Torah Reading
Rosh Chodesh: Numbers 28:1 (v) Adonai said to Moshe, 2 “Give an order to the people of Isra’el. Tell them, ‘You are to take care to offer me at the proper time the food presented to me as offerings made by fire, providing a fragrant aroma for me.’ 3 Tell them, ‘This is the offering made by fire that you are to bring to Adonai: male lambs in their first year and without defect, two daily as a regular burnt offering.
Numbers 28:3 Tell them, ‘This is the offering made by fire that you are to bring to Adonai: male lambs in their first year and without defect, two daily as a regular burnt offering. 4 Offer the one lamb in the morning and the other lamb at dusk, 5 along with two quarts of fine flour as a grain offering, mixed with one quart of oil from pressed olives. 6 It is the regular burnt offering, the same as was offered on Mount Sinai to give a fragrant aroma, an offering made by fire for Adonai. 7 Its drink offering is to be one-quarter hin for one lamb; in the Holy Place you are to pour out a drink offering of intoxicating liquor to Adonai. 8 The other lamb you are to present at dusk; present it with the same kind of grain offering and drink offering as in the morning; it is an offering made by fire, with a fragrant aroma for Adonai.
9 “‘On Shabbat offer two male lambs in their first year and without defect, with one gallon of fine flour as a grain offering, mixed with olive oil, and its drink offering. 10 This is the burnt offering for every Shabbat, in addition to the regular burnt offering and its drink offering.
11 “‘At each Rosh-Hodesh of yours, you are to present a burnt offering to Adonai consisting of two young bulls, one ram and seven male lambs in their first year and without defect; 12 with six quarts of fine flour mixed with olive oil as a grain offering for the one ram; 13 and two quarts of fine flour mixed with olive oil as a grain offering for each lamb. This will be the burnt offering giving a fragrant aroma, an offering made by fire for Adonai. 14 Their drink offerings will be two quarts of wine for a bull, one-and-one-third quarts for the ram, and one quart for each lamb. This is the burnt offering for every Rosh-Hodesh throughout the months of the year. 15 Also a male goat is to be offered as a sin offering to Adonai, in addition to the regular burnt offering and its drink offering.
Today's Laws & Customs:
• Rosh Chodesh Observances
Today is the second of the two Rosh Chodesh ("Head of the Month") days for the month of Cheshvan (when a month has 30 days, both the last day of the month and the first day of the following month serve as the following month's Rosh Chodesh).
Special portions are added to the daily prayers: Hallel (Psalms 113-118) is recited -- in its "partial" form -- following the Shacharit morning prayer, and the Yaaleh V'yavoprayer is added to the Amidah and to Grace After Meals; the additional Musaf prayer is said (when Rosh Chodesh is Shabbat, special additions are made to the Shabbat Musaf). Tachnun (confession of sins) and similar prayers are omitted.
Many have the custom to mark Rosh Chodesh with a festive meal and reduced work activity. The latter custom is prevalent amongst women, who have a special affinity with Rosh Chodesh -- the month being the feminine aspect of the Jewish Calendar.
Links: The 29th Day; The Lunar File
Month of Cheshvan Begins
The month of Cheshvan is also called "Mar-Cheshvan." Mar means "bitter" -- an allusion to the fact that the month contains no festive days. Mar also means "water", alluding to the month's special connection with rains (the 7th of Cheshvan is the day on which Jews begin praying for rain (in the Holy Land), and the Great Flood, which we read about in this week's Torah reading, began on Cheshvan 17th).
Links: The Last Jew
Daily Quote:
Today's Study:
Chitas and Rambam for today:
Chumash: Parshat Noach, 4th Portion (Genesis 8:15-9:7) with Rashi
• Genesis Chapter 8
15And God spoke to Noah saying: טווַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־נֹ֥חַ לֵאמֹֽר:
16"Go out of the ark, you and your wife, and your sons, and your sons' wives with you. טזצֵ֖א מִן־הַתֵּבָ֑ה אַתָּ֕ה וְאִשְׁתְּךָ֛ וּבָנֶ֥יךָ וּנְשֵֽׁי־בָנֶ֖יךָ אִתָּֽךְ:
you and your wife, etc.: A man and his wife. Here He permitted them to engage in marital relations. See above 6:18, 7:7. אתה ואשתך וגו': איש ואשתו, כאן התיר להם תשמיש המטה:
17Every living thing that is with you of all flesh, of fowl, and of animals and of all the creeping things that creep on the earth, bring out with you, and they shall swarm upon the earth, and they shall be fruitful and multiply upon the earth." יזכָּל־הַֽחַיָּ֨ה אֲשֶׁר־אִתְּךָ֜ מִכָּל־בָּשָׂ֗ר בָּע֧וֹף וּבַבְּהֵמָ֛ה וּבְכָל־הָרֶ֛מֶשׂ הָֽרֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל־הָאָ֖רֶץ הַיְצֵ֣א (כתיב הוצא)אִתָּ֑ךְ וְשָֽׁרְצ֣וּ בָאָ֔רֶץ וּפָר֥וּ וְרָב֖וּ עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ:
bring out: It is written הוֹצֵא, but it is read הַיְצֵא הַיְצֵא means: tell them that they should come out. הוֹצֵא means: if they do not wish to come out, you take them out. — [from Gen. Rabbah 34:8] הוצא: הוצא כתיב היצא קרי. היצא, אמור להם שיצאו. הוצא, אם אינם רוצים לצאת הוציאם אתה:
and they shall swarm upon the earth: But not in the ark. This tells us that even the animals and the fowl were prohibited from mating. — [from Gen. Rabbah ad loc.] ושרצו בארץ: ולא בתיבה, מגיד שאף הבהמה והעוף נאסרו בתשמיש:
18So Noah went out, and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives with him. יחוַיֵּ֖צֵא־נֹ֑חַ וּבָנָי֛ו וְאִשְׁתּ֥וֹ וּנְשֵֽׁי־בָנָ֖יו אִתּֽוֹ:
19Every beast, every creeping thing, and all fowl, everything that moves upon the earth, according to their families they went forth from the ark. יטכָּל־הַֽחַיָּ֗ה כָּל־הָרֶ֨מֶשׂ֙ וְכָל־הָע֔וֹף כֹּ֖ל רוֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל־הָאָ֑רֶץ לְמִשְׁפְּחֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם יָֽצְא֖וּ מִן־הַתֵּבָֽה:
according to their families: They accepted upon themselves the condition that they cleave to their own species. למשפחתיהם: קבלו עליהם על מנת לידבק במינן:
20And Noah built an altar to the Lord, and he took of all the clean animals and of all the clean fowl and brought up burnt offerings on the altar. כוַיִּ֥בֶן נֹ֛חַ מִזְבֵּ֖חַ לַֽיהֹוָ֑ה וַיִּקַּ֞ח מִכֹּ֣ל | הַבְּהֵמָ֣ה הַטְּהֹרָ֗ה וּמִכֹּל֙ הָע֣וֹף הַטָּה֔וֹר וַיַּ֥עַל עֹלֹ֖ת בַּמִּזְבֵּֽחַ:
of all the clean animals: He said,“The Holy One, blessed be He, commanded me to take in seven pairs of these only in order to offer up a sacrifice from them.” - [from Tan. Vayakhel 6, Gen. Rabbah 34:9] מכל הבהמה הטהורה: אמר לא צוה לי הקב"ה להכניס מאלו שבעה שבעה אלא כדי להקריב קרבן מהם:
21And the Lord smelled the pleasant aroma, and the Lord said to Himself, "I will no longer curse the earth because of man, for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth, and I will no longer smite all living things as I have done. כאוַיָּ֣רַח יְהֹוָה֘ אֶת־רֵ֣יחַ הַנִּיחֹ֒חַ֒ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהֹוָ֜ה אֶל־לִבּ֗וֹ לֹ֣א אֹ֠סִ֠ף לְקַלֵּ֨ל ע֤וֹד אֶת־הָֽאֲדָמָה֙ בַּֽעֲב֣וּר הָֽאָדָ֔ם כִּ֠י יֵ֣צֶר לֵ֧ב הָֽאָדָ֛ם רַ֖ע מִנְּעֻרָ֑יו וְלֹֽא־אֹסִ֥ף ע֛וֹד לְהַכּ֥וֹת אֶת־כָּל־חַ֖י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִֽׂיתִי:
from his youth: This is written מִנְּעֻרָיו [i.e., without a “vav,” implying that] from the time that he [the embryo] shakes himself [נִנְעָר] to emerge from his mother’s womb, the evil inclination is placed in him. — [from Gen. Rabbah 34:10] מנעריו: מנעריו כתיב משננער לצאת ממעי אמו ניתן בו יצר הרע:
I will no longer…and I will no longer: He repeated the words to denote an oath. That is what is written (Isa. 54:9): “That I swore that the waters of Noah shall never again pass over the earth,” and we do not find an oath concerning this matter except in this [statement, in] which He repeated His words, and this [repetition denotes that it] is an oath. So did our Sages expound in Tractate Shevuoth (36a). לא אסף. ולא אסף: כפל הדבר לשבועה, הוא שכתוב (ישעיהו נד ט) אשר נשבעתי מעבור מי נח, ולא מצינו בה שבועה אלא זו שכפל דבריו והיא שבועה, וכן דרשו חכמים במסכת שבועות (לו א):
22So long as the earth exists, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease." כבעֹ֖ד כָּל־יְמֵ֣י הָאָ֑רֶץ זֶ֡רַע וְ֠קָצִ֠יר וְקֹ֨ר וָחֹ֜ם וְקַ֧יִץ וָחֹ֛רֶף וְי֥וֹם וָלַ֖יְלָה לֹ֥א יִשְׁבֹּֽתוּ:
So long as the earth exists… shall not cease: Each of these six seasons has two months, as we learned: Half of Tishri, Marcheshvan, and half of Kislev are “seedtime.” Half of Kislev, Teveth, and half of Shevat are the “cold” season, etc. in B.M. (106b). (Other editions add: So long as the earth exists — Heb. עֹד means “always,” like (Num. 19:13): “his uncleanness is permanently (עוֹד) upon him.”) עוד כל ימי הארץ וגו' לא ישבתו: שש עתים הללו שני חדשים לכל אחד ואחד, כמו ששנינו חצי תשרי ומרחשון וחצי כסליו זרע, חצי כסליו וטבת וחצי שבט קור וכו'. (עוד כל ימי, כלומר תמיד, כמו (במדבר יט יג) עוד טומאתו בו):
cold: is more severe than winter. קור: קשה מחורף:
winter: Heb. חֹרֶף, the time for sowing barley and beans, which are early (חֲרִיפִין) to ripen quickly. The cold period is half of Shevat, Adar, and half of Nissan. חורף: עת זרע שעורים וקטניות החריפין להתבשל מהר. הוא חצי שבט ואדר וחצי ניסן:
harvest: Half of Nissan, Iyar, and half of Sivan. קציר: חצי ניסן ואייר וחצי סיון:
summer: קַיִץ. This is half of Sivan, Tamuz, and half of Av, which is the time of the gathering of the figs and the time when they dry them in the fields, and it (the dried fig) is קַיִץ, as (II Sam. 16:2): “the bread and the dried fruits (וְהַקַּיִץ) for the young men to eat.” קיץ: חצי סיון תמוז וחצי אב, הוא זמן לקיטת תאנים וזמן שמייבשים אותן בשדות, ושמו קיץ כמו (שמואל ב טז ב) והלחם והקיץ לאכול הנערים:
heat: That is the end of the sunny season, half of Av, Elul, and half of Tishri, when the world is hottest, as we find in Tractate Yoma (29a): The end of the summer is more severe than the summer. חום: הוא סוף ימות החמה חצי אב ואלול וחצי תשרי, שהעולם חם ביותר, כמו ששנינו במסכת יומא (כט א) שלהי קייטא קשי מקייטא:
and day and night shall not cease: From here we deduce that they ceased for the duration of the Flood: the planets did not function, and day was indistinguishable from night. — [from Gen. Rabbah 25:2, 34:11] ויום ולילה לא ישבתו: מכלל ששבתו כל ימות המבול, שלא שמשו המזלות ולא ניכר בין יום ובין לילה:
shall not cease: All these shall not cease to perform according to their natural course. לא ישבתו: לא יפסקו כל אלה מלהתנהג כסדרן:
Genesis Chapter 9
1And God blessed Noah and his sons, and He said to them: "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. אוַיְבָ֣רֶךְ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֶת־נֹ֖חַ וְאֶת־בָּנָ֑יו וַיֹּ֧אמֶר לָהֶ֛ם פְּר֥וּ וּרְב֖וּ וּמִלְא֥וּ אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ:
2And your fear and your dread shall be upon all the beasts of the earth and upon all the fowl of the heaven; upon everything that creeps upon the ground and upon all the fish of the sea, [for] they have been given into your hand[s]. בוּמוֹרַֽאֲכֶ֤ם וְחִתְּכֶם֙ יִֽהְיֶ֔ה עַ֚ל כָּל־חַיַּ֣ת הָאָ֔רֶץ וְעַ֖ל כָּל־ע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם בְּכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּרְמֹ֧שׂ הָֽאֲדָמָ֛ה וּבְכָל־דְּגֵ֥י הַיָּ֖ם בְּיֶדְכֶ֥ם נִתָּֽנוּ:
and your dread: Heb. וְחִתְּכֶם, means “your fear,” like (Job 6:21):“You see terror (חֲתַת).” According to the Aggadah (Shab. 151b), however, it is an expression of life (חַיּוּת) , for as long as an infant [even] one day old is alive, there is no need to guard him from mice, but if Og, the king of Bashan is dead, he must be guarded from mice, as it is said: “And your fear and your life shall be.” When will your fear be upon the creatures? As long as you are alive. וחתכם: ואימתכם כמו (איוב ו כא) תראו חתת. ואגדה לשון חיות שכל זמן שהתינוק בן יומו חי אין אתה צריך לשומרו מן העכברים, עוג מלך הבשן מת, צריך לשומרו מן העכברים, שנאמר ומוראכם וחתכם יהיה, אימתי יהיה מוראכם על החיות, כל זמן שאתם חיים:
3Every moving thing that lives shall be yours to eat; like the green vegetation, I have given you everything. גכָּל־רֶ֨מֶשׂ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הוּא־חַ֔י לָכֶ֥ם יִֽהְיֶ֖ה לְאָכְלָ֑ה כְּיֶ֣רֶק עֵ֔שֶׂב נָתַ֥תִּי לָכֶ֖ם אֶת־כֹּֽל:
shall be yours to eat: (Sanhedrin 59b) For I did not permit the first man [Adam] to eat meat, but only vegetation, but for you, just as the green vegetation which I permitted for the first man, I have given you everything. לכם יהיה לאכלה: שלא הרשיתי לאדם הראשון לאכול בשר אלא ירק עשב, ולכם כירק עשב שהפקרתי לאדם הראשון, נתתי לכם את כל:
4But, flesh with its soul, its blood, you shall not eat. דאַךְ־בָּשָׂ֕ר בְּנַפְשׁ֥וֹ דָמ֖וֹ לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ:
flesh with its soul: He prohibited them [to eat] a limb [cut off from] a living creature; i.e., as long as its soul is in it, you shall not eat the flesh. — [from Sanh. ad loc.] [i.e., if the limb is cut from the animal while it is alive, it is forbidden to be eaten even after the animal expires.] בשר בנפשו: אסר להם אבר מן החי, כלומר כל זמן שנפשו בו לא תאכלו הבשר:
