Friday, June 15, 2018

TODAY IN JUDAISM: Tammuz 3, 5778 - Shabbat, June 16, 2018 Chabad.org Calendar ב"ה Today in Judaism

TODAY IN JUDAISM: Tammuz 3, 5778 - Shabbat, June 16, 2018

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Today in Judaism

Today is Shabbat, Tammuz 3, 5778 · June 16, 2018
Today's Laws & Customs
• Yahrtzeit Observances
Chabad-Lubavitch Chassidim observe the customs of the yahrtzeit(anniversary of the passing) in accordance with the customs instituted by the Rebbe for the yahrtzeit of his father-in-law and predecessor, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (1880-1950), following his passing on the 10th of Shevat in 1950.
Links:
A Letter from the Lubavitcher Rebbe outlining his suggested observances for Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak's first yahrtzeit.
More on Yahrtzeit
• Ethics of the Fathers: Chapter 4
During the summer months, from the Shabbat after Passover until the Shabbat before Rosh Hashahah, we study a weekly chapter of the Talmud's Ethics of the Fathers ("Avot") each Shabbat afternoon; this week we study Chapter Four.
Link: Ethics of the Fathers, Chapter 4
Today in Jewish History
• Joshua Stops the Sun (1273 BCE)
On the third of Tammuz of the year 2488 from creation (1273 BCE), Joshua was leading the Jewish people in one of the battles to conquer the Land of Israel. Victory was imminent, but darkness was about to fall. "Sun," proclaimed Joshua, "be still at Giv'on; moon, at the Ayalon valley" (Joshua 10:12). The heavenly bodies acquiesced, halting their progress through the sky until Israel's armies brought the battle to its successful conclusion.
Links:
Three Natural Miracles The Book of Joshua
• Lubavitch Fire (1851)
A great fire destroyed much of the town of Lubavitch, including the home of the third Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch (the "Tzemach Tzeddek", 1789-1866) and many invaluable manuscripts of Chassidic teaching.
• R. Yosef Yitzchak Released from Prison (1927)
The sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn (1880-1950), who was arrested on Sivan 15 of 1927 by agents of the GPU (soviet secret police) and the Yevsektzia ("Jewish section" of the Communist Party) for his work to preserve and disseminate Jewish learning and observance throughout the Soviet Empire. Held in the notorious Spalerno prison in Leningrad, he was repeatedly interrogated and beaten. Initially sentenced to death, international pressure compelled the Soviet regime to first commute the sentence to ten years hard labor in Siberia, and then to a three-year term of exile in Kostrama, a town in the interior of Russia.
On the 3rd of Tammuz, 18 days after his arrest, he was released from prison and allowed six hours at home before reporting to the Leningrad train station to embark on his exile. Many gathered at the station to see him off. Though he knew that there were GPU agents present, he spoke to the assembled crowd, encouraging all to persist in the very activities for which he had been arrested. "This," he proclaimed "all the nations of the world must know: Only our bodies were sent into exile and subjugated to alien rule; our souls were not given over into captivity and foreign rule. We must proclaim openly and before all that any matter affecting the Jewish religion, Torah, and its mitzvot and customs is not subject to the coercion of others. No one can impose his belief upon us, nor coerce us to conduct ourselves contrary to our beliefs!"
(On the 12th of Tammuz, after serving only nine days of his three year term, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak was informed that he was free to return home. Shortly thereafter, he was allowed to leave the Soviet Union and resettled in Riga, Latvia.)
Links:
Days of Light (the Rebbe's prison diary)
Three Natural Miracles
• Rebbe's Yahrtzeit (1994)
The Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson of righteous memory (b. 1902) passed away in the early morning hours of the 3rd of Tammuz, of the year 5754 from creation (1994). See today's Laws & Customs.
Links
The Ohel (the Rebbe's resting place)
Portal commemorating the Rebbe’s anniversary of passing
More on the 3rd of Tammuz
A brief biography of the Rebbe
Daily Torah Study

Chumash: with Rashi
• English / Hebrew Linear Translation
• Video Class
• Daily Wisdom (short insight)

Numbers Chapter 18

21And to the descendants of Levi, I have given all tithes of Israel as an inheritance, in exchange for their service which they perform-the service of the Tent of Meeting.		כאוְלִבְנֵ֣י לֵוִ֔י הִנֵּ֥ה נָתַ֛תִּי כָּל־מַֽעֲשֵׂ֥ר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לְנַֽחֲלָ֑ה חֵ֤לֶף עֲבֹֽדָתָם֙ אֲשֶׁר־הֵ֣ם עֹֽבְדִ֔ים אֶת־עֲבֹדַ֖ת אֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד:
22The children of Israel shall therefore no longer approach the Tent of Meeting, lest they bear sin and die.		כבוְלֹֽא־יִקְרְב֥וּ ע֛וֹד בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶל־אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד לָשֵׂ֥את חֵ֖טְא לָמֽוּת:
23The Levites shall perform the service of the Tent of Meeting, and they will bear their iniquity; it is an eternal statute for your generations, but among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance.		כגוְעָבַ֨ד הַלֵּוִ֜י ה֗וּא אֶת־עֲבֹדַת֙ אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֔ד וְהֵ֖ם יִשְׂא֣וּ עֲו‍ֹנָ֑ם חֻקַּ֤ת עוֹלָם֙ לְדֹרֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם וּבְתוֹךְ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א יִנְחֲל֖וּ נַֽחֲלָֽה:
and they: The Levites shall bear the iniquity of the Israelites, for it is their duty to warn outsiders against approaching them.		והם: הלוים ישאו עונם של ישראל, שעליהם להזהיר הזרים מגשת אליהם:
24For the tithes of the children of Israel, which they shall set aside for the Lord as a gift, I have given to the Levites as an inheritance. Thus, I have said to them that they shall have no inheritance among the children of Israel.		כדכִּ֞י אֶת־מַעְשַׂ֣ר בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָרִ֤ימוּ לַֽיהֹוָה֙ תְּרוּמָ֔ה נָתַ֥תִּי לַֽלְוִיִּ֖ם לְנַֽחֲלָ֑ה עַל־כֵּן֙ אָמַ֣רְתִּי לָהֶ֔ם בְּתוֹךְ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לֹ֥א יִנְחֲל֖וּ נַֽחֲלָֽה:
which they shall set aside for the Lord as a gift: Heb. תְּרוּמָה. Scripture calls it תְּרוּמָה, a gift, until he separates a gift [for the kohanim] from the tithes [received by the Levite from an Israelite]. — [Sifrei Korach 53]		אשר ירימו לה' תרומה: הכתוב קראו תרומה עד שיפריש ממנו תרומת מעשר:
25The Lord spoke to Moses, saying:		כהוַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר:
26Speak to the Levites and tell them, "When you take the tithe from the children of Israel which I have given you from them as your inheritance, you shall set aside from it a gift for the Lord, a tithe of the tithe.		כווְאֶל־הַֽלְוִיִּ֣ם תְּדַבֵּר֘ וְאָֽמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵהֶם֒ כִּֽי־תִ֠קְח֠וּ מֵאֵ֨ת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֜ל אֶת־הַמַּֽעֲשֵׂ֗ר אֲשֶׁ֨ר נָתַ֧תִּי לָכֶ֛ם מֵֽאִתָּ֖ם בְּנַֽחֲלַתְכֶ֑ם וַֽהֲרֵֽמֹתֶ֤ם מִמֶּ֨נּוּ֙ תְּרוּמַ֣ת יְהֹוָ֔ה מַֽעֲשֵׂ֖ר מִן־הַמַּֽעֲשֵֽׂר:
27Your gift shall be considered for you as grain from the threshing-floor and as the produce of the vat.		כזוְנֶחְשַׁ֥ב לָכֶ֖ם תְּרֽוּמַתְכֶ֑ם כַּדָּגָן֙ מִן־הַגֹּ֔רֶן וְכַֽמְלֵאָ֖ה מִן־הַיָּֽקֶב:
Your gift shall be considered for you, as grain from the threshing-floor: Your gift separated from the tithe is forbidden to outsiders and to ritually unclean [people], and they incur the death penalty and [if eaten unintentionally] and [they are liable to pay] an additional fifth, just as in the case of the gift set aside by Israelites for the kohanim, which is called the first grain from the threshing-floor. — [Midrash Aggadah]		ונחשב לכם תרומתכם כדגן מן הגרן: תרומת מעשר שלכם אסורה לזרים ולטמאים וחייבין עליה מיתה וחומש כתרומה גדולה שנקראת ראשית דגן מן הגורן:
and the produce of the vat: Like the gifts of wine and oil taken from the vats.		וכמלאה מן היקב: כתרומת תירוש ויצהר הניטלת מן היקבים:
produce: Heb. מְלֵאָה, lit., fullness, a term denoting ripening produce which has grown to its full [size].		מלאה: לשון בישול תבואה שנתמלאת:
vat: Heb. יֶקֶב. This is the pit in front of the press into which the wine flows. The term יֶקֶב always denotes an excavation in the ground. Similarly,“the pits (יִקְבֵי) of the king” (Zech. 14:10), referring to the ocean-an excavation ‘dug’ by the King of the world. - [Peskita d’Rav Kahana p. 143; see also Song Rabbah 7:3, Mattenoth Kehunnah, Redal]		יקב: הוא הבור שלפני הגת שהיין יורד לתוכו. וכל לשון יקב חפירת קרקע הוא, וכן (זכריה יד, י) יקבי המלך, הוא ים אוקיינוס חפירה שחפר מלכו של עולם:
28So shall you too set aside a gift for the Lord from all the tithes you take from the children of Israel, and you shall give thereof the Lord's gift to Aaron the priest.		כחכֵּ֣ן תָּרִ֤ימוּ גַם־אַתֶּם֙ תְּרוּמַ֣ת יְהֹוָ֔ה מִכֹּל֙ מַעְשְׂרֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֣ר תִּקְח֔וּ מֵאֵ֖ת בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וּנְתַתֶּ֤ם מִמֶּ֨נּוּ֙ אֶת־תְּרוּמַ֣ת יְהֹוָ֔ה לְאַֽהֲרֹ֖ן הַכֹּהֵֽן:
So shall you too set aside: Just as the Israelites set aside [a portion] from their threshing-floors and from their wine vats [for the kohanim], so shall you, too, set aside [a portion] from your tithes, for that is your inheritance.		כן תרימו גם אתם: כמו שישראל מרימים מגרנם ומיקביהם תרימו גם אתם ממעשר שלכם, כי הוא נחלתכם:
29From all your gifts, you shall set aside every gift of the Lord, from its choicest portion, that part of it which is to be consecrated."		כטמִכֹּל֙ מַתְּנֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם תָּרִ֕ימוּ אֵ֖ת כָּל־תְּרוּמַ֣ת יְהֹוָ֑ה מִכָּ֨ל־חֶלְבּ֔וֹ אֶת־מִקְדְּשׁ֖וֹ מִמֶּֽנּוּ:
From all that is given to you, you shall set aside all God’s gifts: Scripture refers to terumah gedolah [the gift set aside by the Israelites for the kohanim]. If the Levite preceded the kohen to the bin and accepted his tithes before the kohen took his terumah gedolah from the storage bin, the Levite must first separate one fiftieth from the tithe as terumah gedolah and then again separate another gift from the tithe. — [Shab. 127b]		מכל מתנתיכם תרימו את כל תרומת ה': בתרומה גדולה הכתוב מדבר, שאם הקדים לוי את הכהן בכרי וקבל מעשרותיו קודם שיטול כהן תרומה גדולה מן הכרי, צריך להפריש הלוי מן המעשר תחלה אחד מחמשים לתרומה גדולה, ויחזור ויפריש תרומת מעשר:
30Say to them, "When you separate its choicest part, it shall be considered for the Levites as produce from the threshing-floor and as produce from the vat.		לוְאָֽמַרְתָּ֖ אֲלֵהֶ֑ם בַּֽהֲרִֽימְכֶ֤ם אֶת־חֶלְבּוֹ֙ מִמֶּ֔נּוּ וְנֶחְשַׁב֙ לַֽלְוִיִּ֔ם כִּתְבוּאַ֥ת גֹּ֖רֶן וְכִתְבוּאַ֥ת יָֽקֶב:
When you separate its choicest part: After you have separated a gift from the tithes.		בהרימכם את חלבו ממנו: לאחר שתרימו תרומת מעשר ממנו:
it shall be considered: The remainder shall be for the Levites and contain no sanctity whatsoever.		ונחשב: המותר ללוים חולין גמורין:
As produce from the threshing-floor: For the Israelites. So that you should not say: Since Scripture calls it תְּרוּמָה, “a gift,” as it says,“For the tithes of the children of Israel, which they shall set aside for the Lord as a gift” (18:24), one might think it is completely forbidden [i.e., that it would retain its sanctity]. Thus, Scripture tells us that it shall be considered to the Levites like the produce of the threshing-floor; just as that of the Israelites is non-sacred [after the terumah gift has been set aside from it], so is that of the Levites non-sacred. — [Sifrei Korach 70]		כתבואת גרן: לישראל, שלא תאמר הואיל וקראו הכתוב תרומה שנאמר כי את מעשר בני ישראל אשר ירימו לה' תרומה, יכול יהא כולו אסור, תלמוד לומר ונחשב ללוים כתבואת גרן, מה של ישראל חולין, אף של לוי חולין:
31You and your household may eat it anywhere, for it is your wage for you in exchange for your service in the Tent of Meeting.		לאוַֽאֲכַלְתֶּ֤ם אֹתוֹ֙ בְּכָל־מָק֔וֹם אַתֶּ֖ם וּבֵֽיתְכֶ֑ם כִּֽי־שָׂכָ֥ר הוּא֙ לָכֶ֔ם חֵ֥לֶף עֲבֹֽדַתְכֶ֖ם בְּאֹ֥הֶל מוֹעֵֽד:
Anywhere: Even in a cemetery. — [Sifrei Korach 71, Yev. 86b]		בכל מקום: אפילו בבית הקברות:
32After you separate the choicest part from it, you shall not bear any sin on account of it, but you shall not profane the sacred [offerings] of the children of Israel, so that you shall not die.		לבוְלֹֽא־תִשְׂא֤וּ עָלָיו֙ חֵ֔טְא בַּֽהֲרִֽימְכֶ֥ם אֶת־חֶלְבּ֖וֹ מִמֶּ֑נּוּ וְאֶת־קָדְשֵׁ֧י בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֛ל לֹ֥א תְחַלְּל֖וּ וְלֹ֥א תָמֽוּתוּ:
You shall not bear any sin on account of it: However, if you do not set aside [a portion], you will bear a sin. — [Yev. 89b, Rashi]		ולא תשאו עליו חטא וגו': הא אם לא תרימו תשאו חטא:
So that you shall not die: However, if you do profane it, you shall die. — [Bech. 26b]		ולא תמותו: הא אם תחללו תמותו:

