TODAY IN JUDAISM: SUNDAY, 24 SIVAN 5777 - 18 June 2017 - CHABAD.org in New York, New York, United States - Today is Sunday, Sivan 24, 5777 · June 18, 2017
Daily Quote:
According to the pain is the gain[Ethics of the Fathers 5:21]
Daily Torah Study:
Chumash: with Rashi • English / Hebrew Linear Translation
• Video Class
• Daily Wisdom (short insight)
Numbers Chapter 16
| 1Korah the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi took [himself to one side] along with Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, and On the son of Peleth, descendants of Reuben. | | אוַיִּקַּ֣ח קֹ֔רַח בֶּן־יִצְהָ֥ר בֶּן־קְהָ֖ת בֶּן־לֵוִ֑י וְדָתָ֨ן וַֽאֲבִירָ֜ם בְּנֵ֧י אֱלִיאָ֛ב וְא֥וֹן בֶּן־פֶּ֖לֶת בְּנֵ֥י רְאוּבֵֽן: |
| Korah… took: This portion is beautifully expounded on in the Midrash of R. Tanchuma, [as follows]: | | ויקח קרח: פרשה זו יפה נדרשת במדרש רבי תנחומא: |
| Korah… took: He took himself to one side to dissociate himself from the congregation, to contest the [appointment of Aaron to the] kehunah. This is what Onkelos means when he renders it וְאִתְפְּלֵג,“and he separated himself.” He separated himself from the congregation to persist in a dispute. Similarly, מה יקחך לבך, “Why does your heart take you away?” (Job 15:12) meaning, it removes you, to isolate you from others (Midrash Tanchuma Korach 2). Another explanation: He attracted the heads of the Sanhedrin among them with amicable words. Similarly, “Take Aaron [with words]” (20:25); “Take words with you” (Hosea 14:3) (Midrash Tanchuma Korach 1). - [Num. Rabbah 18:2] | | ויקח קרח: לקח את עצמו לצד אחד להיות נחלק מתוך העדה לעורר על הכהונה, וזהו שתרגם אונקלוס ואתפלג נחלק משאר העדה להחזיק במחלוקת, וכן (איוב טו, יב) מה יקחך לבך, לוקח אותך להפליגך משאר בני אדם. דבר אחר ויקח קרח משך ראשי סנהדראות שבהם בדברים, כמו שנאמר (במדבר כ, כה) קח את אהרן, (הושע יד, ג) קחו עמכם דברים: |
| the son of Izhar the son of Kohath the son of Levi: [The verse] does not mention, “the son of Jacob,” because he [Jacob] prayed not to be mentioned in connection with their quarrel, as it is stated, “my honor, you shall not join their assembly” (Gen. 49:6). And where is his name mentioned in connection with Korah? In (I) Chron. (6:22, 23), where their genealogy is traced for the service of the Levites on the platform [in the Temple], as it says, “the son of Korah, the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi, the son of Israel.” - [Midrash Tanchuma Korach 4, Num. Rabbah 18:5] | | בן יצהר בן קהת בן לוי: ולא הזכיר בן יעקב, שבקש רחמים על עצמו שלא יזכר שמו על מחלוקתם, שנאמר (בראשית מט, ו) ובקהלם אל תחד כבודי. והיכן נזכר שמו על קרח, בהתיחסם על הדוכן בדברי הימים, שנאמר (ד"ה א' ו, כב - כג) בן אביאסף בן קרח בן יצהר בן קהת בן לוי בן ישראל: |