with its soul, its blood: As long as its soul is within it. בנפשו דמו: בעוד נפשו בו:
flesh with its soul…you shall not eat: This refers to a limb of a living creature. And also, its blood, you shall not eat-This refers to blood of a living creature. — [from above source] בשר בנפשו לא תאכלו: הרי אבר מן החי ואף בנפשו דמו לא תאכלו, הרי דם מן החי:
5But your blood, of your souls, I will demand [an account]; from the hand of every beast I will demand it, and from the hand of man, from the hand of each man, his brother, I will demand the soul of man. הוְאַ֨ךְ אֶת־דִּמְכֶ֤ם לְנַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶם֙ אֶדְר֔שׁ מִיַּ֥ד כָּל־חַיָּ֖ה אֶדְרְשֶׁ֑נּוּ וּמִיַּ֣ד הָֽאָדָ֗ם מִיַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ אָחִ֔יו אֶדְר֖שׁ אֶת־נֶ֥פֶשׁ הָֽאָדָֽם:
But your blood: Even though I permitted you to take the life of animals, your blood I will demand of one who sheds his own blood [i.e., who commits suicide]. — [from Gen. Rabbah 34:13, B.K. 91b] ואך את דמכם: אף על פי שהתרתי לכם נטילת נשמה בבהמה, את דמכם אדרוש מהשופך דם עצמו:
of your souls: Also one who strangles himself, even though no blood issued from him. — [Gen. Rabbah ad loc.] לנפשותיכם: אף החונק עצמו אף על פי שלא יצא ממנו דם:
from the hand of every beast: Since the Generation of the Flood had sinned, and they were abandoned as prey for the wild beasts, which would have power over them, as it is said (Ps. 49:13, 21): “he is compared to the silenced animals” ; therefore, it was necessary to warn the beasts about them [not to kill them]. — [from unknown midrashic sources] מיד כל חיה: לפי שחטאו דור המבול והופקרו למאכל חיות רעות לשלוט בהן, שנאמר (תהלים מט יג) נמשל כבהמות נדמו, לפיכך הוצרך להזהיר עליהן את החיות:
and from the hand of man: From the hand of one who kills intentionally, without witnesses, I will demand [his life]. Cf. Targum Jonathan , verse 6. ומיד האדם: מיד ההורג במזיד ואין עדים אני אדרוש:
from the hand of each man, his brother: From the hand of the one who loves him like a brother, and killed him unintentionally, I will demand [punishment], if he does not go into exile nor beg that his iniquity be forgiven. For even the inadvertent sinner requires atonement. If there are no witnesses to sentence him to exile, and he does not humble himself, the Holy One, blessed be He, will demand it of him, as our Rabbis expounded [on the verse] (Exod. 21:13): “And God placed him into his hand,” in Tractate Makkoth (10b): the Holy One, blessed be He, causes them to meet at the same inn, etc. [The passage reads: What is this verse speaking of? Of two men, each of whom had murdered a person; one had murdered intentionally and one had murdered unintentionally. This one had no witnesses, and that one had no witnesses. The Holy One, blessed be He, causes them to meet at the same inn; the one who murdered intentionally sits under a ladder, and the one who murdered unintentionally climbs down the ladder, and falls upon him, killing him. The one who murdered intentionally is killed, and the one who killed unintentionally is exiled.] מיד איש אחיו: מיד שהוא אוהב לו כאח והרגו שוגג, אני אדרוש, אם לא יגלה ויבקש על עונו לימחל, שאף השוגג צריך כפרה, ואם אין עדים לחייבו גלות והוא אינו נכנע, הקדוש ברוך הוא דורש ממנו. כמו שדרשו רבותינו ז"ל והא-להים אנה לידו במסכת מכות (י ב) הקדוש ברוך הוא מזמנן לפונדק אחד וכו':
6Whoever sheds the blood of man through man shall his blood be shed, for in the image of God He made man. ושֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם הָֽאָדָ֔ם בָּֽאָדָ֖ם דָּמ֣וֹ יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ כִּ֚י בְּצֶ֣לֶם אֱלֹהִ֔ים עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת־הָֽאָדָֽם:
through man shall his blood be shed: If there are witnesses, you kill him. Why? “For in the image of God, etc.” באדם דמו ישפך: אם יש עדים המיתוהו אתם, למה, כי בצלם א-להים וגו':
He made man: This is an elliptical verse. It should read: “the Maker made man,” and there are many such instances in Scripture. עשה את האדם: זה מקרא חסר, וצריך להיות עשה העושה את האדם, וכן הרבה במקרא:
7And you, be fruitful and multiply; swarm upon the earth and multiply thereon." זוְאַתֶּ֖ם פְּר֣וּ וּרְב֑וּ שִׁרְצ֥וּ בָאָ֖רֶץ וּרְבוּ־בָֽהּ:
And you, be fruitful and multiply: According to its simple meaning: the first [mention of this expression] (verse 1) was a blessing, and this [mention] is a commandment. According to its midrashic interpretation, [it is written here] to compare one who does not engage in propagation to one who sheds blood. — [from Yev. 63b] ואתם פרו ורבו: לפי פשוטו הראשונה לברכה, וכאן לצווי. ולפי מדרשו להקיש מי שאינו עוסק בפריה ורביה לשופך דמים:
Daily Tehillim: Psalms Chapters 1-9
• Chapter 1
This psalm inspires man to study Torah and avoid sin. One who follows this path is assured of success in all his deeds, whereas the plight of the wicked is the reverse.
1. Fortunate is the man that has not walked in the counsel of the wicked, nor stood in the path of sinners, nor sat in the company of scoffers.
2. Rather, his desire is in the Torah of the Lord, and in His Torah he meditates day and night.
3. He shall be like a tree planted by streams of water, that yields its fruit in its season, and whose leaf does not wither; and all that he does shall prosper.
4. Not so the wicked; rather, they are like the chaff that the wind drives away.
5. Therefore the wicked will not endure in judgement, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.
6. For the Lord minds the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish.
Chapter 2
This psalm warns against trying to outwit the ways of God. It also instructs one who has reason to rejoice, to tremble—lest his sins cause his joy to be overturned.
1. Why do nations gather, and peoples speak futility?
2. The kings of the earth rise up, and rulers conspire together, against the Lord and against His anointed:
3. “Let us sever their cords, and cast their ropes from upon us!”
4. He Who sits in heaven laughs, my Master mocks them.
5. Then He speaks to them in His anger, and terrifies them in His wrath:
6. “It is I Who have anointed My king, upon Zion, My holy mountain.”
7. I am obliged to declare: The Lord said to me, “You are my son, I have this day begotten you.
8. Ask of Me, and I will make the nations your inheritance, and the ends of the earth your possession.
9. Smash them with a rod of iron, shatter them like a potter’s vessel.”
10. Now be wise, you kings; be disciplined, you rulers of the earth.
11. Serve the Lord with awe, and rejoice with trembling.
12. Yearn for purity—lest He become angry and your path be doomed, if his anger flares for even a moment. Fortunate are all who put their trust in Him
FOOTNOTES
1.The day David was crowned. (Rashi)
Chapter 3
When punishment befalls man, let him not be upset by his chastisement, for perhaps--considering his sins—he is deserving of worse, and God is in fact dealing kindly with him.
1. A psalm by David, when he fled from Absalom his son.
2. Lord, how numerous are my oppressors; many rise up against me!
3. Many say of my soul, “There is no salvation for him from God—ever!”
4. But You, Lord, are a shield for me, my glory, the One Who raises my head.
5. With my voice I call to the Lord, and He answers me from His holy mountain, Selah.
6. I lie down and sleep; I awake, for the Lord sustains me.
7. I do not fear the myriads of people that have aligned themselves all around me.
8. Arise, O Lord, deliver me, my God. For You struck all my enemies on the cheek, You smashed the teeth of the wicked.
9. Deliverance is the Lord’s; may Your blessing be upon Your people forever
Chapter 4
This psalm exhorts man not to shame his fellow, and to neither speak nor listen to gossip and slander. Envy not the prosperity of the wicked in this world, rather rejoice and say: “If it is so for those who anger Him . . . [how much better it will be for those who serve Him!”]
1. For the Conductor, with instrumental music, a psalm by David.
2. Answer me when I call, O God [Who knows] my righteousness. You have relieved me in my distress; be gracious to me and hear my prayer.
3. Sons of men, how long will you turn my honor to shame, will you love vanity, and endlessly seek falsehood?
4. Know that the Lord has set apart His devout one; the Lord will hear when I call to Him.
5. Tremble and do not sin; reflect in your hearts upon your beds, and be silent forever.
6. Offer sacrifices in righteousness, and trust in the Lord.
7. Many say: “Who will show us good?” Raise the light of Your countenance upon us, O Lord.
8. You put joy in my heart, greater than [their joy] when their grain and wine abound.
9. In peace and harmony I will lie down and sleep, for You, Lord, will make me dwell alone, in security.
Chapter 5
A prayer for every individual, requesting that the wicked perish for their deeds, and the righteous rejoice for their good deeds.
1. For the Conductor, on the nechilot,1 a psalm by David.
2. Give ear to my words, O Lord, consider my thoughts.
3. Listen to the voice of my cry, my King and my God, for to You I pray.
4. Lord, hear my voice in the morning; in the morning I set [my prayers] before you and hope.
5. For You are not a God Who desires wickedness; evil does not abide with You.
6. The boastful cannot stand before Your eyes; You hate all evildoers.
7. You destroy the speakers of falsehood; the Lord despises the man of blood and deceit.
8. And I, through Your abundant kindness, come into Your house; I bow toward Your holy Sanctuary, in awe of You.
9. Lead me, O Lord, in Your righteousness, because of my watchful enemies; straighten Your path before me.
10. For there is no sincerity in their mouths, their heart is treacherous; their throat is an open grave, [though] their tongue flatters.
11. Find them guilty, O God, let them fall by their schemes; banish them for their many sins, for they have rebelled against You.
12. But all who trust in You will rejoice, they will sing joyously forever; You will shelter them, and those who love Your Name will exult in You.
13. For You, Lord, will bless the righteous one; You will envelop him with favor as with a shield.
FOOTNOTES
1.A musical instrument that sounded like the buzzing of bees (Metzudot).
Chapter 6
This is an awe-inspiring prayer for one who is ill, to pray that God heal him, body and soul. An ailing person who offers this prayer devoutly and with a broken heart is assured that God will accept his prayer.
1. For the Conductor, with instrumental music for the eight-stringed harp, a psalm by David.
2. Lord, do not punish me in Your anger, nor chastise me in Your wrath.
3. Be gracious to me, O Lord, for I languish away; heal me, O Lord, for my bones tremble in fear.
4. My soul is panic-stricken; and You, O Lord, how long [before You help]?
5. Relent, O Lord, deliver my soul; save me for the sake of Your kindness.
6. For there is no remembrance of You in death; who will praise You in the grave?
7. I am weary from sighing; each night I drench my bed, I melt my couch with my tears.
8. My eye has grown dim from vexation, worn out by all my oppressors.
9. Depart from me, all you evildoers, for the Lord has heard the sound of my weeping.
10. The Lord has heard my supplication; the Lord accepts my prayer.
11. All my enemies will be shamed and utterly terrified; they will then repent and be shamed for a moment.
FOOTNOTES
1.Only for a moment will they be shamed, because I will forgive them and never again mention their deeds (Metzudot).
Chapter 7
Do not rejoice if God causes your enemy to suffer—just as the suffering of the righteous is not pleasant. David, therefore, defends himself intensely before God, maintaining that he did not actively harm Saul. In fact, Saul precipitated his own harm, while David’s intentions were only for the good.
1. A shigayon 1 by David, which he sang to the Lord concerning Kush the Benjaminite.
2. I put my trust in You, Lord, my God; deliver me from all my pursuers and save me.
3. Lest he tear my soul like a lion, crushing me with none to rescue.
4. Lord, my God, if I have done this, if there is wrongdoing in my hands;
5. if I have rewarded my friends with evil or oppressed those who hate me without reason—
6. then let the enemy pursue and overtake my soul, let him trample my life to the ground, and lay my glory in the dust forever.
7. Arise, O Lord, in Your anger, lift Yourself up in fury against my foes. Stir me [to mete out] the retribution which You commanded.
8. When the assembly of nations surrounds You, remove Yourself from it and return to the heavens.
9. The Lord will mete out retribution upon the nations; judge me, O Lord, according to my righteousness and my integrity.
10. Let the evil of the wicked come to an end, but establish the righteous—O righteous God, Searcher of hearts and minds.
11. [I rely] on God to be my shield, He Who saves the upright of heart.
