in the pre-Christmas season, preach and teach the importance of becoming an inviting people. Invite the congregation to make a written commitment to grow one step toward faithful inviting and witnessing.
- Distribute to members simple printed invitations during the Christmas and Easter seasons that they can give to family and friends. Print at the top of the card, “If you are not active in a church, worship with us this season.”
- Have a “Bring a Friend Day” or “F.R.A.N.” Day — a church-wide effort to bring a Friend, Relative, Associate or Neighbor. Select a Sunday when something special is happening, such as homecoming, the start of Vacation Bible School, or Christmas Eve. And prepare as you would for company coming.
- Know that the people who are on the fringe of your church are your future, your prospect list, and your next potential generation of deeply devoted disciples. Avoid the tendency to denigrate or alienate those who are not yet fully committed disciples.
- Find ways continually to invite these “near the edges” of your church, especially those who already have a positive impression of the church, such as those who have come to the church for a wedding, a funeral, or to vote and those who already worship a couple of times a year. Do not drop them from the newsletter or membership list.
- Distribute door hangers in target neighborhoods near your church. It is more effective to cover the same 500 doors six times, than to do 3,000 doors one time.
- Send mass mailers to targeted postal routes near your church six to eight times a year. The back-to-school season, pre-Christmas, and pre-Easter times are logical for these mailing.
- Have a website. Increasingly, people use the internet and Google the same way our grandparents used the Yellow Pages. The web presence can be very simple, a single page with a map, worship times, simple welcoming invitation, and contact information.
Make your church visible and attractive
- Purchase permanent roadside directional signs to point the way to your building. If your building is not on the main highway, install a prominent sign on the highway.
- Purchase temporary yard signs to put out for a few days and then remove. They catch the eye and are relatively inexpensive. They should be very simple with little wording, such as: “Worship 10 a.m. Sunday. You’re Invited.” “Easter Sunday 11 a.m. You’re Invited.”
- Don’t hide your cars. If there is parking in front of the building, use it. Cars in the parking lot lets the community know that something important is happening at your church.
- Make a good first impression through the appearance of your building and landscaping. A well cared for exterior lets guests know that you are expecting company.
- Clearly indicate the main entry to your building so that worship guests can find it easily.
- Reserve the best parking spaces for guests. The pastor, staff, and church officers should park on the edge of the parking lot, leaving the best spaces for others.
- Make the nursery the nicest room in the church to attract and keep families with young children. It should be clean and well equipped, in an easy-to-find location close to the worship space, and staffed with adults. As your church grows, you will need pagers, check in and check out procedures, and nursery staff wearing uniforms with a photo ID.
- Have clean, neat Sunday School rooms for children. The Sunday School program should be well-staffed and well-resourced.
Welcome worship guests warmly
- Greet guests when they first arrive in the parking lot. Give a couple of people orange vests and have them wave and smile as cars pull in. On rainy days, they can escort people to the door under a church umbrella. If the lot is large, they can drive folks to the door in golf carts.
- Greet guests as they arrive at the door, saying “Good to see you. Glad you are here.” Do not ask for their names as many guests are cautious and prefer anonymity. The larger the church, the more this is true.
- Clearly mark the rest rooms, nursery, and worship rooms. In a large building with a complicated layout, have greeters stand at the intersection of hallways ready to escort guests who are unsure about finding their way.
- Find a way to acknowledge and welcome guests in worship without singling them out or embarrassing them. In many communities, guests prefer to be anonymous so don’t ask them to stand and introduce themselves.
- Have an easy and readily available method for worship guests who wish to give you their name and contact information.
- Practice the “Circle of Ten.” Encourage church leaders to personally greet everyone — member or guest — who may sit within ten feet of them on Sunday.
- Know that guests typically leave the building within three minutes after the service. Encourage church leaders to follow the “Rule of Three,” devoting the first three minutes after the benediction to speaking with people they don’t know before speaking to family and friends.
- Have greeters at all the exits, smiling, shaking hands, and simply saying to members and guests as they leave, “Glad you were here. I hope to see you next Sunday.”
- Start a “First Friends” ministry as a way to reach a new age, racial, or cultural group. Train a pool of people, from a variety of ages and stages of life, to watch for first time guests, sit by them, treat them to lunch, and telephone them the next Saturday inviting them to Sunday worship.
Make worship accessible to newcomers
- Make your worship bulletin or screens visitor friendly. Include the actual words, or at least the page numbers, for any songs or responses commonly known to members but not newcomers.
- Preach sermons that don’t assume familiarity with the inner workings of the church or a high level of previous biblical knowledge.
- Present all musical offerings well and in a style most likely to appeal to worship guests.
- Consider adding an additional worship service to reach new people who would prefer a different time; or to reach new people who would prefer a different style of worship and music.
- Start a new church or a second worship site at a different location as a way of increasing attendance.
Follow up with visitors
- Develop a systematic plan for following up with visitors after their first, second, and third visits.
- One model some use includes 1) follow up with first-time visitors with a doorstep visit before 3 p.m. that same Sunday, a letter or telephone call from the pastor within two days, and placement on the newsletter and email lists; 2) follow up with second-time visitors with telephone call within 36 hours from someone related to the visitor’s interests or needs — for example, a Youth Minister, or Sunday School Teacher, or Choir Director; and 3) follow up with persons who visit a third time with a telephone call to request a home visit.
- Invite newcomers who have visited in recent months to an informal coffee with the pastor or other social gathering that includes fellowship and information.
Dr. Robert Crossman is Minister of New Church Starts and Congregational Advancement for the Arkansas Conference of the United Methodist Church. Used by permission.
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Editor: Dr. Ann A. Michel
Copyright © 2004-2018 Lewis Center for Church Leadership of Wesley Theological Seminary
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