| Dathan and Abiram: Since the tribe of Reuben was settled in the south when they camped, thus being neighbors of Kohath and his children who were also camped in the south, they joined with Korah in his rebellion. Woe to the wicked, and woe to his neighbor! Now what made Korah decide to quarrel with Moses? He envied the chieftainship of Elizaphan the son of Uzziel whom Moses appointed as chieftain over the sons of Kohath by the [Divine] word. Korah claimed, “My father and his brothers were four [in number]” as it says, “The sons of Kohath were…” (Exod. 6:18). Amram was the first, and his two sons received greatness-one a king and one a kohen gadol. Who is entitled to receive the second [position]? Is it not I, who am the son of Izhar, who is the second brother to Amram? And yet, he [Moses] appointed to the chieftainship the son of his youngest brother! I hereby oppose him and will invalidate his word (Midrash Tanchuma Korach 1, Num. Rabbah 18:2). What did he do? He went and assembled two hundred and fifty men, heads of Sanhedrin, most of them from the tribe of Reuben, his neighbors. These were Elitzur the son of Shedeur and his colleagues, and others like him, as it says, “chieftains of the congregation, those called to the assembly.” And further it states, “These were the chosen ones of the congregation” (1:16). He dressed them with cloaks made entirely of blue wool. They came and stood before Moses and asked him, “Does a cloak made entirely of blue wool require fringes [’tzitzith’], or is it exempt?” He replied, “ It does require [fringes].” They began laughing at him [saying], "Is it possible that a cloak of another [colored] material, one string of blue wool exempts it [from the obligation of techeleth], and this one, which is made entirely of blue wool, should not exempt itself? - [Midrash Tanchuma Korach 2, Num. Rabbah 18:3] | | ודתן ואבירם: בשביל שהיה שבט ראובן שרוי בחנייתם תימנה, שכן לקהת ובניו החונים תימנה, נשתתפו עם קרח במחלוקתו, אוי לרשע אוי לשכנו. ומה ראה קרח לחלוק עם משה, נתקנא על נשיאותו של אליצפן בן עוזיאל שמינהו משה נשיא על בני קהת על פי הדבור. אמר קרח, אחי אבא ארבעה היו, שנאמר (שמות ו, יח) ובני קהת וגו'. עמרם הבכור נטלו שני בניו גדולה, אחד מלך ואחד כהן גדול, מי ראוי ליטול את השניה, לא אני שאני בן יצהר שהוא שני לעמרם, והוא מנה נשיא את בן אחיו הקטן מכולם, הריני חולק עליו ומבטל את דבריו. מה עשה, עמד וכנס מאתים חמישים ראשי סנהדראות, רובן משבט ראובן שכיניו, והם אליצור בן שדיאור וחביריו וכיוצא בו, שנאמר נשיאי עדה קריאי מועד, ולהלן הוא אומר (במדבר א, טז) אלה קרואי העדה, והלבישן טליתות שכולן תכלת. באו ועמדו לפני משה. אמרו לו טלית שכולה של תכלת חייבת בציצית או פטורה. אמר להם חייבת. התחילו לשחק עליו, אפשר טלית של מין אחר חוט אחד של תכלת פוטרה, זו שכולה תכלת לא תפטור את עצמה: |
| descendants of Reuben: Dathan and Abiram and On the son of Peleth. | | בני ראובן: דתן ואבירם ואון בן פלת: |
| 2They confronted Moses together with two hundred and fifty men from the children of Israel, chieftains of the congregation, representatives of the assembly, men of repute. | | בוַיָּקֻ֨מוּ֙ לִפְנֵ֣י משֶׁ֔ה וַֽאֲנָשִׁ֥ים מִבְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים וּמָאתָ֑יִם נְשִׂיאֵ֥י עֵדָ֛ה קְרִאֵ֥י מוֹעֵ֖ד אַנְשֵׁי־שֵֽׁם: |
| 3They assembled against Moses and Aaron, and said to them, "You take too much upon yourselves, for the entire congregation are all holy, and the Lord is in their midst. So why do you raise yourselves above the Lord's assembly?" | | גוַיִּקָּֽהֲל֞וּ עַל־משֶׁ֣ה וְעַל־אַֽהֲרֹ֗ן וַיֹּֽאמְר֣וּ אֲלֵהֶם֘ רַב־לָכֶם֒ כִּ֤י כָל־הָֽעֵדָה֙ כֻּלָּ֣ם קְדשִׁ֔ים וּבְתוֹכָ֖ם יְהֹוָ֑ה וּמַדּ֥וּעַ תִּתְנַשְּׂא֖וּ עַל־קְהַ֥ל יְהֹוָֽה: |