12. God is the righteous judge, and the Almighty is angered every day.
13. Because he does not repent, He sharpens His sword, bends His bow and makes it ready.
14. He has prepared instruments of death for him; His arrows will be used on the pursuers.
15. Indeed, he conceives iniquity, is pregnant with evil schemes, and gives birth to falsehood.
16. He digs a pit, digs it deep, only to fall into the trap he laid.
17. His mischief will return upon his own head, his violence will come down upon his own skull.
18. I will praise the Lord according to His righteousness, and sing to the Name of the Lord Most High
FOOTNOTES
1.This refers either to a musical instrument, or to a mistake committed by David, in recognition of which this psalm was written (Rashi).
Chapter 8
This psalm is a glorious praise to God for His kindness to the lowly and mortal human in giving the Torah to the inhabitants of the lower worlds, arousing the envy of the celestial angels. This idea is expressed in the Yom Kippur prayer, “Though Your mighty strength is in the angels above, You desire praise from those formed of lowly matter.”
1. For the Conductor, on the gittit,1 a psalm by David.
2. Lord, our Master, how mighty is Your Name throughout the earth, You Who has set Your majesty upon the heavens!
3. Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings You have established might, to counter Your enemies, to silence foe and avenger.2
4. When I behold Your heavens, the work of Your fingers, the moon and the stars which You have set in place—
5. what is man that You should remember him, son of man that You should be mindful of him?
6. Yet, You have made him but a little less than the angels, and crowned him with honor and glory.
7. You made him ruler over Your handiwork, You placed everything under his feet.
8. Sheep and cattle—all of them, also the beasts of the field;
9. the birds of the sky and the fish of the sea; all that traverses the paths of the seas.
10. Lord, our Master, how mighty is Your Name throughout the earth.
FOOTNOTES
1.A musical instrument crafted in Gath (Metzudot).
2.The wonders of childbirth and nursing demonstrate God’s existence to non-believers (Metzudot).
Chapter 9
One should praise God for saving him from the hand of the enemy who stands over and agonizes him, and for His judging each person according to his deeds: the righteous according to their righteousness, and the wicked according to their wickedness.
1. For the Conductor, upon the death of Labben, a psalm by David.
2. I will thank the Lord with all my heart; I will recount all Your wonders.
3. I will rejoice and exult in You; I will sing to Your Name, O Most High.
4. When my enemies retreat, they will stumble and perish from before You.
5. You have rendered my judgement and [defended] my cause; You sat on the throne, O righteous Judge.
6. You destroyed nations, doomed the wicked, erased their name for all eternity.
7. O enemy, your ruins are gone forever, and the cities you have uprooted—their very remembrance is lost.
8. But the Lord is enthroned forever, He established His throne for judgement.
9. And He will judge the world with justice, He will render judgement to the nations with righteousness.
10. The Lord will be a stronghold for the oppressed, a stronghold in times of trouble.
11. Those who know Your Name put their trust in You, for You, Lord, have not abandoned those who seek You.
12. Sing to the Lord Who dwells in Zion, recount His deeds among the nations.
13. For the Avenger of bloodshed is mindful of them; He does not forget the cry of the downtrodden.
14. Be gracious to me, O Lord; behold my affliction at the hands of my enemies, You Who raises me from the gates of death,
15. so that I may relate all Your praises in the gates of the daughter of Zion, that I may exult in Your deliverance.
16. The nations sank into the pit that they made; in the net they concealed their foot was caught.
17. The Lord became known through the judgement He executed; the wicked one is snared in the work of his own hands; reflect on this always.
18. The wicked will return to the grave, all the nations that forget God.
19. For not for eternity will the needy be forgotten, nor will the hope of the poor perish forever.
20. Arise, O Lord, let not man prevail; let the nations be judged in Your presence.
21. Set Your mastery over them, O Lord; let the nations know that they are but frail men, Selah.
Tanya: Iggeret HaKodesh, middle of Epistle 25
• Lessons in Tanya
• Today's Tanya Lesson
• Wednesday, 1 Cheshvan, 5777 · 2 November 2016
• Iggeret HaKodesh, middle of Epistle 25
• Genesis Chapter 8
15And God spoke to Noah saying: טווַיְדַבֵּ֥ר אֱלֹהִ֖ים אֶל־נֹ֥חַ לֵאמֹֽר:
16"Go out of the ark, you and your wife, and your sons, and your sons' wives with you. טזצֵ֖א מִן־הַתֵּבָ֑ה אַתָּ֕ה וְאִשְׁתְּךָ֛ וּבָנֶ֥יךָ וּנְשֵֽׁי־בָנֶ֖יךָ אִתָּֽךְ:
you and your wife, etc.: A man and his wife. Here He permitted them to engage in marital relations. See above 6:18, 7:7. אתה ואשתך וגו': איש ואשתו, כאן התיר להם תשמיש המטה:
17Every living thing that is with you of all flesh, of fowl, and of animals and of all the creeping things that creep on the earth, bring out with you, and they shall swarm upon the earth, and they shall be fruitful and multiply upon the earth." יזכָּל־הַֽחַיָּ֨ה אֲשֶׁר־אִתְּךָ֜ מִכָּל־בָּשָׂ֗ר בָּע֧וֹף וּבַבְּהֵמָ֛ה וּבְכָל־הָרֶ֛מֶשׂ הָֽרֹמֵ֥שׂ עַל־הָאָ֖רֶץ הַיְצֵ֣א (כתיב הוצא)אִתָּ֑ךְ וְשָֽׁרְצ֣וּ בָאָ֔רֶץ וּפָר֥וּ וְרָב֖וּ עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ:
bring out: It is written הוֹצֵא, but it is read הַיְצֵא הַיְצֵא means: tell them that they should come out. הוֹצֵא means: if they do not wish to come out, you take them out. — [from Gen. Rabbah 34:8] הוצא: הוצא כתיב היצא קרי. היצא, אמור להם שיצאו. הוצא, אם אינם רוצים לצאת הוציאם אתה:
and they shall swarm upon the earth: But not in the ark. This tells us that even the animals and the fowl were prohibited from mating. — [from Gen. Rabbah ad loc.] ושרצו בארץ: ולא בתיבה, מגיד שאף הבהמה והעוף נאסרו בתשמיש:
18So Noah went out, and his sons and his wife and his sons' wives with him. יחוַיֵּ֖צֵא־נֹ֑חַ וּבָנָי֛ו וְאִשְׁתּ֥וֹ וּנְשֵֽׁי־בָנָ֖יו אִתּֽוֹ:
19Every beast, every creeping thing, and all fowl, everything that moves upon the earth, according to their families they went forth from the ark. יטכָּל־הַֽחַיָּ֗ה כָּל־הָרֶ֨מֶשׂ֙ וְכָל־הָע֔וֹף כֹּ֖ל רוֹמֵ֣שׂ עַל־הָאָ֑רֶץ לְמִשְׁפְּחֹ֣תֵיהֶ֔ם יָֽצְא֖וּ מִן־הַתֵּבָֽה:
according to their families: They accepted upon themselves the condition that they cleave to their own species. למשפחתיהם: קבלו עליהם על מנת לידבק במינן:
20And Noah built an altar to the Lord, and he took of all the clean animals and of all the clean fowl and brought up burnt offerings on the altar. כוַיִּ֥בֶן נֹ֛חַ מִזְבֵּ֖חַ לַֽיהֹוָ֑ה וַיִּקַּ֞ח מִכֹּ֣ל | הַבְּהֵמָ֣ה הַטְּהֹרָ֗ה וּמִכֹּל֙ הָע֣וֹף הַטָּה֔וֹר וַיַּ֥עַל עֹלֹ֖ת בַּמִּזְבֵּֽחַ:
of all the clean animals: He said,“The Holy One, blessed be He, commanded me to take in seven pairs of these only in order to offer up a sacrifice from them.” - [from Tan. Vayakhel 6, Gen. Rabbah 34:9] מכל הבהמה הטהורה: אמר לא צוה לי הקב"ה להכניס מאלו שבעה שבעה אלא כדי להקריב קרבן מהם:
21And the Lord smelled the pleasant aroma, and the Lord said to Himself, "I will no longer curse the earth because of man, for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth, and I will no longer smite all living things as I have done. כאוַיָּ֣רַח יְהֹוָה֘ אֶת־רֵ֣יחַ הַנִּיחֹ֒חַ֒ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהֹוָ֜ה אֶל־לִבּ֗וֹ לֹ֣א אֹ֠סִ֠ף לְקַלֵּ֨ל ע֤וֹד אֶת־הָֽאֲדָמָה֙ בַּֽעֲב֣וּר הָֽאָדָ֔ם כִּ֠י יֵ֣צֶר לֵ֧ב הָֽאָדָ֛ם רַ֖ע מִנְּעֻרָ֑יו וְלֹֽא־אֹסִ֥ף ע֛וֹד לְהַכּ֥וֹת אֶת־כָּל־חַ֖י כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֥ר עָשִֽׂיתִי:
from his youth: This is written מִנְּעֻרָיו [i.e., without a “vav,” implying that] from the time that he [the embryo] shakes himself [נִנְעָר] to emerge from his mother’s womb, the evil inclination is placed in him. — [from Gen. Rabbah 34:10] מנעריו: מנעריו כתיב משננער לצאת ממעי אמו ניתן בו יצר הרע:
I will no longer…and I will no longer: He repeated the words to denote an oath. That is what is written (Isa. 54:9): “That I swore that the waters of Noah shall never again pass over the earth,” and we do not find an oath concerning this matter except in this [statement, in] which He repeated His words, and this [repetition denotes that it] is an oath. So did our Sages expound in Tractate Shevuoth (36a). לא אסף. ולא אסף: כפל הדבר לשבועה, הוא שכתוב (ישעיהו נד ט) אשר נשבעתי מעבור מי נח, ולא מצינו בה שבועה אלא זו שכפל דבריו והיא שבועה, וכן דרשו חכמים במסכת שבועות (לו א):
22So long as the earth exists, seedtime and harvest, cold and heat, summer and winter, and day and night shall not cease." כבעֹ֖ד כָּל־יְמֵ֣י הָאָ֑רֶץ זֶ֡רַע וְ֠קָצִ֠יר וְקֹ֨ר וָחֹ֜ם וְקַ֧יִץ וָחֹ֛רֶף וְי֥וֹם וָלַ֖יְלָה לֹ֥א יִשְׁבֹּֽתוּ:
So long as the earth exists… shall not cease: Each of these six seasons has two months, as we learned: Half of Tishri, Marcheshvan, and half of Kislev are “seedtime.” Half of Kislev, Teveth, and half of Shevat are the “cold” season, etc. in B.M. (106b). (Other editions add: So long as the earth exists — Heb. עֹד means “always,” like (Num. 19:13): “his uncleanness is permanently (עוֹד) upon him.”) עוד כל ימי הארץ וגו' לא ישבתו: שש עתים הללו שני חדשים לכל אחד ואחד, כמו ששנינו חצי תשרי ומרחשון וחצי כסליו זרע, חצי כסליו וטבת וחצי שבט קור וכו'. (עוד כל ימי, כלומר תמיד, כמו (במדבר יט יג) עוד טומאתו בו):
cold: is more severe than winter. קור: קשה מחורף:
winter: Heb. חֹרֶף, the time for sowing barley and beans, which are early (חֲרִיפִין) to ripen quickly. The cold period is half of Shevat, Adar, and half of Nissan. חורף: עת זרע שעורים וקטניות החריפין להתבשל מהר. הוא חצי שבט ואדר וחצי ניסן:
harvest: Half of Nissan, Iyar, and half of Sivan. קציר: חצי ניסן ואייר וחצי סיון:
summer: קַיִץ. This is half of Sivan, Tamuz, and half of Av, which is the time of the gathering of the figs and the time when they dry them in the fields, and it (the dried fig) is קַיִץ, as (II Sam. 16:2): “the bread and the dried fruits (וְהַקַּיִץ) for the young men to eat.” קיץ: חצי סיון תמוז וחצי אב, הוא זמן לקיטת תאנים וזמן שמייבשים אותן בשדות, ושמו קיץ כמו (שמואל ב טז ב) והלחם והקיץ לאכול הנערים:
heat: That is the end of the sunny season, half of Av, Elul, and half of Tishri, when the world is hottest, as we find in Tractate Yoma (29a): The end of the summer is more severe than the summer. חום: הוא סוף ימות החמה חצי אב ואלול וחצי תשרי, שהעולם חם ביותר, כמו ששנינו במסכת יומא (כט א) שלהי קייטא קשי מקייטא:
and day and night shall not cease: From here we deduce that they ceased for the duration of the Flood: the planets did not function, and day was indistinguishable from night. — [from Gen. Rabbah 25:2, 34:11] ויום ולילה לא ישבתו: מכלל ששבתו כל ימות המבול, שלא שמשו המזלות ולא ניכר בין יום ובין לילה:
shall not cease: All these shall not cease to perform according to their natural course. לא ישבתו: לא יפסקו כל אלה מלהתנהג כסדרן:
Genesis Chapter 9
1And God blessed Noah and his sons, and He said to them: "Be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth. אוַיְבָ֣רֶךְ אֱלֹהִ֔ים אֶת־נֹ֖חַ וְאֶת־בָּנָ֑יו וַיֹּ֧אמֶר לָהֶ֛ם פְּר֥וּ וּרְב֖וּ וּמִלְא֥וּ אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ:
2And your fear and your dread shall be upon all the beasts of the earth and upon all the fowl of the heaven; upon everything that creeps upon the ground and upon all the fish of the sea, [for] they have been given into your hand[s]. בוּמוֹרַֽאֲכֶ֤ם וְחִתְּכֶם֙ יִֽהְיֶ֔ה עַ֚ל כָּל־חַיַּ֣ת הָאָ֔רֶץ וְעַ֖ל כָּל־ע֣וֹף הַשָּׁמָ֑יִם בְּכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר תִּרְמֹ֧שׂ הָֽאֲדָמָ֛ה וּבְכָל־דְּגֵ֥י הַיָּ֖ם בְּיֶדְכֶ֥ם נִתָּֽנוּ:
and your dread: Heb. וְחִתְּכֶם, means “your fear,” like (Job 6:21):“You see terror (חֲתַת).” According to the Aggadah (Shab. 151b), however, it is an expression of life (חַיּוּת) , for as long as an infant [even] one day old is alive, there is no need to guard him from mice, but if Og, the king of Bashan is dead, he must be guarded from mice, as it is said: “And your fear and your life shall be.” When will your fear be upon the creatures? As long as you are alive. וחתכם: ואימתכם כמו (איוב ו כא) תראו חתת. ואגדה לשון חיות שכל זמן שהתינוק בן יומו חי אין אתה צריך לשומרו מן העכברים, עוג מלך הבשן מת, צריך לשומרו מן העכברים, שנאמר ומוראכם וחתכם יהיה, אימתי יהיה מוראכם על החיות, כל זמן שאתם חיים:
3Every moving thing that lives shall be yours to eat; like the green vegetation, I have given you everything. גכָּל־רֶ֨מֶשׂ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הוּא־חַ֔י לָכֶ֥ם יִֽהְיֶ֖ה לְאָכְלָ֑ה כְּיֶ֣רֶק עֵ֔שֶׂב נָתַ֥תִּי לָכֶ֖ם אֶת־כֹּֽל:
shall be yours to eat: (Sanhedrin 59b) For I did not permit the first man [Adam] to eat meat, but only vegetation, but for you, just as the green vegetation which I permitted for the first man, I have given you everything. לכם יהיה לאכלה: שלא הרשיתי לאדם הראשון לאכול בשר אלא ירק עשב, ולכם כירק עשב שהפקרתי לאדם הראשון, נתתי לכם את כל:
4But, flesh with its soul, its blood, you shall not eat. דאַךְ־בָּשָׂ֕ר בְּנַפְשׁ֥וֹ דָמ֖וֹ לֹ֥א תֹאכֵֽלוּ:
flesh with its soul: He prohibited them [to eat] a limb [cut off from] a living creature; i.e., as long as its soul is in it, you shall not eat the flesh. — [from Sanh. ad loc.] [i.e., if the limb is cut from the animal while it is alive, it is forbidden to be eaten even after the animal expires.] בשר בנפשו: אסר להם אבר מן החי, כלומר כל זמן שנפשו בו לא תאכלו הבשר:
with its soul, its blood: As long as its soul is within it. בנפשו דמו: בעוד נפשו בו:
flesh with its soul…you shall not eat: This refers to a limb of a living creature. And also, its blood, you shall not eat-This refers to blood of a living creature. — [from above source] בשר בנפשו לא תאכלו: הרי אבר מן החי ואף בנפשו דמו לא תאכלו, הרי דם מן החי:
5But your blood, of your souls, I will demand [an account]; from the hand of every beast I will demand it, and from the hand of man, from the hand of each man, his brother, I will demand the soul of man. הוְאַ֨ךְ אֶת־דִּמְכֶ֤ם לְנַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶם֙ אֶדְר֔שׁ מִיַּ֥ד כָּל־חַיָּ֖ה אֶדְרְשֶׁ֑נּוּ וּמִיַּ֣ד הָֽאָדָ֗ם מִיַּד֙ אִ֣ישׁ אָחִ֔יו אֶדְר֖שׁ אֶת־נֶ֥פֶשׁ הָֽאָדָֽם:
But your blood: Even though I permitted you to take the life of animals, your blood I will demand of one who sheds his own blood [i.e., who commits suicide]. — [from Gen. Rabbah 34:13, B.K. 91b] ואך את דמכם: אף על פי שהתרתי לכם נטילת נשמה בבהמה, את דמכם אדרוש מהשופך דם עצמו:
of your souls: Also one who strangles himself, even though no blood issued from him. — [Gen. Rabbah ad loc.] לנפשותיכם: אף החונק עצמו אף על פי שלא יצא ממנו דם:
from the hand of every beast: Since the Generation of the Flood had sinned, and they were abandoned as prey for the wild beasts, which would have power over them, as it is said (Ps. 49:13, 21): “he is compared to the silenced animals” ; therefore, it was necessary to warn the beasts about them [not to kill them]. — [from unknown midrashic sources] מיד כל חיה: לפי שחטאו דור המבול והופקרו למאכל חיות רעות לשלוט בהן, שנאמר (תהלים מט יג) נמשל כבהמות נדמו, לפיכך הוצרך להזהיר עליהן את החיות:
and from the hand of man: From the hand of one who kills intentionally, without witnesses, I will demand [his life]. Cf. Targum Jonathan , verse 6. ומיד האדם: מיד ההורג במזיד ואין עדים אני אדרוש:
from the hand of each man, his brother: From the hand of the one who loves him like a brother, and killed him unintentionally, I will demand [punishment], if he does not go into exile nor beg that his iniquity be forgiven. For even the inadvertent sinner requires atonement. If there are no witnesses to sentence him to exile, and he does not humble himself, the Holy One, blessed be He, will demand it of him, as our Rabbis expounded [on the verse] (Exod. 21:13): “And God placed him into his hand,” in Tractate Makkoth (10b): the Holy One, blessed be He, causes them to meet at the same inn, etc. [The passage reads: What is this verse speaking of? Of two men, each of whom had murdered a person; one had murdered intentionally and one had murdered unintentionally. This one had no witnesses, and that one had no witnesses. The Holy One, blessed be He, causes them to meet at the same inn; the one who murdered intentionally sits under a ladder, and the one who murdered unintentionally climbs down the ladder, and falls upon him, killing him. The one who murdered intentionally is killed, and the one who killed unintentionally is exiled.] מיד איש אחיו: מיד שהוא אוהב לו כאח והרגו שוגג, אני אדרוש, אם לא יגלה ויבקש על עונו לימחל, שאף השוגג צריך כפרה, ואם אין עדים לחייבו גלות והוא אינו נכנע, הקדוש ברוך הוא דורש ממנו. כמו שדרשו רבותינו ז"ל והא-להים אנה לידו במסכת מכות (י ב) הקדוש ברוך הוא מזמנן לפונדק אחד וכו':
6Whoever sheds the blood of man through man shall his blood be shed, for in the image of God He made man. ושֹׁפֵךְ֙ דַּ֣ם הָֽאָדָ֔ם בָּֽאָדָ֖ם דָּמ֣וֹ יִשָּׁפֵ֑ךְ כִּ֚י בְּצֶ֣לֶם אֱלֹהִ֔ים עָשָׂ֖ה אֶת־הָֽאָדָֽם:
through man shall his blood be shed: If there are witnesses, you kill him. Why? “For in the image of God, etc.” באדם דמו ישפך: אם יש עדים המיתוהו אתם, למה, כי בצלם א-להים וגו':
He made man: This is an elliptical verse. It should read: “the Maker made man,” and there are many such instances in Scripture. עשה את האדם: זה מקרא חסר, וצריך להיות עשה העושה את האדם, וכן הרבה במקרא:
7And you, be fruitful and multiply; swarm upon the earth and multiply thereon." זוְאַתֶּ֖ם פְּר֣וּ וּרְב֑וּ שִׁרְצ֥וּ בָאָ֖רֶץ וּרְבוּ־בָֽהּ:
And you, be fruitful and multiply: According to its simple meaning: the first [mention of this expression] (verse 1) was a blessing, and this [mention] is a commandment. According to its midrashic interpretation, [it is written here] to compare one who does not engage in propagation to one who sheds blood. — [from Yev. 63b] ואתם פרו ורבו: לפי פשוטו הראשונה לברכה, וכאן לצווי. ולפי מדרשו להקיש מי שאינו עוסק בפריה ורביה לשופך דמים:
Daily Tehillim: Psalms Chapters 1-9
• Chapter 1
This psalm inspires man to study Torah and avoid sin. One who follows this path is assured of success in all his deeds, whereas the plight of the wicked is the reverse.
1. Fortunate is the man that has not walked in the counsel of the wicked, nor stood in the path of sinners, nor sat in the company of scoffers.
2. Rather, his desire is in the Torah of the Lord, and in His Torah he meditates day and night.
3. He shall be like a tree planted by streams of water, that yields its fruit in its season, and whose leaf does not wither; and all that he does shall prosper.
4. Not so the wicked; rather, they are like the chaff that the wind drives away.
5. Therefore the wicked will not endure in judgement, nor sinners in the assembly of the righteous.
6. For the Lord minds the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked will perish.
Chapter 2
This psalm warns against trying to outwit the ways of God. It also instructs one who has reason to rejoice, to tremble—lest his sins cause his joy to be overturned.
1. Why do nations gather, and peoples speak futility?
2. The kings of the earth rise up, and rulers conspire together, against the Lord and against His anointed:
3. “Let us sever their cords, and cast their ropes from upon us!”
4. He Who sits in heaven laughs, my Master mocks them.
5. Then He speaks to them in His anger, and terrifies them in His wrath:
6. “It is I Who have anointed My king, upon Zion, My holy mountain.”
7. I am obliged to declare: The Lord said to me, “You are my son, I have this day begotten you.
8. Ask of Me, and I will make the nations your inheritance, and the ends of the earth your possession.
9. Smash them with a rod of iron, shatter them like a potter’s vessel.”
10. Now be wise, you kings; be disciplined, you rulers of the earth.
11. Serve the Lord with awe, and rejoice with trembling.
12. Yearn for purity—lest He become angry and your path be doomed, if his anger flares for even a moment. Fortunate are all who put their trust in Him
FOOTNOTES
1.The day David was crowned. (Rashi)
Chapter 3
When punishment befalls man, let him not be upset by his chastisement, for perhaps--considering his sins—he is deserving of worse, and God is in fact dealing kindly with him.
1. A psalm by David, when he fled from Absalom his son.
2. Lord, how numerous are my oppressors; many rise up against me!
3. Many say of my soul, “There is no salvation for him from God—ever!”
4. But You, Lord, are a shield for me, my glory, the One Who raises my head.
5. With my voice I call to the Lord, and He answers me from His holy mountain, Selah.
6. I lie down and sleep; I awake, for the Lord sustains me.
7. I do not fear the myriads of people that have aligned themselves all around me.
8. Arise, O Lord, deliver me, my God. For You struck all my enemies on the cheek, You smashed the teeth of the wicked.
9. Deliverance is the Lord’s; may Your blessing be upon Your people forever
Chapter 4
This psalm exhorts man not to shame his fellow, and to neither speak nor listen to gossip and slander. Envy not the prosperity of the wicked in this world, rather rejoice and say: “If it is so for those who anger Him . . . [how much better it will be for those who serve Him!”]
1. For the Conductor, with instrumental music, a psalm by David.
2. Answer me when I call, O God [Who knows] my righteousness. You have relieved me in my distress; be gracious to me and hear my prayer.
3. Sons of men, how long will you turn my honor to shame, will you love vanity, and endlessly seek falsehood?
4. Know that the Lord has set apart His devout one; the Lord will hear when I call to Him.
5. Tremble and do not sin; reflect in your hearts upon your beds, and be silent forever.
6. Offer sacrifices in righteousness, and trust in the Lord.
7. Many say: “Who will show us good?” Raise the light of Your countenance upon us, O Lord.
8. You put joy in my heart, greater than [their joy] when their grain and wine abound.
9. In peace and harmony I will lie down and sleep, for You, Lord, will make me dwell alone, in security.
Chapter 5
A prayer for every individual, requesting that the wicked perish for their deeds, and the righteous rejoice for their good deeds.
1. For the Conductor, on the nechilot,1 a psalm by David.
2. Give ear to my words, O Lord, consider my thoughts.
3. Listen to the voice of my cry, my King and my God, for to You I pray.
4. Lord, hear my voice in the morning; in the morning I set [my prayers] before you and hope.
5. For You are not a God Who desires wickedness; evil does not abide with You.
6. The boastful cannot stand before Your eyes; You hate all evildoers.
7. You destroy the speakers of falsehood; the Lord despises the man of blood and deceit.
8. And I, through Your abundant kindness, come into Your house; I bow toward Your holy Sanctuary, in awe of You.
9. Lead me, O Lord, in Your righteousness, because of my watchful enemies; straighten Your path before me.
10. For there is no sincerity in their mouths, their heart is treacherous; their throat is an open grave, [though] their tongue flatters.
11. Find them guilty, O God, let them fall by their schemes; banish them for their many sins, for they have rebelled against You.
12. But all who trust in You will rejoice, they will sing joyously forever; You will shelter them, and those who love Your Name will exult in You.
13. For You, Lord, will bless the righteous one; You will envelop him with favor as with a shield.
FOOTNOTES
1.A musical instrument that sounded like the buzzing of bees (Metzudot).
Chapter 6
This is an awe-inspiring prayer for one who is ill, to pray that God heal him, body and soul. An ailing person who offers this prayer devoutly and with a broken heart is assured that God will accept his prayer.
1. For the Conductor, with instrumental music for the eight-stringed harp, a psalm by David.
2. Lord, do not punish me in Your anger, nor chastise me in Your wrath.
3. Be gracious to me, O Lord, for I languish away; heal me, O Lord, for my bones tremble in fear.
4. My soul is panic-stricken; and You, O Lord, how long [before You help]?
5. Relent, O Lord, deliver my soul; save me for the sake of Your kindness.
6. For there is no remembrance of You in death; who will praise You in the grave?
7. I am weary from sighing; each night I drench my bed, I melt my couch with my tears.
8. My eye has grown dim from vexation, worn out by all my oppressors.
9. Depart from me, all you evildoers, for the Lord has heard the sound of my weeping.
10. The Lord has heard my supplication; the Lord accepts my prayer.
11. All my enemies will be shamed and utterly terrified; they will then repent and be shamed for a moment.
FOOTNOTES
1.Only for a moment will they be shamed, because I will forgive them and never again mention their deeds (Metzudot).
Chapter 7
Do not rejoice if God causes your enemy to suffer—just as the suffering of the righteous is not pleasant. David, therefore, defends himself intensely before God, maintaining that he did not actively harm Saul. In fact, Saul precipitated his own harm, while David’s intentions were only for the good.