Tehillim: Chapters 18 - 22
• Hebrewtext
• English text

Chapter 18

If one merits a public miracle, he should offer a song to God, including in his song all the miracles that have occurred since the day the world was created, as well as the good that God wrought for Israel at the giving of the Torah. And he should say: "He Who has performed these miracles, may He do with me likewise."

1. For the Conductor. By the servant of the Lord, by David, who chanted the words of this song to the Lord on the day the Lord delivered him from the hand of all his enemies, and from the hand of Saul.

2. He said, "I love You, Lord, my strength.

3. The Lord is my rock, my fortress, and my rescuer. My God is my strength in Whom I take shelter, my shield, the horn of my salvation, my stronghold.

4. With praises I call upon the Lord, and I am saved from my enemies.

5. For the pangs of death surrounded me, and torrents of evil people terrified me.

6. Pangs of the grave encompassed me; snares of death confronted me.

7. In my distress I called upon the Lord, I cried out to my God; and from His Sanctuary He heard my voice, and my supplication before Him reached His ears.

8. The earth trembled and quaked; the foundations of the mountains shook-they trembled when His wrath flared.

9. Smoke rose in His nostrils, devouring fire blazed from His mouth, and burning coals flamed forth from Him.

10. He inclined the heavens and descended, a thick cloud was beneath His feet.

11. He rode on a cherub and flew; He soared on the wings of the wind.

12. He made darkness His concealment, His surroundings His shelter-of the dense clouds with their dark waters.

13. Out of the brightness before Him, His clouds passed over, with hailstones and fiery coals.

14. The Lord thundered in heaven, the Most High gave forth His voice-hailstones and fiery coals.

15. He sent forth His arrows and scattered them; many lightnings, and confounded them.

16. The channels of water became visible, the foundations of the world were exposed-at Your rebuke, O Lord, at the blast of the breath of Your nostrils.

17. He sent from heaven and took me; He brought me out of surging waters.

18. He rescued me from my fierce enemy, and from my foes when they had become too strong for me.

19. They confronted me on the day of my misfortune, but the Lord was my support.

20. He brought me into spaciousness; He delivered me because He desires me.

21. The Lord rewar-ded me in accordance with my righteousness; He repaid me according to the cleanliness of my hands.

22. For I have kept the ways of the Lord, and have not transgressed against my God;

23. for all His laws are before me, I have not removed His statutes from me.

24. I was perfect with Him, and have guarded myself from sin.

25. The Lord repaid me in accordance with my righteousness, according to the cleanliness of my hands before His eyes.

26. With the kindhearted You act kindly, with the upright man You act uprightly.

27. With the pure You act purely, but with the crooked You act cun- ningly.

28. For the destitute nation You save, but haughty eyes You humble.

29. Indeed, You light my lamp; the Lord, my God, illuminates my darkness.

30. For with You I run against a troop; with my God I scale a wall.

31. The way of God is perfect; the word of the Lord is pure; He is a shield to all who take refuge in Him.

32. For who is God except the Lord, and who is a rock except our God!

33. The God Who girds me with strength, and makes my path perfect.

34. He makes my feet like deers', and stands me firmly on my high places.

35. He trains my hands for battle, my arms to bend a bow of bronze.

36. You have given me the shield of Your deliverance, Your right hand upheld me; Your humility made me great.

37. You have widened my steps beneath me, and my knees have not faltered.

38. I pursued my enemies and overtook them; I did not turn back until I destroyed them.

39. I crushed them so that they were unable to rise; they are fallen beneath my feet.

40. You have girded me with strength for battle; You have subdued my adversaries beneath me.

41. You have made my enemies turn their backs to me, and my foes I cut down.

42. They cried out, but there was none to deliver them; to the Lord, but He did not answer them.

43. I ground them as the dust before the wind, I poured them out like the mud in the streets.

44. You have rescued me from the quarrelsome ones of the people, You have made me the head of nations; a nation I did not know became subservient to me.

45. As soon as they hear of me they obey me; strangers deny to me [their disloyalty].

46. Strangers wither away, they are terrified in their strongholds.

47. The Lord lives; blessed is my Rock; exalted is the God of my deliverance.

48. You are the God Who executes retribution for me, and subjugates nations under me.

49. Who rescues me from my enemies, Who exalts me above my adversaries, Who delivers me from the man of violence.

50. Therefore I will laud You, Lord, among the nations, and sing to Your Name.

51. He grants His king great salvations, and bestows kindness upon His anointed, to David and his descendants forever."

Chapter 19

To behold God's might one should look to the heavens, to the sun, and to the Torah, from which awesome miracles and wonders can be perceived--wonders that lead the creations to tell of God's glory.

1. For the Conductor, a psalm by David.

2. The heavens recount the glory of the Almighty; the sky proclaims His handiwork.

3. Day to day speech streams forth; night to night expresses knowledge.

4. There is no utterance, there are no words; their voice is inaudible.

5. Their arc extends throughout the world; their message to the end of the earth. He set in them [the heavens] a tent for the sun,

6. which is like a groom coming forth from his bridal canopy, like a strong man rejoicing to run the course.

7. Its rising is at one end of the heavens, and its orbit encompasses the other ends; nothing is hidden from its heat.

8. The Torah of the Lord is perfect, restoring the soul; the testimony of the Lord is trustworthy, making wise the simpleton.

9. The precepts of the Lord are just, rejoicing the heart; the command of the Lord is clear, enlightening the eyes.

10. The fear of the Lord is pure, abiding forever; the judgments of the Lord are true, they are all righteous together.

11. They are more desirable than gold, than much fine gold; sweeter than honey or the drippings of honeycomb.

12. Indeed, Your servant is scrupulous with them; in observing them there is abundant reward.

13. Yet who can discern inadvertent wrongs? Purge me of hidden sins.

14. Also hold back Your servant from willful sins; let them not prevail over me; then I will be unblemished and keep myself clean of gross transgression.

15. May the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable before You, Lord, my Strength and my Redeemer.

Chapter 20

If a loved one or relative is suffering-even in a distant place, where one is unable to help-offer this prayer on their behalf.

1. For the Conductor, a psalm by David.

2. May the Lord answer you on the day of distress; may the Name of the God of Jacob fortify you.

3. May He send your help from the Sanctuary, and support you from Zion.

4. May He remember all your offerings, and always accept favorably your sacrifices.

5. May He grant you your heart's desire, and fulfill your every counsel.

6. We will rejoice in your deliverance, and raise our banners in the name of our God; may the Lord fulfill all your wishes.

7. Now I know that the Lord has delivered His anointed one, answering him from His holy heavens with the mighty saving power of His right hand.

8. Some [rely] upon chariots and some upon horses, but we [rely upon and] invoke the Name of the Lord our God.

9. They bend and fall, but we rise and stand firm.

10. Lord, deliver us; may the King answer us on the day we call.

Chapter 21

One who is endowed with prosperity, and whose every desire is granted, ought not be ungrateful. He should praise and thank God, recognize Him as the cause of his prosperity, and trust in Him. For everything comes from the kindness of the One Above.

1. For the Conductor, a psalm by David.

2. The king rejoices in Your strength, Lord; how greatly he exults in Your deliverance!

3. You have given him his heart's desire, and You have never withheld the utterance of his lips.

4. You preceded him with blessings of good; You placed a crown of pure gold on his head.

5. He asked of You life, You gave it to him-long life, forever and ever.

6. His glory is great in Your deliverance; You have placed majesty and splendor upon him.

7. For You make him a blessing forever; You gladden him with the joy of Your countenance.

8. For the king trusts in the Lord, and in the kindness of the Most High-that he will not falter.

9. Your hand will suffice for all Your enemies; Your right hand will find those who hate You.

10. You will make them as a fiery furnace at the time of Your anger. May the Lord consume them in His wrath; let a fire devour them.

11. Destroy their offspring from the earth, their descendants from mankind.

12. For they intended evil against You, they devised evil plans which they cannot execute.

13. For You will set them as a portion apart; with Your bowstring You will aim at their faces.

14. Be exalted, O Lord, in Your strength; we will sing and chant the praise of Your might.

Chapter 22

Every person should pray in agony over the length of the exile, and our fall from prestige to lowliness. One should also take vows (for self-improvement) in his distress.

1. For the Conductor, on the ayelet hashachar, a psalm by David.

2. My God, my God, why have You forsaken me! So far from saving me, from the words of my outcry?

3. My God, I call out by day, and You do not answer; at night-but there is no respite for me.

4. Yet You, Holy One, are enthroned upon the praises of Israel.

5. In You our fathers trusted; they trusted and You saved them.

6. They cried to You and were rescued; they trusted in You and were not shamed.

7. And I am a worm and not a man; scorn of men, contempt of nations.

8. All who see me mock me; they open their lips, they shake their heads.

9. But one that casts [his burden] upon the Lord-He will save him; He will rescue him, for He desires him.

10. For You took me out of the womb, and made me secure on my mother's breasts.

11. I have been thrown upon You from birth; from my mother's womb You have been my God.

12. Be not distant from me, for trouble is near, for there is none to help.

13. Many bulls surround me, the mighty bulls of Bashan encircle me.

14. They open their mouths against me, like a lion that ravages and roars.

15. I am poured out like water, all my bones are disjointed; my heart has become like wax, melted within my innards.

16. My strength is dried up like a potsherd, and my tongue cleaves to my palate; You set me in the dust of death.

17. For dogs surround me, a pack of evildoers enclose me; my hands and feet are like a lion's prey.

18. I count all my limbs, while they watch and gloat over me.

19. They divide my garments amongst them; they cast lots upon my clothing.

20. But You, Lord, do not be distant; my Strength, hurry to my aid!

21. Save my life from the sword, my soul from the grip of dogs.

22. Save me from the lion's mouth, as You have answered me from the horns of wild beasts.

23. I will recount [the praises of] Your Name to my brothers; I will extol You amidst the congregation.

24. You that fear the Lord, praise Him! Glorify Him, all you progeny of Jacob! Stand in awe of Him, all you progeny of Israel!

25. For He has not despised nor abhorred the entreaty of the poor, nor has He concealed His face from him; rather He heard when he cried to Him.

26. My praise comes from You, in the great congregation; I will pay my vows before those that fear Him.

27. Let the humble eat and be satisfied; let those who seek the Lord praise Him-may your hearts live forever!

28. All the ends of the earth will remember and return to the Lord; all families of nations will bow down before You.

29. For sovereignty is the Lord's, and He rules over the nations.

30. All the fat ones of the earth will eat and bow down, all who descend to the dust shall kneel before Him, but He will not revive their soul.

31. The progeny of those who serve Him will tell of the Lord to the latter generations.

32. They will come and relate His righteousness-all that He has done-to a newborn nation.Tanya: Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah, beginning of Chapter 11

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Tammuz 3, 5778 · June 16, 2018

Today's Tanya Lesson

Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah, beginning of Chapter 11

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The Alter Rebbe explained in the previous chapter that the Sefirot — the Divine attributes, and the Divine wisdom and Will — designated by their respective names only in relation to created beings, which are granted existence and life and guidance by Him Who enclothes Himself in those attributes.

However, since these attributes are united with Him in a perfect unity, they are not identifiable by any names whateverwhen considered relative to Him. In this they correspond to the sunlight that is still within the sun: it is not deemed “light”, because at that stage it is absolutely absorbed within its source.

The Alter Rebbe now goes on to explain that not only are the attributes andSefirot called by their respective names in relation to created beings alone, but even the Ten Utterances — through which the attributes become manifest, thereby bringing created beings into existence and providing them with life — are also called “Utterances” only in relation to created beings. They are not called so relative to G‑d, however, inasmuch as they are united with the attributes, which in turn are united in perfect unity with the Holy One, blessed be He.