| You take too much upon yourselves: You took by far too much greatness for yourselves. | | רב לכם: הרבה יותר מדאי לקחתם לעצמכם גדולה: |
| are all holy: All of them heard [the] words [of the commandments] at Sinai from the mouth of the Almighty. - [Midrash Tanchuma Korach 4] | | כלם קדושים: כולם שמעו דברים בסיני מפי הגבורה: |
| So why do you raise yourselves: If you have taken kingship for yourself, you should not have chosen kehunah for your brother. Not only you heard at Sinai, “I am the Lord, your God” ; the entire congregation heard it. - [Midrash Tanchuma Korach 4] | | ומדוע תתנשאו: אם לקחת אתה מלכות לא היה לך לברר לאחיך כהונה, לא אתם לבדכם שמעתם בסיני אנכי ה' אלהיך (שמות כ ב), כל העדה שמעו: |
| 4Moses heard and fell on his face. | | דוַיִּשְׁמַ֣ע משֶׁ֔ה וַיִּפֹּ֖ל עַל־פָּנָֽיו: |
| and fell on his face: because of the rebellion, for this was already their fourth offense. [When] they sinned with the calf, “Moses pleaded” (Exod. 32:11); by the episode of the complainers, “Moses prayed” (11:2); with the spies, “Moses said to God, ‘But the Egyptians will hear…’ ” (14:13), but now, at Korah’s rebellion, he became disheartened [literally, his hands were weakened]. This is comparable to a prince who sinned against his father, and his [father’s] friend placated the king on his behalf, once, twice, and three times. When he offended the fourth time, the friend became disheartened, and he said, “How much more can I trouble the king? Perhaps he will no longer accept my petition.” - [Midrash Tanchuma 4, Num. Rabbah 18: 6] | | ויפול על פניו: מפני המחלוקת, שכבר זה בידם סרחון רביעי, חטאו בעגל (שמות לב, יא) ויחל משה, במתאוננים (במדבר יא, יב) ויתפלל משה, במרגלים (שם יד, יג) ויאמר משה אל ה' ושמעו מצרים, במחלוקתו של קרח נתרשלו ידיו. משל לבן מלך שסרח על אביו ופייס עליו אוהבו פעם ושתים ושלש, כשסרח רביעית נתרשלו ידי האוהב ההוא. אמר עד מתי אטריח על המלך, שמא לא יקבל עוד ממני: |
| 5He spoke to Korah and to all his company, saying, "In the morning, the Lord will make known who is His, and who is holy, and He will draw [them] near to Him, and the one He chooses, He will draw near to Him. | | הוַיְדַבֵּ֨ר אֶל־קֹ֜רַח וְאֶל־כָּל־עֲדָתוֹ֘ לֵאמֹר֒ בֹּ֠קֶר וְיֹדַ֨ע יְהֹוָ֧ה אֶת־אֲשֶׁר־ל֛וֹ וְאֶת־הַקָּד֖וֹשׁ וְהִקְרִ֣יב אֵלָ֑יו וְאֵ֛ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר יִבְחַר־בּ֖וֹ יַקְרִ֥יב אֵלָֽיו: |
| In the morning, the Lord will make known: Night is a time of drunkenness for us, and it is improper to appear before Him. His real intention was to delay, with the hope that they might retract [their opposition]. - [Midrash Tanchuma 5] | | בקר ויודע וגו': עתה עת שכרות הוא לנו ולא נכון להראות לפניו והוא היה מתכוין לדחותם שמא יחזרו בהם: |
| In the morning, the Lord will make known who is His: For the Levitic services. | | בקר ויודע ה' את אשר לו: לעבודת לויה: |
| and who is holy: For the kehunah. | | ואת הקדוש: לכהונה: |