1. A shigayon 1 by David, which he sang to the Lord concerning Kush the Benjaminite.
2. I put my trust in You, Lord, my God; deliver me from all my pursuers and save me.
3. Lest he tear my soul like a lion, crushing me with none to rescue.
4. Lord, my God, if I have done this, if there is wrongdoing in my hands;
5. if I have rewarded my friends with evil or oppressed those who hate me without reason—
6. then let the enemy pursue and overtake my soul, let him trample my life to the ground, and lay my glory in the dust forever.
7. Arise, O Lord, in Your anger, lift Yourself up in fury against my foes. Stir me [to mete out] the retribution which You commanded.
8. When the assembly of nations surrounds You, remove Yourself from it and return to the heavens.
9. The Lord will mete out retribution upon the nations; judge me, O Lord, according to my righteousness and my integrity.
10. Let the evil of the wicked come to an end, but establish the righteous—O righteous God, Searcher of hearts and minds.
11. [I rely] on God to be my shield, He Who saves the upright of heart.
12. God is the righteous judge, and the Almighty is angered every day.
13. Because he does not repent, He sharpens His sword, bends His bow and makes it ready.
14. He has prepared instruments of death for him; His arrows will be used on the pursuers.
15. Indeed, he conceives iniquity, is pregnant with evil schemes, and gives birth to falsehood.
16. He digs a pit, digs it deep, only to fall into the trap he laid.
17. His mischief will return upon his own head, his violence will come down upon his own skull.
18. I will praise the Lord according to His righteousness, and sing to the Name of the Lord Most High
FOOTNOTES
1.This refers either to a musical instrument, or to a mistake committed by David, in recognition of which this psalm was written (Rashi).
Chapter 8
This psalm is a glorious praise to God for His kindness to the lowly and mortal human in giving the Torah to the inhabitants of the lower worlds, arousing the envy of the celestial angels. This idea is expressed in the Yom Kippur prayer, “Though Your mighty strength is in the angels above, You desire praise from those formed of lowly matter.”
1. For the Conductor, on the gittit,1 a psalm by David.
2. Lord, our Master, how mighty is Your Name throughout the earth, You Who has set Your majesty upon the heavens!
3. Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings You have established might, to counter Your enemies, to silence foe and avenger.2
4. When I behold Your heavens, the work of Your fingers, the moon and the stars which You have set in place—
5. what is man that You should remember him, son of man that You should be mindful of him?
6. Yet, You have made him but a little less than the angels, and crowned him with honor and glory.
7. You made him ruler over Your handiwork, You placed everything under his feet.
8. Sheep and cattle—all of them, also the beasts of the field;
9. the birds of the sky and the fish of the sea; all that traverses the paths of the seas.
10. Lord, our Master, how mighty is Your Name throughout the earth.
FOOTNOTES
1.A musical instrument crafted in Gath (Metzudot).
2.The wonders of childbirth and nursing demonstrate God’s existence to non-believers (Metzudot).
Chapter 9
One should praise God for saving him from the hand of the enemy who stands over and agonizes him, and for His judging each person according to his deeds: the righteous according to their righteousness, and the wicked according to their wickedness.
1. For the Conductor, upon the death of Labben, a psalm by David.
2. I will thank the Lord with all my heart; I will recount all Your wonders.
3. I will rejoice and exult in You; I will sing to Your Name, O Most High.
4. When my enemies retreat, they will stumble and perish from before You.
5. You have rendered my judgement and [defended] my cause; You sat on the throne, O righteous Judge.
6. You destroyed nations, doomed the wicked, erased their name for all eternity.
7. O enemy, your ruins are gone forever, and the cities you have uprooted—their very remembrance is lost.
8. But the Lord is enthroned forever, He established His throne for judgement.
9. And He will judge the world with justice, He will render judgement to the nations with righteousness.
10. The Lord will be a stronghold for the oppressed, a stronghold in times of trouble.
11. Those who know Your Name put their trust in You, for You, Lord, have not abandoned those who seek You.
12. Sing to the Lord Who dwells in Zion, recount His deeds among the nations.
13. For the Avenger of bloodshed is mindful of them; He does not forget the cry of the downtrodden.
14. Be gracious to me, O Lord; behold my affliction at the hands of my enemies, You Who raises me from the gates of death,
15. so that I may relate all Your praises in the gates of the daughter of Zion, that I may exult in Your deliverance.
16. The nations sank into the pit that they made; in the net they concealed their foot was caught.
17. The Lord became known through the judgement He executed; the wicked one is snared in the work of his own hands; reflect on this always.
18. The wicked will return to the grave, all the nations that forget God.
19. For not for eternity will the needy be forgotten, nor will the hope of the poor perish forever.
20. Arise, O Lord, let not man prevail; let the nations be judged in Your presence.
21. Set Your mastery over them, O Lord; let the nations know that they are but frail men, Selah.
Tanya: Iggeret HaKodesh, middle of Epistle 25
• Lessons in Tanya
• Today's Tanya Lesson
• Wednesday, 1 Cheshvan, 5777 · 2 November 2016
• Iggeret HaKodesh, middle of Epistle 25
• Now,1 “[G‑d created] this opposite that”:
• Rambam: Sefer Hamitzvos:
Since the entire dynamic of the holy “side” of the universe has its counterpart in the “other side,” the sitra achra, the above-mentioned Ten Sefirot of holiness (and likewise the ten corresponding faculties of the G‑dly soul) each have their unholy counterpart:
יש עשרה כתרי דמסאבותא
there are2 “ten crowns of impurity.”
ומהן נמשכות נפשות האומות, גם כן כלולות מעשר בחינות אלו ממש
From these issue the souls of the nations, which are also comprised of the very same ten levels.
ומודעת זאת בארץ מה שכתוב בספר הגלגולים על פסוק: אשר שלט האדם באדם, לרע לו
The exposition of Sefer HaGilgulim3 on the verse,4 “That man rules over man, to his detriment,” is common knowledge:
שהוא סוד גלות השכינה בתוך הקליפות, להחיותם ולהשליטם עתה בזמן הגלות
it refers to the mystery of the exile of the Shechinah in the midst of the kelipot, in order to animate them and to empower them to rule in the present time of exile.
“Man rules over man” thus means that the “evil man” (of kelipah) rules over the “sacred man” (i.e., the holy “side” of the universe).
אבל הוא לרע לו וכו׳
However, this [temporary dominion of evil] is “to his [ultimate] detriment...,” for its underlying intent is that the sparks of holiness that are found within evil, be extracted and elevated.
ולכן האומות שולטין עתה על ישראל
This is why the nations presently dominate the Jewish people.5
להיות נפשות האומות מהקליפות, אשר השכינה מתלבשת בבחינת גלות בתוכם
For the souls of the nations [derive] from the kelipot, in which the Shechinah is vested in a state of exile, empowering them to rule.
והנה, אף שזה צריך ביאור רחב, איך ומה, מכל מקום האמת כן הוא
Though extensive exposition is required, as to how and what is the manner in which the Shechinah is invested in the exile of the kelipot, nevertheless, it is truly so.
אלא שאף על פי כן, אין הקליפות והאומות יונקים ומקבלים חיות אלא מהארה הנמשכת להם מבחינת אחוריים דקדושה
Despite this, the kelipot and the nations receive their nurture and life-force only from a reflection extended to them from the hindmost dimension of holiness,
כמאן דשדי בתר כתפיה
“in the manner of one who [unwillingly] throws [something] over his shoulder [to his enemy],” as explained in Tanya, ch. 22.
ואף גם זאת, על ידי צמצומים ומסכים רבים ועצומים, עד שנתלבשה הארה זו בחומריות עולם הזה
And even that is by way of numerous and intense contractions and screens, until this radiation becomes vested in the materiality of this world,
ומשפעת לאומות עושר וכבוד וכל תענוגים גשמיים
dispensing wealth and honor and all physical pleasures unto the nations.
מה שאין כן ישראל יונקים מבחינת פנים העליונים, כמו שכתוב: יאר ה׳ פניו אליך
Jews, however, elicit [their sustenance] from the Supernal Countenance (the panim, or pnimiyus, i.e., the innermost aspect of Divinity); as it is written,6 “May G‑d make His Countenance shine upon you,”
כל אחד ואחד לפי שרש נשמתו, עד רום המעלות
each according to the source of his soul, up to the most elevated of levels.
* * *
FOOTNOTES
1.
Kohelet 7:14.
2.
Zohar III, 41b; et al.
3.
Ch. 2.
4.
Kohelet 8:9.
5.
The text here (in Hebrew and English) reinstates the original version, which a czarist censor had tampered with so that it read, העובדי גילולים היו שולטין על ישראל — “the heathens used to dominate the Jewish people....” A few lines earlier, the word עתה (“in the present”) had likewise been deleted.
6.
Bamidbar 6:25.
• Wednesday, 1 Cheshvan, 5777 · 2 November 2016
• Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
• Positive Commandment 11 (Digest)
• Studying and Teaching Torah
"And you shall teach them diligently to your children"—Deuteronomy 6:7.
We are commanded to study and teach Torah to our students, whom the Torah refers to as our "children." We are instructed to study Torah to the extent that we are proficient in its teachings, and ready to answer without hesitation questions on that which we studied.
• Studying and Teaching Torah
The 11th mitzvah is that we are commanded to study and to teach the wisdom of Torah. This is called Talmud Torah.
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement,1 "Teach them to your children."
The Sifri says, "The phrase,2 'Teach them to your children,' refers to your students. One similarly finds all over that students are called children, as it is written,3 'And the children [i.e. the students] of the prophets went out.'"
Our Sages also said there, "The word,4 'Teach them,' signifies that they should be sharp in your mouth5; that when someone asks you something, you should not stammer, but rather answer him immediately."
This commandment is repeated numerous times: "Learn them,"6 "Do them,"7 "So that you will learn them."8 This commandment is stressed and encouraged in various passages spread throughout the Talmud.
Women are exempt from this commandment, since the verse says,9 "Teach your sons." Our Sages explain, "[This obligation applies to teaching] 'your sons,' and not your daughters," as explained in tractate Kidushin.10
Rabbi Berel Bell is a well-known educator, author and lecturer. He and his family reside in Montreal, Canada.
From "Sefer Hamitzvot in English," published by Sichos in English.
FOOTNOTES
1.Deut. 6:7.
2.Ibid.
3.Kings II, 2:3.
4.Deut. 6:7.
5.The Hebrew word, "teach them," [v'shinantam] can also be read, "sharpen them," from the root, l'shanen.
6.Deut. 5:1, 11:19.
7.Numbers 15:. See Kapach, 5731, note 53.
8.Deut. 31:12.
9.Deut. 11:19.
10.30a.
• Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
• Positive Commandment 11 (Digest)
• Studying and Teaching Torah
"And you shall teach them diligently to your children"—Deuteronomy 6:7.
We are commanded to study and teach Torah to our students, whom the Torah refers to as our "children." We are instructed to study Torah to the extent that we are proficient in its teachings, and ready to answer without hesitation questions on that which we studied.
• Studying and Teaching Torah
The 11th mitzvah is that we are commanded to study and to teach the wisdom of Torah. This is called Talmud Torah.
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement,1 "Teach them to your children."
The Sifri says, "The phrase,2 'Teach them to your children,' refers to your students. One similarly finds all over that students are called children, as it is written,3 'And the children [i.e. the students] of the prophets went out.'"
Our Sages also said there, "The word,4 'Teach them,' signifies that they should be sharp in your mouth5; that when someone asks you something, you should not stammer, but rather answer him immediately."
This commandment is repeated numerous times: "Learn them,"6 "Do them,"7 "So that you will learn them."8 This commandment is stressed and encouraged in various passages spread throughout the Talmud.
Women are exempt from this commandment, since the verse says,9 "Teach your sons." Our Sages explain, "[This obligation applies to teaching] 'your sons,' and not your daughters," as explained in tractate Kidushin.10
Rabbi Berel Bell is a well-known educator, author and lecturer. He and his family reside in Montreal, Canada.
From "Sefer Hamitzvot in English," published by Sichos in English.
FOOTNOTES
1.Deut. 6:7.
2.Ibid.
3.Kings II, 2:3.
4.Deut. 6:7.
5.The Hebrew word, "teach them," [v'shinantam] can also be read, "sharpen them," from the root, l'shanen.
6.Deut. 5:1, 11:19.
7.Numbers 15:. See Kapach, 5731, note 53.
8.Deut. 31:12.
9.Deut. 11:19.
10.30a.
• Rambam - 1 Chapter: Kelim - Chapter 4
• Kelim - Chapter 4
1
There are three categories of wooden implements that are not intended to serve as containers:
a) Any wooden implement that is made solely for human use, e.g., a ladder. It is pure. It is not susceptible to impurity at all, nor did our Sages decree that it should be included among the implements susceptible to impurity.
b) Any wooden implement that is made to be used for other implements and by a human, e.g., a table, a counter-top, a bed and the like. They are susceptible to ritual impurity. How is it known that they serve both a person and his accessories? Because one places plates on the table, cups on the counter-top, and spreads on the bed.
c) Any wooden implement that is made solely for the use of implements; thus it serves entities that serve man. If it only serves other implements during the time work is being performed with them, it is entirely pure, e.g., a wooden candelabrum that serves a lamp while it burns.
Similar laws apply to an implement placed under an implement while it is being used and all molds. If, however, it serves implements during the time work is being performed with them and when work is not being performed with them, they are susceptible to ritual impurity. Examples of such implements are: the covering for a box and the like; a sheaf for a sword, a knife, a spear, scissors, a razor, a spoon used for blue eye paint, or a stylus used to write; a well used to store blue eye paint; a case for a writing tablet or a leather placemat, a carrier for arrows, a case for wide arrows, and a case for flutes. All of these and anything like them are susceptible to impurity even though they are only used to serve other implements. The rationale is that they are necessary for the implements both at the time work is being performed with them and also when work is not being performed with them.
There are, by contrast, other somewhat similar implements that are pure, for example: the covering for a wardrobe, the covering for a chest, the covering for a basket, a carpenter's press, a chair placed under a chest or a domed covering for it, the mold over which a leather covering for a Torah scroll is made, a wooden covering for a door bolt, or the covering for a latch or a mezuzah, a case for lyres and harps, a bust on which the makers of turbans wrap that head-covering, a mold on which tefillin are made, a wooden horse used by a singer, rhythm sticks used by mourners, a sun-shield of a poor man, support beams for a bed, the pillars of a bed, and a board used as a support for a bed. All of these and implements like them are pure, because they serve other implements only when they are being used.