והנה עשרה מאמרות גם כן נקראו בשם מאמרות לגבי הנבראים בלבד

The Ten Utterances are also designated “Utterances” only in relation to created beings, since this is a term that relates to revelation, as shall presently be explained.

כי כמו שהמדות שבנשמת האדם, כשבאות להתגלות במעשה

For just as the emotive attributes of the human soul, when they surface in order to be revealed in [a corresponding] action,

הן באות מלובשות באותיות המחשבה

appear enclothed in the letters of thought, [so do the attributes of the Holy One, blessed be He].

כגון מדת החסד ורחמים שבנשמה, אי אפשר לבוא לידי התגלות בפועל ממש, כי אם על ידי שמחשב בדעתו ומהרהר מעשה הצדקה וחסד, לעשותה בפועל ממש

For example, the soul’s attribute of kindness and mercy cannot be revealed (i.e., find expression) in actual deed unless one first thinks about and contemplates doing an actual act of charity and kindness,

כי אי אפשר לעשות בלי מחשבה

for one cannot act without thought.

It sometimes happens that before an emotive attribute finds expression in action, it must first become enclothed not only in thought but also in speech. This is now explained.

ואם מצוה לאחרים לעשות, כמו המלך

If a person, such as a king, commands others to perform [an act of kindness],

אזי מתלבשת מדת החסד, וגם אותיות המחשבה, באותיות הדבור

then the attribute of kindness and with it the letters of thought are garbed in the letters of speech.

וכן כשמדבר דברי חסד ורחמים לרעהו

(1This is also the case when one speaks words of kindness and compassion to his friend.)

Thus, it is through letters of thought or letters of speech that the soul’s faculties and attributes are revealed.

כך, על דרך משל, מדותיו של הקב״ה, כשבאות לבחינת התגלות פעולתן בתחתונים

So, figuratively speaking, when the emotive attributes of the Holy One, blessed be He, reach the level at which their activity is to be revealed in the lower [worlds],

נקרא גילוי זה והמשכת פעולה זו בשם מאמר וצירוף אותיות

this revelation and the flow of this action are called an “Utterance” and a combination of letters,

שהרי אי אפשר שתהיה שום פעולה נמשכת ממדותיו הקדושות, בלי צירופים הנקראים בשם אותיות

for there can be no action proceeding from His holy emotive attributes without [the intermediacy of] combinations which are called “letters”.

Action can result (or be revealed) from G‑d’s emotive attributes only when a number of particular powers combine to produce this revelation.

כגון לבריאת האור ממדת החסד, נמשך ממנה המשכת פעולה וכח, לפעול ולברוא בו את האור

For instance, for the creation of light from the attribute of kindness, there issued from it a flow of action and a power with which to produce and create the light.

The attribute of kindness is capable of producing varying results and various manifestations of creation, as shall soon be explained. In order for it to create light rather than something else, the attribute of Chesed must produce a specific revelation and power whose makeup is such that specifically light will be created from it.

והמשכת כח זה וחיות זו נקראת בשם מאמר ואותיות: יהי אור

The flow of this power and this life-force is called by the name of the “Utterance” and the [combination of the] letters [that constitute the Biblical phrase], “Let there be light.”

כי אף שאינן כאותיות מחשבה שלנו, חס ושלום

Although they are notactual letters of thoughtlike our letters of thought, G‑d forbid,

The Alter Rebbe had previously drawn an analogy: just as a person’s soul is revealed through letters of thought, so too do the Divine attributes become manifest through letters of thought. He therefore forestalls any misunderstanding by pointing out in the above clause that whereas the soul actually contains letters, with all their inherent limitations, this is not so Above.

מכל מקום הם ענין המורה על התהוות האור מאין ליש

nevertheless, they are similar to our letters of thought in that they are a phenomenon which indicates the bringing into existence of the light from nothing; i.e., they are the particular power that creates light.

שלכן נברא האור מהמשכת כח זה, ולא נבראו ממנו דברים אחרים שנבראו גם כן ממדת החסד, כמו מים וכיוצא בהם

Hence, light was created from this flow of power, and not other things which were also created from the attribute of kindness, such as water and the like,

Thus, the combination of letters is such that this Divine power specifically creates light. It is therefore deemed to be the “Utterance” which proclaimed, “Let there be light.” This selfsame attribute of kindness creates other things, such as water,

מפני שנתלבשו בהם כחות בבחינת צירופים אחרים, המורים על התהוות המים וכיוצא

because in them were clothed powers from other combinations, which indicate the bringing into existence of water and the like.

ונמצא כי כל חיות וכחות הנמשכות ממדותיו הקדושות לתחתונים, לבראם מאין ליש ולהחיותם ולקיימם, נקראו בשם אותיות הקדושות

Accordingly, all life-forces and powers which issue from [G‑d’s] holy emotive attributes to the lower [worlds], to create them ex nihilo and to give them life and sustain them, are called “holy letters.”

שהן בחינת המשכת החיות מרצונו וחכמתו ומדותיו, להתהוות עולמות ולהחיותם

These are the flow of the life-force from His Will and His wisdom and His emotive attributes, to bring worlds into being and give them life.

והם שני מיני עולמות

These worlds that are created by the letters are of two kinds:

עלמין סתימין דלא אתגליין, הם המתהווים וחיים וקיימים מכחות והמשכות נעלמות, כמו אותיות המחשבה שבנשמת האדם על דרך משל

“hidden worlds unrevealed,” which come into existence and live and are sustained by concealed powers and life-forces, like, for example, the letters of thought in the human soul;

Just as the letters of each man’s thought are concealed from others, these Divine powers are similarly concealed from created beings. From them were created the “hidden worlds.”

ועלמין דאתגליין נבראו וחיים מהתגלות שנתגלו כחות והמשכות הנעלמות, הנקראות בשם אותיות המחשבה

and “worlds revealed,” [which] were created and live from the revelation of the hidden powers and life-forces called “letters of thought.”

וכשהן בבחינת התגלות, להחיות עלמין דאתגליין

When these [“letters of thought”] are in a state of revelation, in order to give life to the revealed worlds,

נקראות בשם מאמרות ודבר ה׳ ורוח פיו

they are called “Utterances” and “the word of G‑d” and the “breath of His mouth,”

כמו אותיות הדבור באדם, דרך משל, שהן מגלות לשומעים מה שהיה צפוןוסתום בלבו

like, for example, the letters of a man’s speech, which reveal to his listeners what was concealed and hidden in his heart.

Likewise, the Divine “letters of speech” are a revelation of the force that grants existence and infuses life into those created beings that are of the category of “worlds revealed.”

FOOTNOTES
1.	Parentheses are in the original text.

Rambam:

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Today's Mitzvah	Tammuz 3, 5778 · June 16, 2018
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"

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Positive Commandment 245
Transactions

"And if you sell something to your neighbor..."—Leviticus 25:14.
We are commanded regarding the various methods that effect transactions, i.e., the ways to transfer property from one individual to another (or, in the case of a guardian of an object, the transfer of jurisdiction).

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Transactions

Positive Commandment 245

Translated by Berel Bell

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Positive Commandment 244

Positive Commandment 246

The 245th mitzvah is that we are commanded regarding the laws of buying and selling, i.e. the ways in which purchases and sales between the buyers and the sellers become legally binding.

The Torah taught about one method in G‑d's statement1 (exalted be He), "When you sell something to your neighbor, [or buy something from your neighbor's hand...]" Our Sages said,2 "[The word 'hand' teaches that the sale] refers to something which can pass from one hand to another," i.e. meshichah [physically moving the object].

It is explained that in Biblical law, transfer of money is sufficient to complete the transaction, and meshichah is necessary only by Rabbinic decree, as is mesirah [giving the vehicle of control, e.g. the reins of a horse, to the buyer] and hagba'ah [lifting the object].

The Gemara3 explicitly says, "Just as our Sages enacted a requirement of meshichah in order for a sale to be valid, so too they required meshichah in order for a watchman relationship to become valid." It is therefore clear that the requirement of meshichah in buying and selling is of Rabbinic origin, as explained in the relevant place.

However, other methods of acquiring land, etc., i.e. by means of a document or chazakah4 are traced5 to Biblical verses [and are therefore of Biblical, not Rabbinic, origin].

The details of this mitzvah — i.e. the manners of finalizing a sale in each category — are explained in the 1st chapter of tractate Kiddushin, the 4th and 8th chapters of Bava Metzia, and the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th chapters of Bava Basra.

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Positive Commandment 244

Positive Commandment 246

FOOTNOTES

Lev. 25:14.

Bava Metzia 47b.

Ibid., 99a.

Such as building something on the land.

See Kiddushin 26a.

Rambam:

• 1 Chapter A Day: Issurei Biah Issurei Biah - Chapter Four
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Issurei Biah - Chapter Four

[A woman in] the niddah1 state is like all of the other arayot. A person who inserts his corona into her vaginal or anal orifice is liable for kerait. [This applies] even if she is a minor who is three years old, as applies with regard to other arayot.

For a woman can become impure as a niddah even on the day she is born.2 And a girl who is ten days becomes impure because of zivah.3 This concept was communicated through the Oral Tradition. There is no difference between an adult and an a minor with regard to the impurity associated with nidah and zivah.

הנדה הרי היא כשאר כל העריות המערה בה [בין כדרכה בין שלא כדרכה] חייב כרת ואפילו היתה קטנה בת שלש שנים ויום אחד כשאר עריות שהבת מתטמאה בנדה ואפילו ביום לידתה ובת עשרה ימים מטמאה בזיבה ודבר זה מפי השמועה למדו שאין הפרש בין גדולה לקטנה לטומאת נדות וזבות:

[The prohibitions that apply] to one who has relations with a nidah apply throughout the seven days, even if blood was sighted only on the first day. [These same prohibitions] apply to one who has relations with a woman who gave birth to a male throughout the seven days [following birth], to one who has relations with a woman who gave birth to a female throughout the fourteen days [following birth], to one who has relations with a zavah through the time she bleeds and then counts [seven "clean" days].4 This applies also to a Canaanite maidservant and one who has been freed. All [of these relations] are punishable by kerait.

[The association is derived as follows:] With regard to a nidah, [Leviticus 15:19] states: "She will be in her niddah state for seven days." With regard to a zavah, [ibid.:25] states: "All the days of the flow of her impurity will be like the days of her niddah state."5 With regard to a woman who gave birth to a male,6 [ibid. 12:2] states: "She will become impure as in the days of her nidah affliction." 7 And with regard to a woman who gave birth to a female, [ibid.12:5] states: "She will be impure as in her niddah state for two weeks."8

ואחד הבא על הנדה כל שבעת הימים ואפילו לא ראתה אלא יום ראשון ואחד הבא על יולדת זכר כל שבעה או על יולדת נקבה כל ארבעה עשר או על הזבה כל ימי זובה וספירתה בין שפחה בין משוחררת הכל בכרת שנאמר בנדה שבעת ימים תהיה בנדתה ובזבה נאמר כל ימי זוב טומאתה כימי נדתה תהיה וביולדת זכר הוא אומר כימי נדת דותה תטמא וביולדת נקבה וטמאה שבועים כנדתה:

When does the above - that the impurity is dependent on [the passage of] days - apply? When the woman immersed herself in the waters of a mikveh9 after these specifically mentioned days.10 If, however, a niddah, a zavah or a woman who gave birth did not immerse in a mikveh, a person is liable for kerait for having relations with one of them even several years afterwards. For the Torah made the matter dependent on [the passage of] days and immersion, as [Leviticus 15:18] states: "And they shall immerse themselves [in the water]...." This teaches a general principle with regard to any impure person: he is in a state of impurity until he [or she] immerses.

במה דברים אמורים שהטומאה תלויה בימים בשטבלה במי מקוה אחר הימים הספורים אבל נדה וזבה ויולדת שלא טבלו במי מקוה הבא על אחת מהן אפילו אחר כמה שנים חייב כרת שבימים וטבילה תלה הכתוב שנאמר ורחצו במים זה בנין אב לכל טמא שהוא בטומאתו עד שיטבול:

The prohibitions against relations with a niddah, a zavah, and a woman after childbirth do not apply with regard to relations with gentile women.11 Our Sages decreed that all gentiles, male and female, would be considered like zavim at all times, whether or not they experienced such discharges,12 with regard to matters of purity and impurity.