| and He will draw: them near to Him. Heb. וְהִקְרִיב אֵלָיו. And the Targum [Onkelos] proves this [that it is referring to both the Levites and the kohanim], for he renders the first phrase, “He will bring them close to Him” [and the second phrase]“He will bring into His service.” The Midrashic interpretation of בֹּקֶר, morning, [rather than מָחָר, tomorrow] is: Moses said to him [Korah], The Holy One, blessed is He, assigned boundaries to His world. Are you able to transform morning into evening? That is how possible it is for you to undo this, as it says,“It was evening and it was morning… and He separated (וַיַּבְדֵּל) ” (Gen. 1:5, 7); similarly,“Aaron was set apart (וַיִּבָּדֵל) to sanctify him…” (I Chron. 23:13). - [Midrash Tanchuma Korach 3, Num. Rabbah 4] | | והקריב: אותם אליו. והתרגום מוכיח כן ויקרב לקדמוהי יקרב לשמושיה. ומדרשו בקר, אמר לו משה, גבולות חלק הקב"ה בעולמו, יכולים אתם להפוך בקר לערב, כן תוכלו לבטל את זו, שנאמר (בראשית א, ה - ז) ויהי ערב ויהי בוקר ויבדל, כך (דה"א כג יג) ויבדל אהרן להקדישו וגו': |
| 6Do this, Korah and his company: Take for yourselves censers. | | וזֹ֖את עֲשׂ֑וּ קְחֽוּ־לָכֶ֣ם מַחְתּ֔וֹת קֹ֖רַח וְכָל־עֲדָתֽוֹ: |
| Do this!…Take for yourselves censers: Why did he see fit to speak to them thus? He said to them, “Among the nations, there are various forms of worship and many priests, and they do not all gather in one temple. We, however, have only one God, one ark, one Torah, one altar, and one kohen gadol, but you two hundred and fifty men are all seeking the kehunah gedolah ! I too would prefer that. Here, take for yourselves the service most dear-it is the incense, more cherished than any other sacrifice, but it contains deadly poison, by which Nadab and Abihu were burnt. Therefore, he warned them, ”and it will be the one whom the Lord chooses-he is the holy one“ [meaning,] that he is already in his [state of] holiness. Is it not obvious that [the one] who is chosen is the holy one? Rather, Moses told them,”I am telling you this so that you should not be found guilty. For the one He chooses will survive, and the rest of you will perish." - [Mid. Tanchuma 5, Bamidbar Rabbah 18:8] | | זאת עשו קחו לכם מחתות: מה ראה לומר להם כך, אמר להם בדרכי הגוים יש נימוסים הרבה וכומרים הרבה ואין כולם מתקבצים בבית אחד, אנו אין לנו אלא ה' אחד, ארון אחד ותורה אחת ומזבח אחד וכהן גדול אחד ואתם מאתים וחמישים איש מבקשים כהונה גדולה, אף אני רוצה בכך, הא לכם תשמיש חביב מכל, היא הקטרת החביבה מכל הקרבנות וסם המות נתון בתוכו שבו נשרפו נדב ואביהוא, לפיכך התרה בהם והיה האיש אשר יבחר ה' הוא הקדוש, כבר הוא בקדושתו. וכי אין אנו יודעים שמי שיבחר הוא הקדוש, אלא אמר להם משה הריני אומר לכם שלא תתחייבו, מי שיבחר בו יצא חי, וכולכם אובדים: |
| censers: מַחְתּוֹת, vessels used for stoking (חוֹתִין) coals, which have a handle. | | מחתות: כלים שחותין בהם גחלים ויש להם בית יד: |
| 7Place fire into them and put incense upon them before the Lord tomorrow, and the man whom the Lord chooses he is the holy one; you have taken too much upon yourselves, sons of Levi." | | זוּתְנ֣וּ־בָהֵ֣ן | אֵ֡שׁ וְשִׂ֩ימוּ֩ עֲלֵיהֶ֨ן | קְטֹ֜רֶת לִפְנֵ֤י יְהֹוָה֙ מָחָ֔ר וְהָיָ֗ה הָאִ֛ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יִבְחַ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה ה֣וּא הַקָּד֑וֹשׁ רַב־לָכֶ֖ם בְּנֵ֥י לֵוִֽי: |