א
שלש מדות בכלי עץ שאינן עשויין לקבלה כל כלי עץ העשוי לתשמיש אדם בלבד כגון הסולם טהור ואינו מקבל טומאה כלל ולא רבוהו חכמים לטומאה וכל כלי עץ העשוי לתשמיש הכלים והאדם כגון השלחן והטבלא והמטה וכיוצא בהן מקבלין טומאה ומניין שהן לתשמיש אדם ותשמיש משמשיו שהרי מניח הקערות על השלחן והכוסות על הטבלא והמצעות על המטה וכל כלי עץ העשוי לתשמיש הכלים בלבד שהרי הוא משמש משמשי אדם אם לא היה משמש את הכלים אלא בשעת מלאכה בלבד הרי זה טהור מכלום כגון מנורה של עץ שמשמשת הנר בשעת הדלקה וכן והוא כלי שמניחין תחת הכלים בשעת מלאכה והדפוסין כולן ואם היה משמש את הכלים בשעת מלאכה ושלא בשעת מלאכה ה"ז מקבל טומאה כגון כסוי הקפצה וכיוצא בו ותיק הסייף והסכין והרומח והמספריים והתער והמכחול והמכתב ובית הכוחל ותיק טבלא וסקרוטיא ובית החיצים ובית הפגוזות ותיק חלילים כל אלו וכיוצא בהן אף על פי שאינן אלא משמשי כלים מקבלין טומאה שהרי הכלי צריך להן בשעת מלאכה ושלא בשעת מלאכה אבל כיסוי קמטרא וכיסוי תיבה וכיסוי טני והמכבש של חרש והכסא שתחת התיבה והקמתין שלה והקלב שבונין עליו תיק הספר ובית הנגר והמנעול והמזוזה ותיק נבלים והכינורות והקלב של גודלי מצנפת ודפוס של תפילין וסוס של עץ של זמר שמשחקין בו ורביעית המקוננת וגנונת העני וסמוכות המטה ונקליטי המטה וחמור שתחת המטה כל אלו וכיוצא בהן טהורין מפני שהן משמשי הכלים בשעת מלאכה בלבד:
2
With regard to the headboard of a bed: if it is capped and has legs that are connected to the bed, it contracts impurity together with the bed, because it is placed at the head of the bed and it is considered as one of its components. If it was placed on two of the bedposts, and thus it is higher than the bed, even though the headboard is tied to the bed with cords, since it does not have feet, it is pure. The rationale is that the headboard only serves other implements at the time work is being performed with them, like the hanging boards of the Levites, upon which they would hang their harps and their instruments, which are pure.
ב
מלבן המטה אם היה מלובש בפיקות ויש לו רגלים שמחברן עם המטה הרי זה מתטמא עם המטה שהרי נותנין אותו בפני המטה והרי הוא כאחד מאבריה נתנו על שתי לשונות והרי הוא גבוה על המטה אע"פ שמסורג בחבלים הואיל ואין לו רגלים טהור מפני שהוא ממשמשי הכלים בשעת מלאכה בלבד כמלבני בני לוי שתולין בהם כנורותיהן וכלי השיר שהן טהורין:
3
A press used by shoemakers over which leather is pulled tightly is pure, because he places the stone in the hollow inside of it and uses it. Thus it is made to serve implements only at the time work is being performed with it. It does not contract impurity because of its receptacle, because the hollow within it is meant to be filled with a stone.
ג
מכבש של שכף שמותח עליו את העור טהור מפני שמניח עליו את האבן במקום החקוק שיש בו ומשמש עליו ונמצא עשוי לשמש את הכלים בשעת מלאכה ואינו מתטמא משום קיבול שהרי החקק שבו עשוי להתמלאות באבן:
4
The coating of a bed is pure. Similarly, any ornamental covering - whether it is made from wood, bone, leather, or metal - is pure. This concept is derived from Leviticus 11:32 which states "with which work will be performed with them." This excludes the ornamental covering of implements.
Similarly, a wooden or bone implement that has a receptacle, but which was plated with metal is pure and it is not susceptible to impurity. The rationale is that the plating causes the implement itself to be considered insignificant and the plating itself is pure, as explained.
ד
חפויי המטה טהורין וכן כל החפויין בין שהיו של עץ או של עצם או של עור או של מת כת טהורין שנא' אשר יעשה מלאכה בהן פרט לחפויי הכלים וכן כלי עץ או עצם שיש בהן בית קיבול שציפם במתכת טהורים ואין מקבלין טומאה מאחר שציפם ביטלן והציפוי עצמו טהור כמו שביארנו:
5
The following rules apply when a person makes a utensil partially of wood and partially of metal. If the wood serves the metal, it is susceptible to impurity. If the metal serves the wood, everything is pure.
What is implied? If a key was made of wood and its teeth - or even one of its teeth - were metal, it is susceptible to impurity. If it was metal and its teeth, wood, everything is pure.
ה
העושה כלי מקצתו מן העץ ומקצתו מן המתכת אם היה היה העץ משמש המתכת מקבל טומאה ואם היתה המתכת משמשת את העץ הכל טהור כיצד מפתח של עץ ושיניו ממתכת אפילו שן אחד ה"ז מקבל טומאה היתה היא ממתכת ושיניים שלו מעץ הכל טהור:
6
If a ring is made of metal and its signet is of coral, it is susceptible to impurity. If it was made of coral and its signet was of metal, it is not susceptible to impurity.
ו
טבעת של מתכת וחותמה של אלמוג טמאה היתה של אלמוג וחותמו של מתכת ה"ז אינה מקבלת טומאה:
7
When there is a tooth from a key or a signet of metal, it is susceptible to impurity independently if it was not connected to wood. Similarly, if one of the wooden teeth of a pitchfork, a farming prong, a winnow or a comb for a girl's head was removed and replaced by a metal one, the implements are susceptible to ritual impurity.
ז
השן של מתכת או החותם מקבל טומאה בפני עצמו אם לא היה מחובר לעץ וכן המעבד והמזרה והמגוב והמסרק של ראש שניטלה אחד משיניהן ועשאה של מתכת הרי אלו מקבלין טומאה:
8
When a metal projection shaped like a pomegranate was placed on a wooden staff to use as a handle, it is not susceptible to ritual impurity. If the staff was made with a metal cap so that the earth would not destroy the wood, it is susceptible to impurity.
ח
מקל שעשה בראשו מסמר כמין רמון כדי שיהיה אוחז בו אינו מקבל טומאה עשאהו שלא תהיה הארץ אוכלת את העץ מקבלת טומאה:
9
Similarly, if spikes where affixed to a stick to use as a weapon, it is susceptible to ritual impurity, for the wood is serving the metal. If they were placed there for decorative purposes, it is not susceptible to ritual impurity, for the metal is serving the wood.
ט
וכן מקל שקבע בו מסמרים כדי להכות בו מקבל טומאה שנמצא העץ משמש את המתכת עשאן לנוי אינו מקבל טומאה שהרי המתכת משמשת את העץ:
10
Similarly, if a tube of metal was affixed to a staff or a door for decorative purposes, it is pure. Similar principles apply in all analogous situations involving other implements.
י
וכן מנקיות של מתכת שקבען במקל או בדלת לנוי טהורות וכן כל כיוצא בזה משאר הכלים:
• Rambam - 3 Chapters: Talmud Torah - Chapter Two, Talmud Torah - Chapter Three, Talmud Torah - Chapter Four
• Talmud Torah - Chapter Two
1
Teachers of small children should be appointed in each and every land, in each and every region, and in each and every village.
If a village does not have children who study Torah, its populace is placed under a ban of ostracism until they employ teachers for the children. If they do not employ teachers, the village [deserves to be] destroyed, since the world exists only by virtue of the breath coming from the mouths of children who study Torah.
א
מושיבין מלמדי תינוקות בכל מדינה ומדינה ובכל פלך ופלך ובכל עיר ועיר וכל עיר שאין בה תינוקות של בית רבן מחרימין את אנשי העיר עד שמושיבין מלמדי תינוקות ואם לא הושיבו מחרימין את העיר שאין העולם מתקיים אלא בהבל פיהם של תינוקות של בית רבן:
2
Children should be brought to study [under a teacher's instruction] at the age of six or seven, according to the child's health and build. Below the age of six, he should not be brought [to a teacher].
A teacher may employ corporal punishment to cast fear upon [the students]. However, he should not beat them cruelly, like an enemy. Therefore, he should not beat them with a rod or a staff, but rather with a small strap.
[The teacher] should sit and instruct them the entire day and for a portion of the night, to train them to study during the day and night. The children should not neglect [their studies] at all, except at the end of the day on the eve of the Sabbaths and festivals and on the festivals themselves. On the Sabbath, they should not begin new material. However, they should review what was learned already.
The children should never be interrupted from their studies, even for the building of the Temple.
ב
מכניסין את התינוקות להתלמד כבן שש כבן שבע לפי כח הבן ובנין גופו ופחות מבן שש אין מכניסים אותו ומכה אותן המלמד להטיל עליהם אימה ואינו מכה אותם מכת אויב מכת אכזרי לפיכך לא יכה אותם בשוטים ולא במקלות אלא ברצועה קטנה ויושב ומלמדן כל היום כולו ומקצת מן הלילה כדי לחנכן ללמוד ביום ובלילה ולא יבטלו התינוקות כלל חוץ מערבי שבתות וימים טובים בסוף הימים ובימים טובים אבל בשבת אין קורין בתחלה אבל שונין בראשון ואין מבטלין התינוקות ואפילו לבנין בית המקדש:
3
A teacher of children who leaves the children and goes out, or [remains] with them but performs other work, or is lazy in their instruction, is included in [the admonition (Jeremiah 48:10)]: "Cursed be he who performs God's work deceitfully.” Therefore, it is only proper to select a teacher who is God-fearing, teaches them at a fast pace, and instructs them carefully.
ג
מלמד התינוקות שהוא מניח התינוקות ויוצא או שהוא עושה מלאכה אחרת עמהן או שהוא מתרשל בלימודן הרי זה בכלל ארור עושה מלאכת ה' רמיה לפיכך אין ראוי להושיב מלמד אלא בעל יראה מהיר לקרות ולדקדק:
4
A man who is unmarried should not teach children, because of the mothers who visit the children. No woman should teach children, because of the fathers who visit the children.
ד
ומי שאין לו אשה לא ילמד תינוקות מפני אמותיהם הבאות אצל בניהם וכל אשה לא תלמד תינוקות מפני אבותיהם שהם באים אצל הבנים:
5
[A maximum of] 25 students should study under one teacher. If there are more than 25, but fewer than 40, an assistant should be appointed to help him in their instruction. If there are more than forty students, two teachers should be appointed.
ה
עשרים וחמשה תינוקות למדים אצל מלמד אחד היו יותר על עשרים וחמשה עד ארבעים מושיבין עמו אחר לסייעו בלימודם היו יותר על ארבעים מעמידין להם שני מלמדי תינוקות:
6
A child may be transferred from one teacher to another teacher, who is capable of teaching him at a faster pace, whether with regard to the Written Law itself or grammar. This applies when both are located in the same city and there is not a river between them. However, a child should not be forced to travel from city to city, or even from one side of the river to the other in the same city, unless there is a strong bridge, which is not likely to fall readily, over the river.
ו
מוליכין את הקטן ממלמד למלמד אחר שהוא מהיר ממנו בין במקרא בין בדקדוק במה דברים אמורים כשהיו שניהם בעיר אחת ולא היה הנהר מפסיק ביניהם אבל מעיר לעיר או מצד הנהר לצדו אפילו באותה העיר אין מוליכין את הקטן אלא אם כן היה בנין בריא על גבי הנהר בנין שאינו ראוי ליפול במהרה:
7
If a person [whose house opens] to an alleyway [to which other houses open] - or even one [whose house opens] to a courtyard [to which other houses open] - desires to become a teacher of children, his neighbors may not protest against his decision.
Similarly, should one teacher of children come and open a schoolroom next to the place [where] a colleague [was teaching], so that other children will come to him or so that the children [studying under his] colleague shall come to him, his colleague may not lodge a protest against him, as [Isaiah 42:21 states]: "God desired, for the sake of His righteousness, to make the Torah great and glorious."
ז
אחד מבני מבוי שביקש להעשות מלמד אפילו אחד מבני החצר אין יכולין שכניו למחות בידו וכן מלמד תינוקות שבא חבירו ופתח בית ללמד תינוקות בצדו כדי שיבואו תינוקות אחרים לו או כדי שיבואו מתינוקות של זה אצל זה אינו יכול למחות בידו שנאמר ה' חפץ למען צדקו יגדיל תורה ויאדיר:
Talmud Torah - Chapter Three
1
Three crowns were conferred upon Israel: the crown of Torah, the crown of priesthood, and the crown of royalty. Aaron merited the crown of priesthood, as [Numbers 25:13] states: "And it will be an eternal covenant of priesthood for him and his descendants after him."
David merited the crown of royalty, as [Psalms 89:37] states: "His seed will continue forever, and his throne will be as the sun before Me."
The crown of Torah is set aside, waiting, and ready for each Jew, as [implied by Deuteronomy 33:4]: "The Torah which Moses commanded us is the inheritance of the congregation of Jacob." Whoever desires may come and take it.
Lest you say that the other crowns surpass the crown of Torah, [Proverbs 8:15-16] states: "By me, kings reign, princes decree justice, and nobles rule." Thus, you have learned that the crown of Torah is greater than the other two.
א
בשלשה כתרים נכתרו ישראל כתר תורה וכתר כהונה וכתר מלכות כתר כהונה זכה בו אהרן שנאמר והיתה לו ולזרעו אחריו ברית כהנת עולם כתר מלכות זכה בו דוד שנאמר זרעו לעולם יהיה וכסאו כשמש נגדי כתר תורה הרי מונח ועומד ומוכן לכל ישראל שנאמר תורה צוה לנו משה מורשה קהלת יעקב כל מי שירצה יבא ויטול שמא תאמר שאותם הכתרים גדולים מכתר תורה הרי הוא אומר בי מלכים ימלוכו ורוזנים יחוקקו צדק בי שרים ישורו הא למדת שכתר תורה גדול משניהם:
2
Our Sages declared that even a Torah Sage who is a mamzerdeserves precedence over a high priest who is unlearned, as [implied by Proverbs 3:15]: "It is more precious than pearls." [That verse can be interpreted:] more precious than the High Priest who enters the innermost chambers.