העכו"ם אין חייבין עליהם משום נדה ולא משום זבה ולא משום יולדת וחכמים גזרו על כל העכו"ם הזכרים והנקבות שיהו כזבים תמיד בין ראו בין לא ראו לענין טומאה וטהרה:

All blood manifest by a woman after childbirth during the 33 days associated with the birth of a male13 and the 66 days associated with the birth of a female14 is called blood of purity.15 It does not prevent a woman from [relations with] her husband. Instead, she immerses herself after seven days [of impurity] for a male and fourteen for a female. She may then engage in relations with her husband16 even though her blood flows.17

כל דם שתראה היולדת בתוך ל"ג של זכר וס"ו של נקבה הוא הנקרא דם טוהר ואין מונע את האשה מבעלה אלא טובלת אחר שבעה לזכר ואחר ארבעה עשר לנקבה ומשמשת מטתה אף ע"פ שהדם שותת ויורד:

All of those who must immerse themselves are required to immerse themselves during the day with the exception of a niddah and a woman after childbirth.18 For with regard to a niddah, [Leviticus 15:19] states: "She will be in her niddah state for seven days." Her niddahstate prevails for all of the seven days.19She immerses on the evening of the eighth day. Similarly, a woman who gives birth to a male child immerses on the evening of the eighth day, and one who gives birth to a female immerses on the evening of the fifteenth day, for a woman who gives birth is comparable to one in the niddah state, as we explained.20

כל חייבי טבילות טבילתן ביום חוץ מנדה ויולדת שהרי הוא אומר בנדה שבעת ימים תהיה בנדתה השבעה כולן בנדתה וטובלת בליל שמיני וכן יולדת זכר בליל שמיני ויולדת נקבה בליל חמשה עשר שהיולדת כנדה כמו שביארנו:

If she21 delayed the matter for many days and did not immerse herself, when she immerses herself, she should immerse only at night. For if she immerses during the day, an error [may be] made and another niddah may come and immerse herself on the seventh day.

נתאחרה ימים רבים ולא טבלה כשתטבול לא תטבול אלא בלילה שאם תטבול ביום יטעו ותבא נדה אחרת לטבול בשביעי:

If a woman was sick or the place for immersion was far away and women could not reach there and return at night because of thieves,22 because of cold, or because they close the gates of the city at night, she may immerse during the day on the eighth - or subsequent - days.23

היתה חולה או שהיה מקום הטבילה רחוק ואין הנשים יכולות להגיע לו ולחזור בלילה מפני הלסטים או מפני הצינה או מפני שנועלין שערי המדינה בלילה הרי זו טובלת ביום השמיני או בימים של אחריו ביום:

Whenever a woman has a veset,24 her husband can assume that she is [ritually pure and] permitted until she tells him "I am impure" or she is established as a niddah in her neighborhood.25

If a woman's husband went overseas and left her ritually pure, when he comes he does not have to ask her [concerning her state]. Even if he finds her asleep, he may enter into relations with her26 as long as it is not the time when she is expected to menstruate.27 He need not suspect that perhaps she is a niddah. If he left her a niddah, she is forbidden to him until she tells him: "I am ritually pure."28

כל הנשים שיש להן וסת בחזקת טהרה לבעליהן עד שתאמר לו טמאה אני או עד שתוחזק נדה בשכנותיה הלך בעלה למדינה אחרת והניחה טהורה כשיבוא אינו צריך לשאול לה אפילו מצאה ישנה הרי זה מותר לבוא עליה שלא בעונת וסתה ואינו חושש שמא נדה היא ואם הניחה נדה אסורה לו עד שתאמר לו טהורה אני:

When a woman tells her husband: "I am ritually impure," and afterwards she tells him: "I am ritually pure. Before I was just speaking facetiously with you," her word is not accepted.29 If she provides a rationale for her original statements, her word is accepted. 30

What is implied? Her husband asked her to engage in relations and his sister or his mother was together with her in the courtyard. She originally said she was impure. Afterwards, she said: "I am pure. I told you that I am impure only because of your sister or your mother; lest they see us." [In this instance,] her statement is accepted. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.31

האשה שאמרה לבעלה טמאה אני וחזרה ואמרה טהורה אני ודרך שחוק אמרתי לך תחלה אינה נאמנת ואם נתנה אמתלא לדבריה נאמנת כיצד תבעה בעלה ואחותו או אמו עמה בחצר ואמרה טמאה אני ואחר כך חזרה ואמרה טהורה אני ולא אמרתי לך טמאה אלא מפני אחותך ואמך שמא יראו אותנו הרי זו נאמנת וכן כל כיוצא בזה:

When a man was in the midst of relations with a woman who had been ritually pure and she said: "I became impure," he should not separate himself immediately while he is erect. For withdrawing is as pleasurable for him as entry. If he withdraws while he is still erect, he is liable for kerait,32 like one who enters into relations with a niddah. This law also applies with regard to other arayot.33

What should he do? Implant his toenails in the ground and wait without moving until he loses his erection.34 Afterwards, he should withdraw.

יא

היה משמש עם הטהורה ואמרה לו נטמאתי לא יפרוש מיד והוא בקישויו שהנאה לו ביציאתו כביאתו ואם פירש והוא בקישויו חייב כרת כמו שבעל נדה והוא הדין בשאר עריות אלא כיצד יעשה נועץ צפרני רגליו בקרקע ושוהה ואינו מזדעזע עד שימות האבר ואחר כך נשמט ממנה:

It is forbidden for a person to engage in relations35 with his wife near the time she can expect menstruation to begin,36 lest she menstruate in the midst of relations. [This is alluded to by Leviticus 15:31]: "And you shall warn the children of Israel concerning their impurity."37

For how long [is it necessary to refrain from relations]? If [the woman] would ordinarily begin menstruating during the day, she is forbidden to enter into relations from the beginning of the day. If she would ordinarily begin menstruating during the night, she is forbidden to enter into relations from the beginning of the night.38

יב

ואסור לו לאדם לבא על אשתו סמוך לוסתה שמא תראה דם בשעת תשמיש שנא' והזרתם את בני ישראל מטומאתם וכמה אם היה דרכה לראות ביום אסור לשמש מתחלת היום ואם היה דרכה לראות בלילה אסור לשמש מתחלת הלילה:

If the time when menstruation could be expected to come passes and she did not begin menstruating, she is permitted to engage in relations after the time when menstruation was expected to begin passes.

What is implied? If she was accustomed to begin menstruating after six hours of the day passed. She is forbidden to engage in relations from the beginning of the day. If six hours pass without her beginning to menstruate, she is forbidden to engage in relations until the evening. 39 Similarly, if she was accustomed to begin menstruating after six hours of the night and that time passed without her beginning to menstruate, she is forbidden to engage in relations until sunrise.

יג

עבר וסתה ולא ראתה מותרת לשמש אחר שתעבור עונת הוסת כיצד היה דרכה לראות בשש שעות ביום אסורה לשמש מתחלת היום עברו שש שעות ביום ולא ראתה אסורה לשמש עד לערב וכן אם היה דרכה לראות בשש שעות בלילה ועברו ולא ראתה אסורה לשמש עד שתזרח השמש:

It is the habit of Jewish men and women to carry out a personal inspection after relations.40 What is implied? The man should clean himself with a cloth prepared for [this purpose] and the woman should clean herself with a cloth prepared for [this purpose]. [The purpose of these inspections is] to see whether the woman menstruated in the midst of relations. The man may allow the woman to check with his cloth. Since her word is accepted with regard to her [cloth], it is also accepted with regard to his.

יד

דרך בני ישראל ובנות ישראל לעולם לבדוק עצמם אחר התשמיש כיצד מקנח האיש עצמו במטלית נכונה לו ומקנחת האשה עצמה במטלית נכונה לה ורואין בהן שמא ראתה דם בשעת תשמיש ויש לאיש להניח אשתו שתבדוק במטלית שלו מתוך שנאמנת על שלה נאמנת על שלו:

The cloths used to clean oneself must be from worn-out,41 white42linen.43 They are called eidim, "witnesses," in this context. The cloth with which the man cleans himself is called his ed and the cloth with which the woman cleans himself is called her ed.

טו

בגדים אלו שמקנחין בהן צריכין שיהיו של פשתן שחקים ולבנים והם הנקראים עדים בענין זה והבגד שמקנח בו הוא נקרא עד שלו והבגד שמקנחת היא בו נקרא עד שלה:

Modest women do not engage in relations until they carry out an inspection beforehand.44 A woman who does not have a [fixed] veset is forbidden to engage in relations until she carries out an inspection.45 Therefore, she engages in relation with two edim, one for before relations and one for afterwards. When, however, a woman has a [fixed] veset, she need not use an ed before relations except as a measure of modesty.

After relations, however, everyone needs two witnesses: one for him and one for her, even a pregnant woman, one who is nursing, an elderly woman, or a minor46A virgin47 or a woman whose blood is pure48does not require edim, because blood is flowing from her.49

טז

הצנועות אין משמשות אלא עד שיבדקו עצמן תחלה קודם תשמיש ואשה שאין לה וסת אסורה לשמש עד שתבדוק לפיכך היא משמשת בשני עדים אחד לפני התשמיש ואחד לאחר התשמיש אבל אשה שיש לה וסת אינה צריכה עד לפני תשמיש אלא משום צניעות בלבד אבל אחר תשמיש הכל צריכין שני עדים אחד לו ואחד לה אפילו מעוברת ומניקה וזקנה וקטנה לא תשמש אלא בשני עדים אחד לו ואחד לה אבל בתולה ויושבת על דם טוהר אינה צריכה עדים שהרי הדם שותת ממנה:

When a man engages in intercourse several times [in one night], [he and his wife] do not have to check their two edim after each time they engage in intercourse. Instead, he should clean himself with his ed, she should clean herself with her ed after each time they have relations that entire night. In the morning, they should check the edim. If blood is discovered on her ed or on his ed, she is impure.

If a women engaged in relations, cleaned herself, and then the ed was lost, she should not engage in relations again until she makes an internal inspection with another ed first. [We fear that] perhaps there was blood on the ed that was lost.50

יז

המשמש מטתו פעמים רבות אינן צריכין לבדוק שני העדים שלהן על כל ביאה וביאה אלא מקנח הוא בעד שלו והיא בעד שלה אחר כל ביאה וביאה של כל הלילה ולמחר יבדקו העדים נמצא הדם על עד שלה או על עד שלו הרי זו טמאה שמשה מטתה וקנחה עצמה ואבד העד הרי זו לא תשמש פעם שנייה עד שתבדוק בעד אחר תחלה שמא דם היה על העד שאבד:

[The following rules apply if] she placed the ed51 under a pillow or a bolster and blood was discovered upon it. If [the stain] is extended, she is impure. For we can assume that [the stain] came from the cleaning.52 If it is rounded,53 she is pure. [We assume that the stain] came only from the blood of a louse which was killed under the pillow.54

יח

הניחה העד תחת הכר או תחת הכסת ונמצא עליו דם אם משוך טמאה שחזקתו מן הקנוח ואם היה עגול טהורה שאין זה אלא דם מאכולת שנהרגה תחת הכר:

[When a woman] cleaned herself with an ed that has been checked, then touched it to her thigh,55 and on the next day discovered blood upon it, she is impure. We do not say: Maybe a louse was killed when she touched it to her thigh.56

[The following rules apply if] she cleaned herself with an ed that was not checked57and she did not know whether it had blood on it before she cleaned herself with it or not. If there was more than a gris of blood [on it], she is [considered] a niddah.58 If the stain was less than that, she is pure. [We assume that the stain] came from a louse.

יט

קנחה עצמה בעד הבדוק לה וטחתו ביריכה ולמחר נמצא עליו דם הרי זו טמאה ואין אומרים שמא כשטחה אותה ביריכה נהרגה מאכולת קנחה עצמה בעד שאינו בדוק לה ולא ידעה אם היה עליו דם קודם שתקנח בו או לא היה נמצא עליו דם אם היה הדם כגריס ועוד הרי זו נדה היה פחות מיכן טהורה שאינו אלא מן המאכולת:

When a woman suffers vaginal bleeding in the midst of relations,59she is permitted to engage in relations again a second time once she becomes pure.60 If she suffers vaginal bleeding [in the midst of relations] a second time, she is permitted to engage in relations a third time. If she suffers vaginal bleeding [in the midst of relations] a third time,61 she is forbidden to ever enter into relations again with this husband.62

When does the above apply? When there was no other factor that [the bleeding] could be attributed to.63 If, however, they entered into relations close to the time when she was expected to menstruate,64we attribute [the bleeding] to her ordinary pattern. If she had a wound [in her vaginal area], we attribute [the bleeding] to the wound. If, however, the blood that comes from the wound is a different shade than the blood which she sees in the midst of relations, she may not attribute [the bleeding] to the wound.65

We accept the word of a woman when she says: "If have a wound in the uterus which bleeds."66 On this basis, she is permitted to her husband even though the uterus bleeds in the midst of relations.

מי שראתה דם בשעת תשמיש הרי זו מותרת לשמש כשתטהר פעם שניה ראתה דם בפעם שניה משמשת פעם שלישית ראתה דם בשלישית הרי זו אסורה לשמש עם בעל זה לעולם בד"א בשלא היה שם דבר לתלות בו אבל אם שמשה סמוך לוסתה תולה בוסת היתה בה מכה תולה במכה ואם היה דם מכתה משונה מדם שתראה בעת התשמיש אינה תולה במכה ונאמנת אשה לומר מכה יש לי בתוך המקור שממנה הדם יוצא ותהיה מותרת לבעלה ואע"פ שדם יוצא מן המקור בשעת תשמיש:

When a woman bled in the midst of relations on three [successive] occasions and there was no outside factor to which to attribute [the bleeding], she is required to divorce. She may, however, marry a second husband.67 If she married a second time and bled in the midst of relations on three [successive] occasions, she is required to divorce, but she may marry a third man. If, however, she married a third time and bled in the midst of relations on three [successive] occasions, she is required to divorce and she may not marry again68 until she is healed from this sickness.