| you have taken too much upon yourselves, sons of Levi: Heb. רַב לָכֶם בְּנֵי לֵוִי, [interpreted Midrashically as:] I have told you a very great thing. Were they not fools? For he warned them about it and they [still] took upon themselves to offer [the incense]. They sinned at the cost of their lives, as it says, “the censers of these who sinned at the cost of their lives” (17:3). But what did Korah, who was astute, see [to commit] this folly? His vision deceived him. He saw [prophetically] a chain of great people descended from him: Samuel, who is equal [in importance] to Moses and Aaron. He [Korah] said, “ For his sake I will be spared. [He also saw] twenty-four watches [of Levites] emanating from his grandsons, all prophesying through the holy spirit, as it says, ”all these were the sons of Heman“ (I Chron 25:5). He said, ” Is it possible that all this greatness is destined to emanate from me, and I should remain silent?“ Therefore, he participated [in the rebellion] to reach that prerogative, for he had heard from Moses that they would all perish and one would escape [death]: ”the one whom the Lord chooses-he is the holy one.“ He erred in thinking that it referred to him. He, however, did not ”see" properly, for his sons repented [and thus did not die at that time]. Moses, however, foresaw this. - [This is found in Mid.] Tanchuma [Korach 5, Num. Rabbah 18:8] | | רב לכם בני לוי: דבר גדול אמרתי לכם. ולא טפשים היו שכך התרה בהם וקבלו עליהם לקרב, אלא הם חטאו על נפשותם, שנאמר את מחתות החטאים האלה בנפשותם. וקרח שפקח היה מה ראה לשטות זה, עינו הטעתו, ראה שלשלת גדולה יוצאה ממנו, שמואל ששקול כנגד משה ואהרן. אמר בשבילו אני נמלט, וכ"ד משמרות עומדות לבני בניו כולם מתנבאים ברוח הקודש, שנאמר (ד"ה א' כה, ה) כל אלה בנים להימן, אמר אפשר כל הגדולה הזאת עתידה לעמוד ממני ואני אדום, לכך נשתתף לבוא לאותה חזקה, ששמע מפי משה שכולם אובדים ואחד נמלט. אשר יבחר ה' הוא הקדוש, טעה ותלה בעצמו, ולא ראה יפה, לפי שבניו עשו תשובה, ומשה היה רואה. תנחומא: |
| you have taken too much upon yourselves: [The simple interpretation is:] You have taken too great a task upon yourselves, to rebel against the Holy One, blessed is He. | | רב לכם: דבר גדול נטלתם בעצמכם לחלוק על הקב"ה: |
| 8Moses said to Korah, "Please listen, sons of Levi. | | חוַיֹּ֥אמֶר משֶׁ֖ה אֶל־קֹ֑רַח שִׁמְעוּ־נָ֖א בְּנֵ֥י לֵוִֽי: |
| Moses said…: He began to speak softly to him, but when he saw that he [Korah] was adamant [lit., stiff-necked], he [Moses] thought, “Before the other tribes [other versions: the rest of the tribe] join him and perish with him, I will speak to all of them as well.” He then began exhorting them [saying,], “Listen to me, sons of Levi.” - [Midrash Tanchuma Korach 6, Num. Rabbah 18:9] | | ויאמר משה אל קרח שמעו נא בני לוי: התחיל לדבר עמו דברים רכים, כיון שראהו קשה עורף, אמר עד שלא ישתתפו שאר השבטים ויאבדו עמו, אדבר גם אל כולם, התחיל לזרז בהם שמעו נא בני לוי: |
| 9Is it not enough that the God of Israel has distinguished you from the congregation of Israel to draw you near to Him, to perform the service in the Mishkan of the Lord and to stand before the congregation to minister to them? | | טהַֽמְעַ֣ט מִכֶּ֗ם כִּֽי־הִבְדִּיל֩ אֱלֹהֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל אֶתְכֶם֙ מֵֽעֲדַ֣ת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל לְהַקְרִ֥יב אֶתְכֶ֖ם אֵלָ֑יו לַֽעֲבֹ֗ד אֶת־עֲבֹדַת֙ מִשְׁכַּ֣ן יְהֹוָ֔ה וְלַֽעֲמֹ֛ד לִפְנֵ֥י הָֽעֵדָ֖ה לְשָֽׁרְתָֽם: |