ב
אמרו חכמים ממזר ת"ח קודם לכהן גדול עם הארץ שנאמר יקרה היא מפנינים מכהן גדול שנכנס לפני ולפנים:
3
None of the other mitzvot can be equated to the study of Torah. Rather, the study of Torah can be equated to all the mitzvot, because study leads to deed. Therefore, study takes precedence over deed in all cases.
ג
אין לך מצוה בכל המצות כולן שהיא שקולה כנגד תלמוד תורה אלא תלמוד תורה כנגד כל המצות כולן שהתלמוד מביא לידי מעשה לפיכך התלמוד קודם למעשה בכל מקום:
4
[The following rules apply] when a person is confronted with the performance of a mitzvah and the study of Torah: If the mitzvah can be performed by another individual, he should not interrupt his studies. If not, he should perform the mitzvah, and then return to his studies.
ד
היה לפניו עשיית מצוה ותלמוד תורה אם אפשר למצוה להעשות ע"י אחרים לא יפסיק תלמודו ואם לאו יעשה המצוה ויחזור לתלמודו:
5
The first aspect of a person's judgement [in the world to come] will center on Torah study. Only afterwards will his other deeds [be considered].
Accordingly, our Sages would say: "A person should always occupy himself in Torah study, whether for God's sake or even if not for God's sake, for from [the study of Torah which] is not carried out for God's sake will come [the study of Torah which] is carried out for God's sake.
ה
תחלת דינו של אדם אינו נידון אלא על התלמוד ואחר כך על שאר מעשיו לפיכך אמרו חכמים לעולם יעסוק אדם בתורה בין לשמה בין שלא לשמה שמתוך שלא לשמה בא לשמה:
6
A person whose heart inspires him to fulfill this mitzvah in a fitting manner and to become crowned with the crown of Torah should not divert his attention to other matters. He should not set his intent on acquiring Torah together with wealth and honor simultaneously.
[Rather,] this is the path of Torah: Eat bread with salt, drink water in small measure, sleep on the ground, live a life of difficulty, and toil in Torah.
The task is not incumbent upon you to complete, nor are you free to desist from it. If you have acquired much Torah, you have acquired much reward, and that reward is commensurate with the difficulty [invested].
ו
מי שנשאו לבו לקיים מצוה זו כראוי ולהיות מוכתר בכתר תורה לא יסיח דעתו לדברים אחרים ולא ישים על לבו שיקנה תורה עם העושר והכבוד כאחת כך היא דרכה של תורה פת במלח תאכל ומים במשורה תשתה ועל הארץ תישן וחיי צער תחיה ובתורה אתה עמל ולא עליך הדבר לגמור ולא אתה בן חורין ליבטל ממנה ואם הרבית תורה הרבית שכר והשכר לפי הצער:
7
Perhaps, one will say: "[I will interrupt my studies] until after I gather money, and then I will return and study, [I will interrupt my studies] until after I buy what I need, and then, when I can divert my attention from my business, I will return and study." If you consider such thoughts, you will never merit the crown of Torah.
Rather, make your work secondary, and your Torah study a fixed matter. Do not say: "When I have free time, I will study," for perhaps you will never have free time.
ז
שמא תאמר עד שאקבץ ממון אחזור ואקרא עד שאקנה מה שאני צריך ואפנה מעסקי ואחזור ואקרא אם תעלה מחשבה זו על לבך אין אתה זוכה לכתרה של תורה לעולם אלא עשה תורתך קבע ומלאכתך עראי ולא תאמר לכשאפנה אשנה שמא לא תפנה:
8
It is written in the Torah [Deuteronomy 30:12, 13]: "It is not in the heavens....It is not across the sea...." [This implies:] "It is not in the heavens" - i.e., it is not found in the proud spirited. "It is not across the sea" - i.e., it is not found in those who travel across the sea.
Therefore, our Sages said: "Not everyone who is involved in business will become wise." Our Sages also commanded: "Minimize your business activities and occupy yourself with Torah."
ח
כתוב בתורה לא בשמים היא ולא מעבר לים היא לא בשמים היא לא בגסי הרוח היא מצויה ולא במהלכי מעבר לים היא לפיכך אמרו חכמים לא כל המרבה בסחורה מחכים וצוו חכמים הוי ממעט בעסק ועסוק בתורה:
9
The words of Torah can be compared to water, as [Isaiah 55:1] states: "Behold, all who are thirsty, come to the water." This teaches you that just as water does not collect on an incline, but rather flows from it and collects in a low place, similarly, the words of Torah will not be found in the arrogant or in the hearts of any of the haughty, but rather in the humble and lowly, who sit in the dust at the feet of the Sages and remove the desires and pleasures of the times from their hearts. They do only a minimal amount of work each day [to earn] their livelihood if they have nothing else to eat. The rest of their days and nights are involved with Torah study.
ט
דברי תורה נמשלו כמים שנאמר הוי כל צמא לכו למים לומר לך מה מים אינם מתכנסין במקום מדרון אלא נזחלין מעליו ומתקבצים במקום אשבורן כך דברי תורה אינם נמצאים בגסי הרוח ולא בלב כל גבה לב אלא בדכא ושפל רוח שמתאבק בעפר רגלי החכמים ומסיר התאוות ותענוגי הזמן מלבו ועושה מלאכה בכל יום מעט כדי חייו אם לא היה לו מה יאכל ושאר יומו ולילו עוסק בתורה:
10
Anyone who comes to the conclusion that he should involve himself in Torah study without doing work and derive his livelihood from charity, desecrates [God's] name, dishonors the Torah, extinguishes the light of faith, brings evil upon himself, and forfeits the life of the world to come, for it is forbidden to derive benefit from the words of Torah in this world.
Our Sages declared: "Whoever benefits from the words of Torah forfeits his life in the world." Also, they commanded and declared: "Do not make them a crown to magnify oneself, nor an axe to chop with." Also, they commanded and declared: "Love work and despise Rabbinic positions." All Torah that is not accompanied by work will eventually be negated and lead to sin. Ultimately, such a person will steal from others.
י
כל המשים על לבו שיעסוק בתורה ולא יעשה מלאכה ויתפרנס מן הצדקה הרי זה חלל את השם ובזה את התורה וכבה מאור הדת וגרם רעה לעצמו ונטל חייו מן העולם הבא לפי שאסור ליהנות מדברי תורה בעולם הזה אמרו חכמים כל הנהנה מדברי תורה נטל חייו מן העולם ועוד צוו ואמרו אל תעשם עטרה להתגדל בהן ולא קרדום לחפור בהן ועוד צוו ואמרו אהוב את המלאכה ושנא את הרבנות וכל תורה שאין עמה מלאכה סופה בטילה וגוררת עון וסוף אדם זה שיהא מלסטם את הבריות:
11
It is a tremendous advantage for a person to derive his livelihood from his own efforts. This attribute was possessed by the pious of the early generations. In this manner, one will merit all [types of] honor and benefit in this world and in the world to come, as [Psalms 128:2] states: "If you eat the toil of your hands, you will be happy and it will be good for you."
"You will be happy" - in this world. "It will be good for you" - in the world to come, which is entirely good.
יא
מעלה גדולה היא למי שהוא מתפרנס ממעשה ידיו ומדת חסידים הראשונים היא ובזה זוכה לכל כבוד וטובה שבעולם הזה ולעולם הבא שנאמר יגיע כפיך כי תאכל אשריך וטוב לך אשריך בעולם הזה וטוב לך לעולם הבא שכולו טוב:
12
The words of Torah will not be permanently acquired by a person who applies himself feebly [to obtain] them, and not by those who study amid pleasure and [an abundance] of food and drink. Rather, one must give up his life for them, constantly straining his body to the point of discomfort, without granting sleep to his eyes or slumber to his eyelids.
The Sages alluded to this concept, [interpreting Numbers 19:14:] "This is the Torah, a man should he die in a tent..." [to mean that] the Torah cannot be permanently acquired except by a person who gives up his life in the tents of wisdom.
Similarly, Solomon said in his wisdom [Proverbs 24:10]: "If you faint in the day of adversity, your strength is small." He also said [Ecclesiastes 2:9]: "Also, my wisdom remained with me." [This can be interpreted to mean:] The wisdom which I learned in anger, this is what remained with me.
Our Sages declared: A covenant has been established that anyone who wearies himself in Torah study in a house of study will not forget it quickly. Anyone who wearies himself in Torah study in private will become wise, as [Proverbs 11:2] states: "To the modest will come wisdom."
Whoever raises his voice during his studies will permanently acquire the subject matter. In contrast, one who reads silently will forget quickly.
יב
אין דברי תורה מתקיימין במי שמרפה עצמו עליהן ולא באלו שלומדין מתוך עידון ומתוך אכילה ושתיה אלא במי שממית עצמו עליהן ומצער גופו תמיד ולא יתן שינה לעיניו ולעפעפיו תנומה אמרו חכמים דרך רמז זאת התורה אדם כי ימות באהל אין התורה מתקיימת אלא במי שממית עצמו באהלי החכמים וכן אמר שלמה בחכמתו התרפית ביום צרה צר כחכה ועוד אמר אף חכמתי עמדה לי חכמה שלמדתי באף היא עמדה לי אמרו חכמים ברית כרותה שכל היגע בתורתו בבית המדרש לא במהרה הוא משכח וכל היגע בתלמודו בצנעה מחכים שנאמר ואת צנועים חכמה וכל המשמיע קולו בשעת תלמודו תלמודו מתקיים בידו אבל הקורא בלחש במהרה הוא שוכח:
13
Even though it is a mitzvah to study during the day and at night, it is only at night that a person acquires most of his wisdom. Therefore, a person who desires to merit the crown of Torah should be careful with all his nights, not giving up even one to sleep, eating, drinking, talk, or the like. Rather, [they should be devoted to] the study of Torah and the words of wisdom.
Our Sages declared: "The song of Torah can [be heard] only at night, as [Eichah 2:19] states: 'Arise, sing out at night...’“
Whoever occupies himself with Torah study at night will have a strand of [Divine] favor extended over him during the day, as [implied by Psalms 42:9]: "During the day, God ordains His kindness and, at night, His song is with me, a prayer to the living God."
[In contrast], any house in which the words of Torah cannot be heard at night will be consumed by fire, as [implied by Job 20:26]: "All the darkness is hidden away from His treasures; a fire that need not be blown will consume him."
[The verse, Numbers 16:31,] "He scorned the word of God," applies to someone who pays no attention to Torah at all. Similarly, anyone who has the potential to occupy himself with Torah study and does not, or who has studied both the Written and Oral Law and turned away to the vanities of the world, leaving behind his study and ignoring it, is included in the category of "those who scorn the word of God."
Our Sages declared: "Whoever neglects Torah study when wealthy will ultimately neglect it amidst poverty. Whoever maintains the Torah in poverty will ultimately maintain it amidst prosperity." This concept is explicitly mentioned in the Torah [Deuteronomy 28:47-48], which states: "Because you did not serve God, your Lord, with happiness and good feeling when there was an abundance of everything, you shall serve your enemies," and [Deuteronomy 8:16] states: "so that you shall suffer...so that ultimately He will make you prosper."
יג
אע"פשמצוה ללמוד ביום ובלילה אין אדם למד רוב חכמתו אלא בלילה לפיכך מי שרצה לזכות בכתר התורה יזהר בכל לילותיו ולא יאבד אפילו אחד מהן בשינה ואכילה ושתיה ושיחה וכיוצא בהן אלא בתלמוד תורה ודברי חכמה אמרו חכמים אין רנה של תורה אלא בלילה שנאמר קומי רוני בלילה וכל העוסק בתורה בלילה חוט של חסד נמשך עליו ביום שנאמר יומם יצוה ה' חסדו ובלילה שירה עמי תפלה לאל חיי וכל בית שאין נשמעים בו דברי תורה בלילה אש אוכלתו שנאמר כל חשך טמון לצפוניו תאכלהו אש לא נופח כי דבר ה' בזה זה שלא השגיח על דברי תורה כל עיקר וכן כל שאפשר לו לעסוק בתורה ואינו עוסק או שקרא ושנה ופירש להבלי עולם והניח תלמודו וזנחו הרי זה בכלל בוזה דבר ה' אמרו חכמים כל המבטל את התורה מעושר סופו לבטלה מעוני וכל המקיים את התורה מעוני סופו לקיימה מעושר וענין זה מפורש הוא בתורה הרי הוא אומר תחת אשר לא עבדת את ה' אלהיך בשמחה ובטוב לבב מרוב כל ועבדת את אויביך ואומר למען ענותך להטיבך באחריתך:
Talmud Torah - Chapter Four
1
Torah should be taught only to a proper student - one whose deeds are attractive - or to a person whose behavior is unknown. However, [a potential student] who follows bad ways should be influenced to correct his behavior and trained to follow a straight path. [After he repents, his deeds] are examined and he is allowed to enter the house of study to be instructed.
Our Sages said: Whoever teaches an improper student is considered as if he throws a stone to Mercury, as [Proverbs 26:8] states: "As one who winds a stone in a sling, so is he who gives honor to a fool." There is no "honor" other than Torah, as [Proverbs 3:35] states: "The wise shall inherit honor."
Similarly, one should not study from a teacher who does not follow a proper path, even though he is a very wise man and his [instruction] is required by the entire nation, until he returns to a good path, as [implied by Malachi 2:7]: "For the priest's lips shall keep knowledge, and they shall seek Torah from his mouth, because he is a messenger from the Lord of Hosts."
Our Sages said: If a teacher resembles "a messenger of the Lord of Hosts," seek Torah from his mouth. If he does not, do not seek Torah from his mouth.