כא

מי שראתה דם בשעת תשמיש פעם ראשונה ושנייה ושלישית ואין שם דבר לתלות בו הרי זו תתגרש ומותרת להנשא לשני נשאת לשני וראתה דם כך בשעת תשמיש שלש פעמים הרי זו תתגרש ותנשא לשלישי נשאת לשלישי וראתה דם כך בשעת תשמיש שלש פעמים הרי זו תתגרש ואסורה להנשא עד שתבריא מחולי זה:

How does a woman check herself to see whether she has been healed from this sickness?69 She brings a lead tube with its edge doubled over inside of it.70 She inserts the tube into her vagina until the place it can reach. She then places a shaft within the tube with a cotton swab placed at its top. She pushes [the shaft] until the swab reaches the opening of the uterus and then takes out the swab. If blood is found on the top of swab, it can be assumed that the blood discovered in the midst of relations comes from the uterus.71If there was no blood on the swab, it can be assumed that the blood discovered [in the midst of relations] comes from pressure on the sides of the vaginal channel.72 She is pure and may marry another man, as stated in Hilchot Ishut.73

כב

כיצד בודקת עצמה לידע אם נרפאת או לא נרפאת מביאה שפופרת של אבר ופיה רצוף לתוכה ומכנסת השפופרת עד מקום שהיא יכולה ומכנסת בתוך השפופרת מכחול ומוך מונח על ראשו ודופקת אותו עד שיגיע המוך לצואר הרחם ומוציאה המוך אם נמצא דם על ראש המוך בידוע שהדם שהיא רואה בשעת תשמיש מן המקור ואם לא נמצא על המוך כלום בידוע שהדם שרואה מדוחק הצדדין וטהורה היא ומותרת להנשא לאחרים כמו שביארנו בהלכות אישות:

FOOTNOTES

As will be explained, the term niddah refers to a woman who suffers vaginal bleeding at the expected time of her monthly period.

Although a woman usually does not begin menstrual bleeding until around the age of twelve. If, however, she does have menstrual bleeding before then, she is bound by the halachic consequences.

For if a woman bleeds for three consecutive days after the seven days associated with her menstrual period, she is considered as a zavah. The first three days this is possible is the eighth, ninth, and tenth days of her life.

Altough she can become impure from the day of her birth onward, punishment is not allotted for relations with her until she becomes three. For only at that age are relations with her significant, as stated in Chapter 1, Halachah 13.

See Chapter 6, Halachah 8.

Thus establishing an association between the two.

See Chapter 10.

See Chapter 6, Halachah 8.

A ritual bath that meets the qualifications for this purpose. If she immersed herself in an ordinary bath, by contrast, that is not acceptable as explained in Hilchot Mikveot.

10.

If a niddah immerses herself in the middle of these days, however, the immersion is of no consequence.

11.

Although relations with gentile women are forbidden, none of these particular transgressions apply according to Scriptural Law. For all the defined states of ritual purity and impurity apply only with regard to the Jewish people. The fact that a gentile woman experiences the same physical conditions is not of consequence.

12.

I.e., this was a decree imposed to prevent intimate contact with them, regardless of their physical condition. See Hilchot Mitam'ei Mishkav UMoshav 2:10.

13.

As the Torah relates (Leviticus 12:2-4), after the birth of a male child a woman becomes impure for seven days. Afterwards, she immerses herself to regain ritual purity. For the next 33 days, even if she suffers uterine bleeding, her state does not change and she remains ritually pure.

14.

As ibid.:5 states, similar concepts apply after a woman gives birth to a female except that she originally becomes impure for 14 days. Afterwards, she remains pure for 66 days.

15.

Niddah 36a relates that there is one source of bleeding - the womb - for all 40 (or 80) days. It is just that during the first 7 (14), the Torah rules that this blood is impure and during the final 33 (66), the Torah rules that the blood is pure.

16.

The Kessef Mishneh cites Chapter 7, Halachah 7, which states that the above applies only when a woman is not impure because of zavah bleeding before childbirth. If she is impure for such reasons, she must count seven "clean" days before she immerses herself and engages in relations with her husband.

Also, as will be explained (see Chapter 11, Halachot 5-6), at present the custom is not to observe the concept of blood of purity at all. Even if a woman gives birth, she must wait "seven clean days" after seeing any uterine bleeding.

17.

I.e., she suffers uterine bleeding which would otherwise render her ritually impure.

18.

At present when we do not make any distinctions between niddah and zivah, all women immerse themselves at night.

19.

She cannot terminate the last day earlier by immersing herself in the daytime.

20.

In Halachah 2.

21.

A niddah or a woman after childbirth.

22.

Although such problems are uncommon today, there are several examples - e.g., woman living in new settlements in Israel's West Bank - where these principles are relevant.

23.

She should not, however, immerse herself on the seventh day even if she refrains from engaging in relations until nightfall [Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 197:4)].

24.

A fixed time when the onset of menstruation can be expected to begin, as will be explained. Since she has a fixed time when menstruation is expected, at other times, we assume that she remains ritually pure. If she does not have a fixed time when menstruation can be expected to begin, her husband must ask her concerning her state. He cannot make any assumptions (Maggid Mishneh, Kessef Mishneh).

25.

By wearing clothes designated to be worn at this time.

26.

Without inquiring about her ritual state.

27.

Even if there was ample time for her to have become impure due to menstruation, to wait the appointed time, and then to immerse herself, he may assume that she did that. Since she was pure when he left her, we may assume that all of the above transpired [Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah184:11)].

28.

Since he knows that she was ritually impure, he cannot assume that she changed her status. Instead, she must explicitly inform him of that change [Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 185:1)].

29.

And he must consider her as if she is actually ritually impure.

The Rama (Yoreh De'ah 185:3) states that if she corrects her statements immediately, her word is accepted.

30.

The Maggid Mishneh and the Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 185:4) state that if she performed an act that indicated that she was impure, e.g., she wore the clothes that she wears in the niddah state, providing a valid explanation is not sufficient to clear the suspicions and she is considered impure.

31.

E.g., "I originally made a mistake. I thought I was impure according to law and discovered that in fact I was pure," "I did not have strength to engage in relations and avoided them by giving this excuse" (Hagahot Maimoniot).

32.

The Ramah (Yoreh De'ah 185:5) states that if a person withdraws while erect because he is unfamiliar with the transgression involved, he should fast for 40 days to seek atonement. These fasts need not be consecutive. He should also give generously to charity.

33.

I.e., if a person realized his transgression while involved in relations with other arayot, he should not withdraw while erect.

34.

The Rama (loc. cit.) adds that he should be overcome with awe concerning the transgression which he faces.

35.

The Maggid Mishneh and the Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 184:2) state that it is only necessary to refrain from relations, other expressions of closeness are permitted. Even hugging and kissing are permitted (Siftei Cohen 184:6). This, however, represents the mere letter of the law. There are many authorities who are more stringent and forbid these expressions of closeness (ibid., Turei Zahav 184:3). In some communities, the custom is to observe all stringencies as if the woman was actually a niddah.

36.

See ch. 8, which elaborates on this subject, speaking about situation when women have a fixed veset or a veset that has not been firmly established.

37.

The entire concept of vesetot, calculating the expected time when a woman will begin menstruating is a Rabbinic injunction. Hence the citation of a Scriptural verse is merely an asmachta, a support, and not a direct Scriptural command (Maggid Mishneh).

38.

The Siftei Cohen 184:7 states that this applies only when a woman is accustomed to begin menstruating at a given time during the day or night. If, however, she does not have a fixed time when she begins menstruating, relations are also forbidden during the preceding day or night. This stringency is not, however, accepted by all authorities.

39.

During the evening, however, she is permitted. Before entering into relations, the woman should carry out an internal examination to verify that she in fact did not begin menstruation [Tur, Rama (Yoreh De'ah 184:9)].

40.

This ruling is mentioned by the Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 186:1) as a minority perspective. The prevailing view is that when a woman possesses a fixed veset, she and her husband need not carry out such inspections at all. If she does not possess a fixed veset, she and her husband should carry out these inspections before and after the first three times they engage in relations. If no blood is discovered, it is established that sexual relations does not cause the woman to menstruate. Hence, in the future, the couple can engage in relations without making these inspections.

41.

Since they are worn-out, they are soft and pliable. It is possible for the woman to insert them into all the corners of the vagina.

42.

In this way, any speck of blood will be noticeable. Needless to say, they must also be clean. Today, in many Jewish communities, special clothes are prepared for this purpose - and other inspections which a woman must undergo - and are available from the local mikveh and at times, even in pharmacies.

43.

Cotton may also be used [Kessef Mishneh; Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah196:6)].

44.

As the Rambam continues to explain, this applies even if she has a fixed veset.

45.

The Ra'avad and Rav Moshe Cohen object to the Rambam's ruling, explaining that the Rambam's source, Niddah 11b, applies only with regard to the laws of ritual purity and not with regard to relations with one's husband. Indeed, the Rambam himself appears to have equivocated back and forth concerning the issue. In the first draft (which is the standard printed text) of his Commentary to the Mishnah (Niddah 1:7), he follows the position advanced by the Ra'avad. It is only in the Mishneh Torah and the final text of the Commentary to the Mishneh (see Rav Kappach's translation) that he changes his mind.

Although the Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 186:2) quotes the Rambam's ruling here as a minority view, the prevailing opinion is that such an inspection is unnecessary. Moreover, a woman should not carry out such an inspection in the presence of her husband, lest he think that she became impure.

46.

All these four types of women are unlikely to menstruate. Nevertheless, they must take the precaution suggested by the Rambam.

47.

Who will suffer hymeneal bleeding after the first (or more) occasions of intercourse. See Chapter 5, Halachah 19.

48.

I.e., a woman after childbirth, as described in Halachah 5.

49.

Thus checking to see whether or not she is bleeding will serve no purpose. This bleeding does not, however, render her ritually impure or forbidden to her husband according to Scriptural Law.

50.

If, however, the ed is clean, we assume that the ed she used at night had also been clean.

51.

This is speaking about an ed that was known to be clean beforehand (Maggid Mishneh).

52.

Since the stain is extended, we assume that the woman had touched a source of bleeding. As she moved the ed, the stain became extended.

53.

The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 190:34) states that this applies only when the stain is smaller than a gris (see Chapter 9, Halachah 6). If it is larger than that measure, we do not assume that it comes from a louse, because it is unlikely that a louse will produce that much blood.

54.

This applies even if there is no trace of the body of the louse. We assume that when she put the ed under the pillow, she killed the louse and that produced a rounded stain. If she placed the ed in a box or in any place where a louse is unlikely to be found, she is considered as impure even if the stain is round (Maggid Mishneh).

55.

And afterwards, placed it in a safe place.

56.

For the likelihood of her suffering vaginal bleeding is greater than that of her killing a louse when touching the eid to her thigh. The Maggid Mishnehinterprets the Rambam's ruling as applying even if the stain is round. He notes that other authorities differ and apply the principles stated in the previous law. The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 190:35) quotes both opinions without stating which to follow.

57.

This refers to an ed which we do not know whether it was dirty or not. If, however, we know that the ed was dirty, she is not considered impure even if a large stain is found [Rama (Yoreh De'ah 190:36)].

58.

When a stain is larger than a gris, we assume that it will not have come from a louse.

59.

The Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 187:1) emphasizes that these laws apply only when the bleeding is noticed directly after intercourse. If there is an interval before she discovers the bleeding, these laws do not apply.

60.

For an occurrence that takes place once or twice is not usually considered to establish a recurrent pattern.

61.

I.e., on three consecutive occasions without there being an occasion where relations did not lead to vaginal bleeding in the interim (Siftei Cohen 187:3).

62.

Instead, she must be divorced. She may, however, remarry as stated in the following halachah.

The reason she is required to divorce is that the recurrence of a factor three times establishes a chazzakah, a presumption that this factor will continue to recur in the future. Thus if she began bleeding on three successive occasions in the midst of relations with her husband, we assume that she will continue to do so in the future. Since she suffered vaginal bleeding in the midst of intercourse, those relations are considered as involving a severe transgression. On the first three occasions, she and her husband are not held responsible for this is obviously a deviation from the norm. If, however, a pattern is established, this is considered the norm and if she would bleed in the midst of relations in the future, the transgression would be considered as willful. To prevent that from happening, we require divorce.

It must be emphasized that all this applies after the woman has ceased hymeneal bleeding. It is, however, possible for her to engage in relations several times at the beginning of her marriage and continue hymeneal bleeding. See the conclusion of Chapter 5.

63.

And thus, it is assumed that the relations are the cause of the vaginal bleeding.

64.

Note the Siftei Cohen 187:16 who offers several resolutions how this is possible despite the prohibition mentioned in Halachah 12.

65.

Unless we know that the shades of blood are different, we assume that they are the same and attribute the bleeding to the wound (Maggid Mishneh; Siftei Cohen 187:19).

66.

Note the Rama (Yoreh De'ah 187:5) who emphasizes the importance of adding the words "which bleeds."

67.

For we accept the possibility that the difficulty was particular to her first husband and would not affect her relations with other men.

68.

Since the same condition recurred with three different men, a chazzakah is established and we assume that it will recur with all men.

69.

She may check herself in this manner at any time in the process, even before being divorced by her first husband [Maggid Mishneh; see Shulchan Aruch (Yoreh De'ah 187:3)].