| and to stand before the congregation: to sing on the platform. | | ולעמוד לפני העדה: לשיר על הדוכן: |
| 10He drew you near, and all your brothers, the sons of Levi with you, and now you seek the kehunah as well? | | יוַיַּקְרֵב֙ אֹֽתְךָ֔ וְאֶת־כָּל־אַחֶ֥יךָ בְנֵֽי־לֵוִ֖י אִתָּ֑ךְ וּבִקַּשְׁתֶּ֖ם גַּם־כְּהֻנָּֽה: |
| He drew you near: to that service from which he has distanced the rest of the congregation of Israel. | | ויקרב אתך: לאותו שירות שהרחיק ממנו שאר עדת ישראל: |
| 11Therefore, you and your entire company who are assembled are against the Lord, for what is Aaron that you should complain against him?" | | יאלָכֵ֗ן אַתָּה֙ וְכָל־עֲדָ֣תְךָ֔ הַנֹּֽעָדִ֖ים עַל־יְהֹוָ֑ה וְאַֽהֲרֹ֣ן מַה־ה֔וּא כִּ֥י תַלִּ֖ינוּ (כתיב תלונו) עָלָֽיו: |
| Therefore: Because of this, “you and your entire company who are assembled” with you “are against the Lord,” for I acted as His messenger to give the kehunah to Aaron, and this rebellion is not with us [but with the Lord]. - [Midrash Tanchuma Korach 6, Num. Rabbah 18:9] | | לכן: בשביל כך אתה וכל עדתך הנועדים אתך על ה' כי בשליחותו עשיתי לתת כהונה לאהרן ולא לנו היא המחלוקת הזו: |
| 12Moses sent to call Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, but they said, "We will not go up. | | יבוַיִּשְׁלַ֣ח משֶׁ֔ה לִקְרֹ֛א לְדָתָ֥ן וְלַֽאֲבִירָ֖ם בְּנֵ֣י אֱלִיאָ֑ב וַיֹּֽאמְר֖וּ לֹ֥א נַֽעֲלֶֽה: |
| Moses sent: From here we derive that one should not persist in a dispute, because Moses sought them out to conciliate them with peaceful words. — [Mid. Tanchuma Korach 10, Sanh. 110a] | | וישלח משה וגו': מכאן שאין מחזיקין במחלוקת, שהיה משה מחזר אחריהם להשלימם בדברי שלום: |
| We will not go up: Their own mouths caused them to stumble, [to say] that they would have only a downfall. - [Mid. Tanchuma Korach 6, Num. Rabbah 10] | | לא נעלה: פיהם הכשילם, שאין להם אלא ירידה: |
| 13Is it not enough that you have brought us out of a land flowing with milk and honey to kill us in the desert, that you should also exercise authority over us? | | יגהַֽמְעַ֗ט כִּ֤י הֶֽעֱלִיתָ֨נוּ֙ מֵאֶ֨רֶץ זָבַ֤ת חָלָב֙ וּדְבַ֔שׁ לַֽהֲמִיתֵ֖נוּ בַּמִּדְבָּ֑ר כִּֽי־תִשְׂתָּרֵ֥ר עָלֵ֖ינוּ גַּם־הִשְׂתָּרֵֽר: |
Tehillim: Psalms Chapters 113 - 118 • Hebrew text
• English text
Chapter 113
This psalm recounts some of the wonders of the exodus from Egypt.
1. Praise the Lord! Offer praise, you servants of the Lord; praise the Name of the Lord.
2. May the Name of the Lord be blessed from now and to all eternity.
3. From the rising of the sun to its setting, the Name of the Lord is praised.
4. The Lord is high above all nations; His glory transcends the heavens.
5. Who is like the Lord our God, Who dwells on high
6. [yet] looks down so low upon heaven and earth!
7. He raises the poor from the dust, lifts the destitute from the dunghill,
8. to seat them with nobles, with the nobles of His people.
9. He transforms the barren woman into a household, into a joyful mother of children. Praise the Lord!
Chapter 114
This psalm explains why the tribe of Judah merited kingship.