א
אין מלמדין תורה אלא לתלמיד הגון נאה במעשיו או לתם אבל אם היה הולך בדרך לא טובה מחזירין אותו למוטב ומנהיגין אותו בדרך ישרה ובודקין אותו ואח"כ מכניסין אותו לבית המדרש ומלמדין אותו אמרו חכמים כל השונה לתלמיד שאינו הגון כאילו זרק אבן למרקוליס שנאמר כצרור אבן במרגמה כן נותן לכסיל כבוד אין כבוד אלא תורה שנאמר כבוד חכמים ינחלו וכן הרב שאינו הולך בדרך טובה אף על פי שחכם גדול הוא וכל העם צריכין לו אין מתלמדין ממנו עד שובו למוטב שנאמר כי שפתי כהן ישמרו דעת ותורה יבקשו מפיהו כי מלאך ה' צבאות הוא אמרו חכמים אם הרב דומה למלאך ה' צבאות תורה יבקשו מפיהו אם לאו אל יבקשו תורה מפיהו:
2
How is [Torah] taught? The teacher sits at the head and the students sit around him, so that all can see the teacher and hear his words.
The teacher should not sit on a chair, [while] his students [sit] on the ground. Rather, either everyone should sit on the ground or everyone should sit on chairs.
Originally, the teacher would sit and the students would stand. [However,] before the destruction of the Second Temple, everyone followed the practice of teaching while both they and the students were seated.
ב
כיצד מלמדים הרב יושב בראש והתלמידים מוקפים לפניו כעטרה כדי שיהו כלם רואים הרב ושומעים דבריו ולא ישב הרב על הכסא ותלמידיו על הקרקע אלא או הכל על הארץ או הכל על הכסאות ובראשונה היה הרב יושב והתלמידים עומדים ומקודם חורבן בית שני נהגו הכל ללמד לתלמידים והם יושבים:
3
If the teacher [desires] to instruct the students personally, he is entitled to do so. If he [desires to] teach through the medium of a spokesman, the spokesman should stand between him and the students. The teacher speaks to the spokesman and he announces the teaching to all the students.
When they ask the spokesman a question, he asks the teacher. The teacher, [in turn,] replies to the spokesman and the spokesman replies to the questioner.
The teacher should not raise his voice above that of the spokesman. Similarly, when the spokesman asks a question of the teacher, he should not raise his voice above that of the teacher.
The spokesman is not allowed to detract from, add to, or change [the teacher's words], unless he is the teacher's father or teacher. If the teacher tells the spokesman: "My teacher told me the following..." or "My father and teacher told me the following...," when the spokesman relates the teaching to the people, he should quote the statement in the name of the sage [who authored it], mentioning the name of the teacher's father or teacher, saying: "So and so, the sage, said the following..." [This is allowed] despite the fact the teacher did not mention the sage's name, because it is forbidden to refer to one's teacher or father by name.
ג
אם היה מלמד מפיו לתלמידים מלמד ואם היה מלמד על פי מתרגם [המתרגם] עומד בינו ובין התלמידים והרב אומר למתרגם והמתרגם משמיע לכל התלמידים וכשהם שואלין למתרגם הוא שואל לרב והרב משיב למתרגם והמתרגם משיב לשואל ולא יגביה הרב קולו יותר מקול המתרגם ולא יגביה המתרגם קולו בעת ששואל את הרב יותר מקול הרב אין המתרגם רשאי לא לפחות ולא להוסיף ולא לשנות אלא אם כן היה המתורגמן אביו של חכם או רבו אומר הרב למתורגמן כך אמר לי רבי או כך אמר לי אבא מרי וכשאומר המתורגמן הדברים לעם אומר בשם החכם ומזכיר שמו של אבי הרב או של רבו ואומר כך אמר רבנא פלוני אע"פ שלא הזכיר הרב שמו של חכם שאסור לקרות לרבו או לאביו בשמו:
4
If the teacher taught [a concept] and it was not grasped by the students, he should not become upset with them and display anger. Rather, he should repeat and review the matter, even if he must do so many times, until they appreciate the depth of the halachah.
Similarly, the student should not say "I understood" when he did not understand. Rather, he should ask again and again, even if he requires several repetitions. If his teacher becomes upset with him and displays anger, he should tell him: "My teacher, this is Torah. It is necessary that I study, and my powers of comprehension are weak."
ד
הרב שלמד ולא הבינו התלמידים לא יכעוס עליהם וירגז אלא חוזר ושונה הדבר אפילו כמה פעמים עד שיבינו עומק ההלכה וכן לא יאמר התלמיד הבנתי והוא לא הבין אלא חוזר ושואל אפילו כמה פעמים ואם כעס עליו רבו ורגז יאמר לו רבי תורה היא וללמוד אני צריך ודעתי קצרה:
5
A student should not be embarrassed because his colleagues grasped the subject matter the first or second time, while he did not understand it until it was repeated a number of times. If he becomes embarrassed because of such matters, he will find himself going in and out of the house of study without learning anything.
Accordingly, the Sages of the previous generations stated: "A bashful person will not learn, nor should the short-tempered teach."
When does the above apply? When the students did not understand the subject matter because of its depth or because of their limited powers of comprehension. However, if it appears to the teacher that they are not applying themselves to the words of Torah and are lax about them, and, therefore, do not understand, he is obligated to display anger towards them and shame them with his words, to sharpen their powers of concentration. In this context, our Sages said: "Cast fear into the students."
Therefore, it is not fitting for a teacher to act frivolously in the presence of his students. He should not amuse himself in their presence, nor should he eat and drink with them. [These restrictions are intended] so that they fear him and study under him at a fast pace.
ה
לא יהיה התלמיד בוש מחביריו שלמדו מפעם ראשונה או שניה והוא לא למד אלא אחר כמה פעמים שאם נתבייש מדבר זה נמצא נכנס ויוצא לבית המדרש והוא אינו למד כלום לפיכך אמרו חכמים הראשונים אין הביישן למד ולא הקפדן מלמד במה דברים אמורים בזמן שלא הבינו התלמידים הדבר מפני עומקו או מפני דעתן שהיא קצרה אבל אם ניכר לרב שהם מתרשלין בדברי תורה ומתרפין עליהן ולפיכך לא הבינו חייב לרגוז עליהן ולהכלימן בדברים כדי לחדדם וכענין זה אמרו חכמים זרוק מרה בתלמידים לפיכך אין ראוי לרב לנהוג קלות ראש לפני התלמידים ולא לשחוק בפניהם ולא לאכול ולשתות עמהם כדי שתהא אימתו עליהן וילמדו ממנו במהרה:
6
When the teacher enters the house of study, questions should not be posed to him until he gathers his powers of concentration. [Thus,] a student should not ask until he sits and rests.
Two should not ask at once. A teacher should not be asked about an outside matter, but rather, [only] regarding the subject which they are involved with, lest he become embarrassed.
The teacher may [deliberately] lead the students astray with his questions and the deeds he carries out in their presence to sharpen their powers of concentration and to test whether they remember what he taught them or not. Needless to say, he may ask them regarding another matter, which they are not presently involved with, to spur them on.
ו
אין שואלין את הרב כשיכנס למדרש עד שתתישב דעתו עליו ואין התלמיד שואל כשיכנס עד שיתישב וינוח ואין שואלין שנים כאחד ואין שואלין את הרב מענין אחר אלא מאותו הענין שהן עסוקין בו כדי שלא יתבייש ויש לרב להטעות את התלמידים בשאלותיו ובמעשים שעושה בפניהם כדי לחדדן וכדי שידע אם זוכרים הם מה שלמדם או אינם זוכרים ואין צריך לומר שיש לו רשות לשאול אותם בענין אחר שאין עוסקין בו כדי לזרזם:
7
A person should not ask a question while standing, nor should a person respond while standing. One should not ask from a high place, from far away, or from behind the elders.
A question should be asked of the teacher regarding only the subject which they are reading. A question should be asked only with an attitude of awe. A person should ask concerning only three halachot [while studying] the same subject.
ז
אין שואלין מעומד ואין משיבין מעומד ולא מגבוה ולא מרחוק ולא מאחורי הזקנים ואין שואלין הרב אלא בענין שהן קורין בו ואין שואלין אלא מיראה ולא ישאל בענין יותר משלש הלכות:
8
[The following rules apply when] two people ask questions simultaneously: If one question is to the point and the other is not to the point, attention is paid to the question which is to the point. [If one question concerns] a matter to be applied in practice, and the other is an abstract question, attention is paid to the question which concerns the matter to be applied.
[If one question concerns] Torah law, and the other the interpretation of the verses of the Torah, attention is paid to the question which concerns Torah law. [If one question concerns] the interpretation of the verses of the Torah, and the other aggadah, attention is paid to the question which concerns the interpretation of the verses of the Torah.
[If one question concerns] aggadah, and the other the inference drawn from a minor premise to a major one, attention is paid to the question which concerns the inference drawn from a minor premise to a major one. [If one question concerns] the inference drawn from a minor premise to a major one, and the other an analogy established on the basis of similar words, attention is paid to the question which concerns the analogy established on the basis of similar words.
If of the two questioners, one was a sage and one was a commoner, attention is paid to the sage; one a student and one a commoner, attention is paid to the student. However, if they are both sages, both students, or both commoners - similarly, if two people both ask questions concerning Torah law, or they both wish to reply to what has been previously stated, or both questions concern actual deeds - from this point on, the spokesman has the option [of giving precedence to whichever question he desires].
ח
שנים ששאלו שאל אחד כענין ושאל אחד שלא כענין נזקקין לענין מעשה ושאינו מעשה נזקקין למעשה הלכה ומדרש נזקקין להלכה מדרש ואגדה נזקקין למדרש אגדה וקל וחומר נזקקין לקל וחומר קל וחומר וגזירה שוה נזקקין לקל וחומר היו השואלין שנים אחד חכם ואחד תלמיד נזקקין לחכם תלמיד ועם הארץ נזקקין לתלמיד שניהם חכמים שניהם תלמידים שניהם עמי הארץ שאלו שניהם בשתי הלכות או בשתי תשובות או בשתי שאלות שני מעשים הרשות ביד המתרגם מעתה:
9
One should not sleep in a house of study. When any person dozes in the house of study, his Torah will be torn in shreds. This is alluded to in Solomon's words of wisdom [Proverbs 23:21]: "Drowsiness will clothe a man in rags."
Conversation in the house of study should concern only the words of Torah. Even if someone sneezes, one should not wish him: "[To your] recovery" in the house of study. Needless to say, the discussion of other matters is prohibited.
The sanctity of a house of study exceeds that of a synagogue.
ט
אין ישינים בבית המדרש וכל המתנמנם בבית המדרש חכמתו נעשית קרעים קרעים וכן אמר שלמה בחכמתו וקרעים תלביש נומה ואין משיחין בבית המדרש אלא בדברי תורה בלבד אפילו מי שנתעטש אין אומרים לו רפואה בבית המדרש ואין צריך לומר שאר הדברים וקדושת בית המדרש חמורה מקדושת בתי כנסיות:
• Wednesday, 1 Cheshvan, 5777 · 2 November 2016
• "Today's Day"
• Shabbat, Cheshvan 1, Shabbat Rosh Chodesh, 5704
Torah lessons: Chumash: Noach, Shevi'i with Rashi.
Tehillim: 1-9.
Tanya: Now, with one (p. 543) ...the peak of levels. (p. 543).
At Mincha, and on Monday and Thursday of the approaching week (Lech L'cha), the third aliya ("Yisrael") begins with Vayeira Hashem el Avram etc.
The Rebbe my father told someone at yechidus: Ever since G‑d told our father Avraham, "Go from your land etc."1 and it is then written "Avram kept travelling southward,"2 we have the beginning of the mystery of birurim. By decree of Divine Providence man goes about his travels to the place where the "sparks" that he must purify await their redemption.
Tzadikim, who have vision, see where their birurim await them and go there deliberately. As for ordinary folk, The Cause of all causes and the Prime Mover3 brings about various reasons and circumstances that bring these people to that place where lies their obligation to perform the avoda of birurim.
Compiled and arranged by the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, of righteous memory, in 5703 (1943) from the talks and letters of the sixth Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, of righteous memory.
FOOTNOTES
1.Bereishit 12:1.
2.Ibid 12:9.
3."Cause of all causes," ilat kol ha'ilot. "Prime Mover," sibat kol hasibot. For the difference between the two terms, see Likutei Sichot, Vol. 16, p. 349, footnote 68.
• Daily Thought:• "Today's Day"
• Shabbat, Cheshvan 1, Shabbat Rosh Chodesh, 5704
Torah lessons: Chumash: Noach, Shevi'i with Rashi.
Tehillim: 1-9.
Tanya: Now, with one (p. 543) ...the peak of levels. (p. 543).
At Mincha, and on Monday and Thursday of the approaching week (Lech L'cha), the third aliya ("Yisrael") begins with Vayeira Hashem el Avram etc.
The Rebbe my father told someone at yechidus: Ever since G‑d told our father Avraham, "Go from your land etc."1 and it is then written "Avram kept travelling southward,"2 we have the beginning of the mystery of birurim. By decree of Divine Providence man goes about his travels to the place where the "sparks" that he must purify await their redemption.
Tzadikim, who have vision, see where their birurim await them and go there deliberately. As for ordinary folk, The Cause of all causes and the Prime Mover3 brings about various reasons and circumstances that bring these people to that place where lies their obligation to perform the avoda of birurim.
Compiled and arranged by the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, of righteous memory, in 5703 (1943) from the talks and letters of the sixth Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, of righteous memory.
FOOTNOTES
1.Bereishit 12:1.
2.Ibid 12:9.
3."Cause of all causes," ilat kol ha'ilot. "Prime Mover," sibat kol hasibot. For the difference between the two terms, see Likutei Sichot, Vol. 16, p. 349, footnote 68.
The Echo Upstream
Waves of life flow from the heavens above, carrying with them all your needs.
Celebrate whatever comes to you, out loud and with joy, and your voice echoes back with waves of even greater force.
The channels of life are widened and their currents grow strong.[Hayom Yom, 13 Iyar; Likutei Sichot vol. 14, pg. 403 (based on Zohar).]
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