70.

So that it will be smooth and will not scratch her.

71.

For the swab was touched to the uterus without contact with any other part of the body.

72.

And such bleeding does not render her impure.

Without minimizing the effectiveness of this method of checking devised by the Rabbis of the Talmud, today there are more effective medical tools available and it is possible to ascertain the source of a woman's bleeding in that manner. A careful inspection by a doctor or nurse under the guidance of a Rav may - and should - be employed as soon as such problems occur.

73.

Hilchot Ishut 25:8. The Rambam is implying that she cannot remarry her third husband. In Hilchot Ishut, he explains that when a man divorces a woman for this reason, the husband must know he may never remarry her, for otherwise it would be as if he gave the divorce conditionally. If she becomes healed, it would not be effective.

Rambam:

• 3 Chapters A Day: Mechirah Mechirah - Chapter One, Mechirah Mechirah - Chapter Two, Mechirah Mechirah - Chapter Three
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Mechirah - Chapter One

'In the name of the Lord, eternal God'

"The beginning of wisdom: Acquire wisdom; with all your resources, gain understanding" (Proverbs 4:7)

THE TWELFTH BOOK

SEFER KINYAN The Book of Acquisition

This book contains five halachot, which are arranged in the following order:

Hilchot Mechirah - The Laws of Selling

Hilchot Zechiyah UMatanah - The Laws of Acquisition and Gifts

Hilchot Sh'chenim - The Laws Governing Relations Between Neighbors

Hilchot Sh'luchin V'Shutafin - The Laws Governing Relations with Agents

and Partners

Hilchot Avadim - The Laws Governing Servants

In the name of the Lord, the God of the world.
The beginning of wisdom [is to] acquire wisdom, and with all your possession acquire understanding.

The twelfth book which is The Book of of Acquisition

It contains five sets of Halachot and this is their order:

The Laws of Mechirah
The Laws of Zechiyah UMatanah
The Laws of Sh'chenim
The Laws of Sh'luchin V'Shutafin
The Laws of Avadim

Introduction to Hilchos Mechirah

These laws contain five mitzvot: one positive mitzvah and four negative mitzvot. They are:

1) The laws of buying and selling;
2) Not to cheat when buying and selling;
3) Not to cause discomfort through words;
4) Not to cheat a convert financially;
5) Not to cause a convert discomfort through words.

These mitzvot are explained in the chapters that follow.

בְּשֵׁם יי אֵל עוֹלָם (בראשית כא לג)
רֵאשִׁית חָכְמָה קְנֵה חָכְמָה, וּבְכָל קִנְיָנְךָ קְנֵה בִינָה (משלי ד ז)

ספר שנים עשר והוא ספר קנין

הלכותיו חמש, וזה הוא סידורן:

מכירה
הלכות זכייה ומתנה
הלכות שכנים
הלכות שלוחין ושותפין
הלכות עבדים

הלכות מכירה - הקדמה

הלכות מכירה יש בכללן חמש מצות אחת מצות עשה וארבע מצות לא תעשה וזה הוא פרטן:

א) דין מקח וממכר.
ב) שלא יונה במקח וממכר.
ג) שלא יונה בדברים.
ד) שלא יונה גר צדק בממונו.
ה) שלא יונהו בדברים.

וביאור מצות אלו בפרקים אלו:

An article is not acquired merely through a verbal agreement. This applies even when witnesses testify that the principals have reached an agreement.

What is implied? A person says: "I am selling you this house," "I am selling you this wine," or "I am selling you this servant," and a price is fixed. The purchaser agrees and says: "I have purchased it," the seller says: "I have sold it," and they tell witnesses: "Serve as witnesses that so and so has sold and so and so has purchased", their words are of no consequence. It is as if they had never spoken to each other at all. The same applies with regard to a person who gives a gift and its recipient.

המקח אינו נקנה בדברים ואפילו העידו עליהם עדים כיצד בית זה אני מוכר לך יין זה אני מוכר לך עבד זה אני מוכר לך ופסקו הדמים ורצה הלוקח ואמר קניתי ורצה המוכר ואמר מכרתי ואמרו לעדים הוו עלינו עדים שמכר זה ושלקח זה הרי זה אינו כלום וכאילו לא היו ביניהם דברים מעולם וכן בנותן מתנה ומקבלה:

If, however, the purchase is completed through one of the media by which property is transferred, the purchaser acquires the object. There is no need for witnesses; neither the seller or the purchaser may retract.

אבל אם נקנה המקח באחד מהדברים שהוא נקנה בהם קנה הלוקח ואינן צריכין לעדים כלל ואין אחד מהן יכול לחזור בו:

How is an acquisition made? Landed property can be acquired in one of three ways: a) through the transfer of money, b) through the transfer of a deed of sale, or c) through chazakah (manifesting one's ownership).

ובמה יקנה המקח הקרקעות באחד משלשה דברים בכסף או בשטר או בחזקה:

How is property acquired through the transfer of money? If one person sold another person a house or a field, and the purchaser gave him the money agreed upon, he acquires it. When does the above apply? In a place where it is not customary to write a deed of sale. In a place where it is customary to write a deed of sale, however, the purchaser does not acquire the property until a deed is composed.

Landed property cannot be acquired for less than a p'rutah's worth.

כיצד בכסף מכר לו בית מכר לו שדה ונתן לו הדמים קנה בד"א במקום שאין כותבין את השטר אבל במקום שדרכן לכתוב שטר מכר לא קנה עד שיכתוב את השטר ואין קרקע נקנית בפחות משוה פרוטה:

If the purchaser makes the following stipulation: "If I desire, I will acquire it through the transfer of money, or if I desire I will acquire it through the transfer of a deed of sale," and gives money on the basis of this stipulation, it is established as a binding condition. Once the money has been paid, the seller cannot retract, because of the stipulation. The purchaser can, however, retract until the deed of sale is written.

Similar laws apply if the seller makes such a condition.

התנה הלוקח ואמר אם רציתי אקנה בכסף או אקנה בשטר ונתן הכסף על תנאי זה הרי זה קיים ואין המוכר יכול לחזור בו מפני התנאי והלוקח יכול לחזור בו עד שיכתוב את השטר וכן אם התנה המוכר כזה:

When a person tells a colleague: "Give so and so a maneh and you will acquire my house," once the colleague makes the payment, he acquires the house. This is an extension of the laws applying to a guarantor.

האומר לחבירו תן מנה לפלוני ויקנה ביתי לך כיון שנתן קנה הבית מדין ערב:

How is property acquired through the transfer of a deed of sale? The seller writes for the purchaser on a piece of paper, on a shard or on a leaf. "My field is given to you," or "My field is sold to you." Once the deed reaches the purchaser's hand, he acquires the field, even though there are no witnesses at all, and despite the fact that the document itself is of no financial value. When does the above apply? When a person sells his field because it is undesirable. With regard to other landed property, by contrast, even though the deed of sale reaches the purchaser's hand and is signed by witnesses, the purchaser does not acquire the property until he pays its price.

כיצד בשטר כתב לו על הנייר או על החרס או על העלה שדי נתונה לך שדי מכורה לך כיון שהגיע השטר לידו קנה אע"פ שאין שם עדים כלל ואף על פי שאין השטר שוה כלום במה דברים אמורים במוכר שדה מפני רעתה אבל בשאר קרקעות אע"פ שהגיע שטר של מכר לידו ואפילו היו בו עדים לא קנה עד שיתן את הדמים:

How is property acquired through the manifestation of ownership? If a person sold a colleague a house or a field or gave him such properties as a gift, the purchaser or the recipient acquires the property when he locks the entrance to the property, encloses the property with even the slightest portion of a fence or breaks through even the slightest portion of one of the walls surrounding the property, provided his deeds bring him benefit.

When does the above apply? When the person manifests his ownership in the presence of the seller or the one who gives the gift. If, however, he does so outside the presence of the seller or the one who gives the gift, the seller or the giver must tell him: "Go, manifest possession over it and acquire it." If this statement is made, and afterwards the purchaser or the recipient manifests possession, he acquires the property even if he acts outside the presence of the previous owner.

כיצד בחזקה מכר לו בית מכר לו שדה או שנתן אותה במתנה כיון שנעל או גדר או פרץ כל שהוא והוא שיועיל במעשיו הרי זה קנה בד"א כשהחזיק בפני המוכר או הנותן אבל שלא בפני המוכר או הנותן צריך שיאמר לו לך חזק וקנה ואח"כ אם החזיק קנה אף על פי שאינו בפני הבעלים:

When a person sells a house to a colleague and gives him the key, it is as if he told him: "Go, manifest possession over it and acquire it." Similarly, if a person sells a colleague a cistern, once he gives him its bucket it is as if he told him: "Go, manifest possession over it and acquire it." When he manifests his possession, he acquires it.

המוכר בית לחבירו ומסר לו את המפתח הרי זה כמי שאמר לו לך חזק וקנה וכן המוכר את הבור כיון שמסר לו דליו הרי זה כמי שאמר לו לך חזק וקנה וכשהחזיק יקנה:

What is meant by saying that one who locks a property acquires it? For example, when a person sells a house or a courtyard whose entrance was open, and the purchaser locked the entrance and then opened it; the purchaser is considered to have acquired it, for he used it in a way that brings benefit.'

כיצד המחזיק בנעילה קנה כגון שמכר בית או חצר והיה הפתח פתוח ונעל הלוקח את הפתח וחזר ופתחו הרי זה החזיק וקנה שהרי נשתמש בה שימוש המועיל:

What is meant by saying that one who encloses the property with even the slightest portion of a fence acquires it? For example, there was a fence that people could climb over easily, and the purchaser added a small portion to its height, making it ten handbreadths high thus causing it to be difficult to climb over. His deeds are of benefit and he acquires the property.

Similarly, if there was an opening in the fence that allowed people to enter only with difficulty, and the purchaser widened it even slightly, allowing people to enter easily, his deeds are of benefit and he acquires the property.

יא

כיצד המחזיק בגדירה כל שהוא קנה כגון שהיה שם גדר והיו עולין בנחת והוסיף עליו כל שהוא והשלימו לעשרה ונמצא שאין עולין אלא בדוחק הרי זה הועיל וקנה וכן אם היתה שם פרצה והיו נכנסים בה בדוחק והרחיב הוא בה כל שהוא עד שנמצא נכנס בריוח הרי הועיל וקנה:

If the purchaser placed down a rock in a way that causes benefit - e.g., he completed an irrigation channel that brought water to the field - or he removed a rock in a way that causes benefit - e.g., he opened a dammed irrigation ditch and let water flow into the field - he acquires it. The same applies in all analogous situations.

יב

נתן צרור והועיל כגון שחבר בו המים לשדה או נטל צרור והועיל כגון שפתח בנטילתו המים לשדה הרי זה קנה וכן כל כיוצא בזה:

The following rules apply when a person sells a colleague a field that is located next to one of that colleague's fields, or gives him such a field as a gift. Once the colleague breaks down the partition that separates the two fields from each other and makes them one large field, he acquires it.

If, however, he merely walks the length and breadth of the new property, this walking serves no benefit and it therefore does not serve as a manifestation of his ownership. When he sells him a path for vineyards, however, the purchaser does acquire it by walking, for that is its purpose.

יג

המוכר שדה לחבירו בצד שדהו או שנתנה לו במתנה כיון שדש את המצר שבין שתי השדות ונעשו שתיהן כשדה אחת קנה אבל אם הלך בה לארכה ולרחבה אין הילוך זה מועיל כלום ואם שביל של כרמים מכר לו הואיל ונעשה להילוך קנה בהילוך:

How wide is the path that a person acquires by walking? If it is defined by barriers, he acquires an area at least large enough to enable him to lift one foot up and place the other next to it. If it is not defined by barriers, he acquires a width sufficient to allow him to walk carrying a package of twigs on his head and turn around with it.

יד

וכמה שיעור רוחב הדרך שיקנה בהילוכו אם היה מסויים במחיצות קנה כדי שיגביה רגל ויניח רגל בצדה ואם אין שם מחיצות קנה ברוחב כדי שתהיה על ראשו חבילה של שריגים ויסוב בה:

If the property being sold is a rocky patch that cannot be enclosed with a fence and an entrance, nor can it be sowed, the way in which a person manifests his ownership and acquires it is to spread produce upon it, to have an animal stand there, or to use it in another way.

טו

היתה הקרקע צחיח סלע שאין בה לא גדר ולא פרצה ואינה בת זריעה הרי החזקה שקונה אותה שטיחת פירות או העמדת בהמה שם וכיוצא בזה משאר התשמיש:

When a person sells a field to a colleague, and the colleague enters and sows it, plows it and leaves it fallow, collects its produce, prunes it or the like, he acquires it, for he has manifested his ownership. Neither of them may retract.

Similarly, if the seller collects a basket of produce and gives it to the purchaser, the purchaser acquires the field. This is considered manifestation of ownership, for the seller revealed his intent of transferring ownership of the field to the purchaser in an outright way, so that its produce would be his.

טז

המוכר שדה לחבירו ונכנס בה הלוקח וזרעה או נרה או שאסף פירות האילן או זמרו וכל כיוצא בדברים אלו הרי זה קנה שהרי החזיק ואין אחד מהן יכול לחזור בו וכן אם אסף המוכר סל של פירות ונתן ללוקח קנה לוקח מיד בחזקה שהרי גילה דעתו שהקנה לו שדה זו קניין גמור ונעשו פירותיה שלו:

A gentile cannot acquire property by manifesting his ownership over it. He can acquire a property only through the transfer of a legal documentafter money has been paid. A Jew who comes on account of a gentile is considered like a gentile and can acquire property only through the transfer of a legal document.

Any entity that is attached to landed property is considered like landed property and can be acquired through the transfer of money, the transfer of a deed of sale or through chazakah.

If, however, the produce no longer needs the nurture of the land - e.g., grapes that are ready to be picked - it is considered movable property with regard to the laws of acquisition. And like movable property, the laws of deception apply with regard to their sale.

יז

העכו"ם אינו קונה בחזקה אלא בשטר הוא שקונה עם נתינת הכסף וישראל הבא מחמת העכו"ם הרי הוא כעכו"ם ואינו קונה אלא בשטר:

כל המחובר לקרקע הרי הוא כקרקע ונקנה או בכסף או בשטר או בחזקה ואם אינו צריך לקרקע כגון ענבים העומדות ליבצר הרי זה כמטלטלין לקניין ויש להן אונאה:

Just as landed property itself is acquired through the transfer of money, the transfer of a deed of sale or chazakah, so too, the rental of land is finalized through the transfer of money alone, the transfer of a deed of sale alone, or chazakah, and neither party can retract.

יח

כשם שהקרקע נקנה בכסף בשטר ובחזקה כך שכירות הקרקע נקנה בכסף לבדו או בשטר לבדו או בחזקה ואין אחד מהן יכול לחזור בו:

When a person sells a colleague ten fields in ten different countries, the purchaser acquires them all by manifesting his ownership over one of them. Even if one of the fields was located on a high mountain and another in a valley - and thus the manner in which one is tilled differs from the other -nevertheless, by manifesting his ownership over one of them, the purchaser acquires them all.

יט

המוכר לחבירו עשר שדות בעשר מדינות כיון שהחזיק באחת מהן קנה כולן ואפילו היתה אחת מהן הר גבוה והשנית מצולה שהרי תשמיש של זו אינה תשמיש של זו אע"פ כן כיון שהחזיק באחת מהן קנה השאר:

When does the above apply? When he pays for all of them. If, however, he does not pay for all of them, he acquires only a measure of property equal to the money that he pays. Therefore, if all the fields were given as a gift, he acquires them all.

Similarly, with regard to the rental of landed property, if a person manifests ownership over one of the properties he is renting, he acquires them all for the entire duration of the rental period.'

If a person is purchasing some properties and renting others, once he manifests his ownership over one property, whether that property be purchased or rented, he acquires them all.

במה דברים אמורים שנתן דמי כולן אבל אם לא נתן דמי כולן לא קנה אלא כנגד מעותיו לפיכך אם היו הכל במתנה קנה כולן וכן בשכירות כיון שהחזיק באחת מהן קנה כולן כל זמן השכירות היו מקצת הקרקעות במכר ומקצתן בשכירות כיון שהחזיק בין במכירה בין בשכירות קנה הכל:

Mechirah - Chapter Two

A Canaanite servant is considered as landed property with regard to the laws of acquisition, and can be acquired through the transfer of money and a deed of sale, or through chazakah.

עבד כנעני הרי הוא כקרקע לקנייה ונקנה בכסף ובשטר או בחזקה:

What manifestation of ownership is effective in acquiring a servant? Making use of him as one makes use of a servant in the presence of his previous master.

What is implied? If the servant unties his new master's shoe, puts on his shoe, carries his articles to the bathhouse, undresses him, anoints him, combs his skin, dresses him or lifts him up, the master acquires the servant.

Similarly, if the master lifts up the servant, he acquires him.

ומה היא החזקה בקניין עבדים שישתמש בהן כדרך שמשתמשין בעבדים בפני רבו כיצד התיר לו מנעלו או שהנעיל לו מנעלו או שהוליך כליו לבית המרחץ או שהפשיטו או סכו או גרדו או הלבישו או הגביה את רבו קנה וכן אם הגביה הרב את העבד קנה:

If the new owner pushes the servant and brings him close to him, he acquires him, for a Canaanite servant can be acquired through meshichah in this manner. If, however, he called the servant and he came to him, or the servant's previous owner told him to go to the purchaser, and he followed those instructions, the new owner does not acquire himuntil he pushes him or until he makes use of him in the manner described above.

If the new owner manifests his ownership over the servant outside the presence of the previous owner, the previous owner must tell him: "Go, manifest your ownership and acquire him" for the kinyanto be effective.

תקפו והביאו אצלו קנה שהעבדים נקנין במשיכה כזו אבל אם קרא לעבד ובא אצלו או שאמר לו רבו הראשון לך אצל הלוקח והלך אצלו לא קנה עד שימשכנו בתקיפה או שישתמש בו כמו שביארנו ואם החזיק בו שלא בפני הרב צריך שיאמר לו לך חזק וקנה:

A servant below the age of majority is considered like an animal and can be acquired through both the processes by which an animal is acquired and those by which servants are acquired. Therefore, he can be acquired by meshichah even though the new owner did not push him.

עבד קטן הרי הוא כבהמה וקונין אותו בדברים שקונין בהן הבהמה ובדברים שקונין בהן העבדים לפיכך נקנה במשיכה אף על פי שלא תקפו:

Livestock, whether light or heavy, can be acquired through meshichah. When lifting an animal is possible, it need not be lifted, because it may receive a blow when placed back on the earth. If a person lifts it up, he acquires it.

Lifting up an object serves as a kinyan in all places, while meshichah is effective as a kinyan only in a corner off the public domain, or in a courtyard whose ownership the buyer and the seller both share. Meshichah is not effective as a kinyan in the public domain or in a courtyard whose ownership is not shared by both the seller and the purchaser.

הבהמה בין דקה בין גסה נקנית במשיכה אע"פ שאפשר להגביה אותה לא הצריכוהו להגביה מפני שמתחבטת בארץ ואם הגביה קנה וההגבהה קונה בכל מקום אבל המשיכה אין קונין בה אלא בסימטא או בחצר של שניהם ואין קונין בה ברשות הרבים ולא בחצר שאינה של שניהם:

How is an animal acquired through meshichah? Needless to say, the transaction is completed if the purchaser pulls the animal and it walks after him, or he rides upon it and causes it to walk. The transaction is effective even if he calls it and it comes, or he swats it with a stick and causes it to run. When the animal lifts both a forefoot and a hind foot, the purchaser acquires it.

The above applies provided the purchaser performs meshichah in the presence of the previous owner. If he performs meshichahoutside the presence of the previous owner, that person must tell the purchaser before he performs meshichah, "Go, perform meshichah and acquire it."

כיצד קונין את הבהמה במשיכה אין צריך לומר אם משכה והלכה או שרכב עליה והלכה בו שקנה אלא אפילו קרא לה ובאה או שהכישה במקל ורצה בפניו כיון שעקרה יד ורגל קנאה והוא שימשוך בפני הבעלים אבל אם משך שלא בפני הבעלים צריך שיאמר לו קודם שימשוך לך משוך וקנה:

When a person sells a herd to a colleague or gives it to him as a gift, if he gives him the mashkuchit - i.e., the animal that leads the herd, that all the others follow - he does not have to tell him, "Perform meshichah and acquire it." For giving him this animal is tantamount to saying: "Go, perform meshichah and acquire it." Thus, once the purchaser or the recipient performs meshichah with the herd, he acquires it, even if he performs meshichah outside the presence of the previous owner.

המוכר עדר לחבירו או שנתן לו במתנה כיון שמסר לו משכוכית היא הבהמה המהלכת בראש העדר והכל נמשכים אחריה אין צריך לומר לו משוך וקנה שמסירת בהמה זו כמי שאמר לו לך משוך וקנה וכיון שמשך לו העדר קנה ואף על פי שמשך שלא בפניו:

When a person tells a purchaser or a recipient of a gift: "Perform meshichahover an animal and then you will acquire it," or "Perform chazakah over property and then you will acquire it," he does not acquire it if he performs meshichah or chazakah. For the expression "you will acquire it" is in the future tense and implies that he has not transferred ownership to him yet.

Instead, the seller or the giver of the gift must say: "Go, perform chazakah and acquire it," "Go, perform meshichah and acquire it," or the like, using an expression that implies that he will acquire it at the time he performs meshichah or chazakah.

האומר לחבירו משוך ותקנה או חזק ותקנה וכיוצא בדברים אלו והלך ומשך או שהחזיק לא קנה שמשמע תקנה להבא ועדיין לא הקנה לו אלא צריך המוכר או הנותן לומר לו לך חזק וקנה או משוך וקנה וכיוצא בדברים אלו שמשמען שיקנה עתה בעת שימשוך או יחזיק:

When a person tells a colleague: "Perform meshichah with an animal and you will acquire it after 30 days," and he performs meshichah, he does not acquire it.

If he told him "...acquire it now and after 30 days," he acquires it, even if it is standing in a swamp on the thirtieth day. For this resembles a situation in which an acquisition was made in the present, conditional on a stipulation, in which instance, when the stipulation is met, the transaction becomes effective.

Whenever a person uses the expression "with the intent that...," it is as if he said that the transaction would take effect from the present.

האומר לחבירו משוך פרה זו ולא תקנה אלא לאחר שלשים יום ומשך לא קנה ואם אמר לו קנה מעכשיו ולאחר שלשים יום קנה ואפילו היתה עומדת באגם ביום שלשים שזה כמי שהקנה אותו מעתה על תנאי נעשה התנאי נתקיים הקניין וכל האומר על מנת כאומר מעכשיו דמי:

The following rules apply when a person sells an animal to a purchaser or gives it as a gift and tells the purchaser or the recipient: "Acquire it in the manner in which people normally acquire it." If he performs meshichah or hagbahah,he acquires it. If, however, he rides upon it a distinction is made: If this is done in the field, he acquires it. If it is done in the city, he does not acquire it, for it is not common for people to ride in a city.

For this reason, if the purchaser or recipient is an important person - who is accustomed to riding in a city, a very base person - who is not concerned about riding through the city, e.g., a person who raises animals or servants, or a woman, or if the animal is in the public domain where many walk, it can be acquired by riding, provided the rider causes the animal to proceed.

המוכר בהמה לחבירו או נתנה לו במתנה ואמר קנה אותה כדרך שבני אדם קונין אם משך או הגביהה קנה אבל אם רכב עליה אם בשדה קנה ואם בעיר לא קנה לפי שאין דרך בני אדם לרכוב בעיר לפיכך אם היה אדם חשוב שדרכו לרכוב בעיר או אדם מזולזל ביותר שאינו מקפיד על הילוכו בעיר רוכב כגון המטפלין בגידול הבהמות או העבדים או שהיתה אשה או שהיה ברשות הרבים שהרבים דורסין שם הרי זה קונה ברכיבה והוא שתהלך בו:

Mechirah - Chapter Three

According to Scriptural Law, both livestock and other movable property are acquired by the payment of money. Once the purchaser pays money, neither he nor the seller can retract. Our Sages, however, ordained that movable property should be acquired only through lifting up the article(hagbahah) or pulling (meshichah) an article that is not commonly lifted up.

אחד הבהמה ואחד שאר המטלטלין נקנין במעות דין תורה ומשנתן את המעות קנה ואין אחד מהן יוכל לחזור בו אבל חכמים תקנו שלא יקנו המטלטלין אלא בהגבהה או במשיכת דבר שאין דרכו להגביה:

What is implied? When a person gathers together a heavy load of wood, flax or the like that cannot be lifted up, this load cannot be acquired through meshichah, for it can be unbound, and each individual piece of wood can be lifted up. The same principle applies in other similar situations.

In contrast, a large load of nuts, peppers, almonds or the like that no one person could lift up, can be acquired through meshichah. For if one untied the load and separated it, lifting each individual item would involve great difficulty. The same principle applies in other similar situations.

כיצד המקבץ עצים או פשתן וכיוצא בהן ועשה מהן טעון גדול שאי אפשר להגביהו אינו נקנה במשיכה שהרי אפשר להתיר האגד ולהגביהו עץ עץ וכן כל כיוצא בזה אבל אם היה טעון של אגוזים או של פלפלין או של שקדים וכיוצא בהן והיה גדול שאין אחד יוכל להגביהו הרי זה נקנה במשיכה שאם יתירו יתפרד ויהיה לו בו טורח גדול וכן כל כיוצא בזה:

With regard to a ship: since it is impossible to lift it up, and it is very difficult to pull it - this is possible only when many are involved - our Sages did not require meshichah. Rather, they ruled that it can be acquired through being handed over (mesirah). The same principles apply in all similar situations.

If the seller tells the purchaser, "Go, perform meshichah and acquire the ship," the ship cannot be acquired until one pulls it after oneself, shifting its position entirely, moving it from the place where it had been resting. For the seller had specified that it be acquired solely through meshichah.

הספינה הואיל ואי אפשר להגביהה ויש במשיכתה טורח גדול ואינה נמשכת אלא לרבים לא הצריכוה משיכה אלא נקנית במסירה וכן כל כיוצא בזה ואם אמר לו המוכר לך משוך וקנה אינו קונה הספינה עד שימשכנה כולה ויוציאנה מכל המקום שהיתה בו שהרי הקפיד המוכר שלא יקנה זה אלא במשיכה:

From the above, one may conclude that a person who purchases movable property may retract, even though he has paid for his purchase. Similarly, the seller can retract until the purchaser lifts up the object of sale or performs meshichah on an article that is not usually lifted up, or the seller gives the purchaser an article that is not usually pulled.

When, however, the purchaser lifts up the object of sale, performs meshichah on an article that is not usually lifted up, or is given an article that is that is not usually pulled, he acquires it. Neither party can retract, and the purchaser is compelled to pay if he has not done so already.

נמצאת למד שהלוקח מטלטלין אע"פ שנתן כל הדמים יכול לחזור בו וכן המוכר יכול לחזור בו עד שיגביה או ימשוך דבר שאין בו הגבהה או ימסור המוכר ללוקח דבר שאין דרכו להמשיך ומשהגביה או משך דבר שאין דרכו להגביה או נמסר לו דבר שאין דרכו להמשיך קנה ואין אחד משניהם יכול לחזור בו וכופין את הלוקח ליתן את הדמים:

Why did our Sages make such an ordinance with regard to movable property? This is a decree, enacted lest a purchaser pay for an article and before he takes possession of it, it be destroyed by factors beyond his control - e.g., a fire breaks out and burns it, or thieves come and take it. If the article is considered as in the possession of the purchaser, the seller may hesitate and not endeavor to save it.

For this reason, our Sages ordained that the article remain within the possession of the seller, so that he will attempt to save it. For if it is destroyed, he is obligated to pay.

ולמה תקנו חכמים דבר זה במטלטלין גזרה שמא יתן הלוקח דמי החפץ וקודם שיקחנו יאבד באונס וכגון שנפלה דליקה ונשרף או באו ליסטים ונטלוהו אם יהיה ברשות הלוקח יתמהמה המוכר ולא יצילהו לפיכך העמידוהו חכמים ברשות המוכר כדי שישתדל ויציל החפץ שאם אבד חייב לשלם:

Thus, if a purchaser paid for an article and it was destroyed by forces beyond his control before he took it, the purchaser may tell the seller: "Give me the article I purchased or return my money." Even though there are witnesses who saw that the article was destroyed by forces beyond control, the seller could not save it, and he was not lazy regarding the matter, the seller must return the money. For our Sages ordained that a kinyan is finalized through meshichah.

For this reason, if the purchaser owned the house in which the article that was sold was held, and he was renting it to the seller, our Sages did not ordain that the article must be acquired through meshichah. For the article that was sold is in the domain of the purchaser. In this instance, once he pays the money, the sale is concluded, and neither can retract.

נמצאת אומר שאם נתן דמי המקח ונאנס קודם שיקחנו ואמר לו הלוקח תן לי מקחי או החזר לי את מעותי ואף על פי שיש עדים שאבד באונס ולא היה במוכר כח להצילו ולא נתרשל בדבר הרי זה מחזיר את הדמים שהרי תקנו חכמים משיכה לפיכך אם היה ביתו של לוקח שיש בו החפץ שנמכר מושכר למוכר לא תקנו לו חכמים משיכה שהרי המקח ברשות הלוקח ומשנתן את הדמים נקנה המקח ואין אחד מהן יכול לחזור בו:

Similarly, if a person rented the place where the movable property that was sold was stored, he acquires the movable property, and neither can retract, even though he did not lift up the object of sale, perform meshichah on it or have it given him. For the object has entered his domain. As we have already explained, the rental of landed property is finalized through the transfer of money, the transfer of a rental contract or through chazakah.

וכן השוכר המקום שאותן המטלטלין הנמכרין מונחין בו קנה ואין אחד מהן יכול לחזור בו ואע"פ שלא הגביה ולא משך ולא נמסרו לו שהרי נעשה ברשותו וכבר ביארנו ששכירות קרקע נקנה בכסף או בשטר או בחזקה:

When a person transfers ownership of landed property and movable property simultaneously, once the purchaser or the recipient acquires the landed property through the transfer of money, the transfer of a deed of sale or through a chazakah, he acquires the movable property together with it.

This applies whether he sold both types of property, gave them both as gifts, sold the movable property and gave the landed property as a gift or sold the landed property and gave the movable property as a gift. When the purchaser or the recipient acquires the landed property, he acquires the movable property.

המקנה קרקע ומטלטלין כאחד כיון שקנה קרקע בכסף או בשטר או בחזקה נקנו המטלטלין עמהם בין שהיו שניהם במכר או במתנה בין שמכר מטלטלין ונתן קרקע בין שמכר הקרקע ונתן המטלטלין כיון שקנה קרקע קנה מטלטלין:

When does the above apply? When the movable property was collected within the landed property. If, however, it was in another place, it is necessary for the seller to tell the purchaser: "Acquire the movable property by virtue of your acquisition of the immovable property."

Even when the movable property is in another country, and the seller tells the purchaser: "Acquire the movable property by virtue of your acquisition of this landed property," once the purchaser acquires the landed property, he acquires the movable property together with it, even though the movable property was not collected within the landed property.

If the seller did not tell the purchaser: "Acquire the movable property by virtue of your acquisition of this landed property," the purchaser does not acquire the movable property.

Even the smallest amount of landed property is sufficient to be used to acquire any movable property one desires by virtue of its acquisition.

בד"א כשהיו אותן המטלטלין צבורין באותה קרקע אבל אם היו במקום אחר צריך שיאמר לו קנה מטלטלין אגב קרקע אפילו היו המטלטלין במדינה אחרת ואמר לו קנה אותם על גבי קרקע פלונית כיון שקנה הקרקע נקנו המטלטלין אף על פי שאינן צבורין בתוכה ואם לא אמר קנה אגב קרקע לא קנה וקרקע כל שהיא קונין על גבה כל מטלטלין שירצה:

Different rules apply when a person transfers ownership of a field to one person and movable property to another person, even though he tells the latter: "Acquire the movable property by virtue of your colleague's acquisition of this landed property."

Although the recipient manifests ownership over the landed property, the other does not acquire the movable property. If, however, this person seizes possession of it after the seller desires to retract, it should not be removed from his possession, for he took possession of it after his colleague acquired the landed property by virtue of whose acquisition this movable property was to be acquired.

הקנה השדה לאחד והמטלטלין לאחר אע"פ שאמר לו קנה המטלטלין על גבי קרקע והחזיק האחד בקרקע לא קנה השני המטלטלין ואם תפשן אחר שחזר בו המקנה אין מוציאין מידו שהרי תפשן אחר שקנה חבירו הקרקע שנקנו אלו על גבו:

When a person desires to transfer ownership over servants and landed property at the same time, although he manifests ownership over the servants, he does not acquire the landed property. Similarly, although he manifests ownership over the landed property, he does not acquire the servants unless they are standing within the landed property. Even though the seller tells the purchaser: "Acquire the servants by virtue of your acquisition of this landed property," the purchaser does not acquire the servants unless the servants are within the landed property. The rationale is that a servant goes from place to place on his own volition.

יא

המקנה עבדים וקרקעות כאחד החזיק בעבדים לא קנה הקרקעות החזיק בקרקעות לא קנה עבדים עד שיהיו עומדין בתוך הקרקע ואף על פי שאמר לו קנה עבדים על גבי קרקע לא קנה עד שיהיו בתוכה שהעבד מהלך לדעת עצמו:

When a person transfers ownership of servants and movable property at the same time, the purchaser does not acquire the servants by performing meshichah on the movable property. If he manifested his ownership over the servants, he did not acquire the movable property, unless the servant was carrying the movable property. Moreover, the servant must be bound, so that he cannot walk.

יב

המקנה עבדים ומטלטלין כאחד משך המטלטלין לא קנה העבדים החזיק בעבדים לא קנה המטלטלין אא"כ היו המטלטלין על גב העבד והוא שיהיה כפות שהרי אינו יכול להלך:

The following laws apply when a person transfers ownership of both an animal and the articles it was bearing at the same time. Although he performs meshichah of the animal and acquires it - he does not acquire the articles it was bearing until he lifts up or performs meshichah on the articles themselves, if it is not customary to lift them up. The rationale is that an animal is like a walking courtyard, and thus, what it bears is not acquired by its owner. Therefore, if the animal was bound, by performing meshichah on it, one also acquires the articles it was bearing.

יג

המקנה בהמה וכלים שעל גבה כאחד אף על פי שמשך הבהמה וקנאה לא קנה הכלים שעליה עד שיגביה או ימשוך הכלים עצמן אם אין דרכן להגביהן שהבהמה כחצר המתהלכת היא ואין מה שבתוכה קנוי לבעלה לפיכך אם היתה הבהמה כפותה קנה אף כלים שעליה:

When the seller tells the purchaser, "Perform meshichah over this animal in order to acquire the articles on it," since he does not transfer ownership of the animal itself - even if the purchaser performs meshichah on the animal while it is bound - he does not acquire the articles on it, unless he performs meshichah on those articles themselves.

יד

אמר לו המקנה משוך בהמה וקנה כלים שעליה הואיל ולא הקנה לו גוף הבהמה אע"פ שמשכה והיא כפותה לא קנה כלים שעליה עד שימשוך הכלים עצמן:

The following rules apply when a flowerpot with a hole was owned by one person, and the plants growing in it by another person. If the ownership of the flowerpot was transferred to the owner of the plants, he acquires it when he performs meshichah, If the ownership of the plants was transferred to the owner of the flowerpot, he does not acquire it until he manifests his ownership over the plants themselves.

טו

היה עציץ נקוב לאחד והיו הזרעים שבו לאחר הקנה העציץ לבעל הזרעים כיון שמשך קנה הקנה הזרעים לבעל העציץ לא קנה עד שיחזיק בזרעים עצמן:

The following rules apply when both a flowerpot with a hole and the plants growing in it were owned by one person, and he desired to transfer ownership of the entire entity to another person. If that person manifests his ownership over the flowerpot with the intent of acquiring the plants, he does not even acquire the flowerpot. If he manifests his ownership over the plants with the intent of acquiring both them and the flowerpot, he acquires the flowerpot.

This is implied by the teaching: Property that is not on lien to the seller's obligations can be acquired together with property that is on lien to the seller's obligations. For the plants in the flowerpot with a hole are considered as if they are planted in the earth. And whenever an entity is attached to the ground, it is considered to be landed property, as we have explained.

טז

היה העציץ והזרעים שבו לאחד והקנה הכל לאחר והחזיק בעציץ לקנות הזרעים אף העציץ לא קנה החזיק בזרעים קנה העציץ וזהו ששנינו נכסים שאין להן אחריות נקנים עם נכסים שיש להן אחריות שהזרעים שבעציץ נקוב זרועים הם בארץ וכל המחובר לקרקע הרי הוא כקרקע כמו שביארנו:

As we have already explained, produce that is ready to be harvested is considered as though it has already been harvested, and can be acquired only through hagbahah or other procedures by which movable property is acquired.

יז

כבר ביארנו שכל העומד ליבצר כבצור דמי ואינו נקנה אלא בהגבהה או בשאר דברים שנקנים בהן המטלטלים:

The following laws apply when flax is attached to the earth, but is dry and no longer needs the nurture of the earth. If the owner tells another person: "Clean the smallest portion of this land for me, and acquire it as a rental property together with all the flax on the entire surrounding field, once he uproots even the slightest amount, the renter acquires the entire quantity, on the basis of this stipulation.

If, however, the original owner transferred ownership over the flax through a sale or a gift, the recipient acquires only what he uproots, for that is what he has lifted up. The same principles apply in other analogous situations.יח

פשתן כשהוא מחובר לקרקע ויבש שאינו צריך לקרקע ואמר לו יפה לי קרקע כל שהוא וקנה כל מה שעליה כיון שתלש כל שהוא קנה הכל מפני התנאי הזה אבל אם (אמר לו) הקנה לו הפשתן הזה במכר או במתנה לא קנה אלא מה שתלש שהרי הגביהו וכן כל כיוצא בז

Hayom Yom:
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Daily Study: Hayom Yom

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Moshe Steiner - Reflections on "Hayom Yom": Tammuz 3 (3:48)
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Tuesday	Tamuz 3	5703
Torah lessons:	Chumash: Chukat, Shlishi with Rashi.
	Tehillim: 18-22.
	Tanya: Note:(The mystical (p.329)..that transcends intellect. (p.329).

My grandfather said: A Jewish groan which, G‑d forbid, arises from physical misfortune, is also a great teshuva; how much more so then, is a groan arising from spiritual distress a lofty and effective teshuva. The groan pulls him out of the depths of evil and places him on a firm footing in the realm of good.

Compiled and arranged by the Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, of righteous memory, in 5703 (1943) from the talks and letters of the sixth Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, of righteous memory.

***

Missionary Renegade

Friday, June 15, 2018

TODAY IN JUDAISM: Tammuz 3, 5778 - Shabbat, June 16, 2018 Chabad.org Calendar ב"ה Today in Judaism

Numbers Chapter 18

Transactions

Positive Commandment 245

Issurei Biah - Chapter Four

Mechirah - Chapter One

Mechirah - Chapter Two

Mechirah - Chapter Three

Daily Study: Hayom Yom

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