1. When Israel went out of Egypt, the House of Jacob from a people of a foreign tongue,
2. Judah became His holy [nation], Israel, His domain.
3. The sea saw and fled, the Jordan turned backward.
4. The mountains skipped like rams, the hills like young sheep.
5. What is the matter with you, O sea, that you flee; Jordan, that you turn backward;
6. mountains, that you skip like rams; hills, like young sheep?
7. [We do so] before the Master, the Creator of the earth, before the God of Jacob,
8. Who turns the rock into a pool of water, the flintstone into a water fountain.
Chapter 115
A prayer that God bring this long exile to an end, for the sake of His Name-that it not be desecrated.
1. Not for our sake, Lord, not for our sake, but for the sake of Your Name bestow glory, because of Your kindness and Your truth.
2. Why should the nations say, "Where, now, is their God?”
3. Indeed, our God is in heaven; whatever He desires, He does.
4. Their idols are of silver and gold, the product of human hands.
5. They have a mouth, but cannot speak; they have eyes, but cannot see;
6. they have ears, but cannot hear; they have a nose, but cannot smell;
7. their hands cannot touch; their feet cannot walk; they can make no sound in their throat.
8. Those who make them will become like them-all who put their trust in them.
9. Israel, trust in the Lord; He is their help and their shield.
10. House of Aaron, trust in the Lord; He is their help and their shield.
11. You who fear the Lord, trust in the Lord; He is their help and their shield.
12. The Lord who is ever mindful of us, may He bless: May He bless the House of Israel; may He bless the House of Aaron;
13. may He bless those who fear the Lord, the small with the great.
14. May the Lord increase [blessing] upon you, upon you and upon your children.
15. You are blessed by the Lord, the Maker of heaven and earth.
16. The heavens are the Lord's heavens, but the earth He gave to the children of man.
17. The dead cannot praise the Lord, nor any who descend into the silence [of the grave].
18. But we will bless the Lord from now to eternity. Praise the Lord!
Chapter 116
This psalm contains magnificent praises to God. It also describes David's love for God, in light of all the miracles He performed for him. David does not know how to repay God, declaring it impossible to pay back for all God has done for him.
1. I would love if the Lord would listen to my voice, to my supplications;
2. if He would turn His ear to me on the days when I call.
3. The pangs of death encompassed me and the misery of the grave came upon me; I encounter trouble and sorrow.
4. I invoke the Name of the Lord, "Lord, I implore you, deliver my soul!”
5. The Lord is gracious and righteous; our God is compassionate.
6. The Lord watches over the simpletons; I was brought low, and He saved me.
7. Return, my soul, to your tranquility, for the Lord has bestowed goodness upon you.
8. For You have delivered my soul from death, my eyes from tears, my feet from stumbling.
9. I shall walk before the Lord in the lands of the living.
10. I had faith even when I declared, "I am greatly afflicted";
11. [even when] I said in my haste, "All men are deceitful.”
12. How can I repay the Lord for all His beneficences to me?
13. I will raise the cup of deliverance and proclaim the Name of the Lord.
14. I will pay my vows to the Lord in the presence of all His people.
15. Grievous in the eyes of the Lord is the death of His pious ones.
16. I thank you, Lord, that since I am Your servant, I am Your servant the son of Your maidservant, You have loosened my bonds.
17. To You I will bring an offering of thanksgiving, and proclaim the Name of the Lord.
18. I will pay my vows to the Lord in the presence of all His people,
19. in the courtyards of the House of the Lord, in the midst of Jerusalem. Praise the Lord!
Chapter 117
This psalm of two verses alludes to the Messianic era, when the Children of Israel will enjoy their former glory. All will praise God, in fulfillment of the verse, "All will then call in the Name of God."
1. Praise the Lord, all you nations; extol Him, all you peoples.
2. For His kindness was mighty over us, and the truth of the Lord is everlasting. Praise the Lord!
Chapter 118
This psalm describes David's immense trust in God. It also contains many praises to God, Who has fulfilled that which He has promised us.
1. Offer praise to the Lord for He is good, for His kindness is everlasting.
2. Let Israel declare that His kindness is everlasting.
3. Let the House of Aaron declare that His kindness is everlasting.
4. Let those who fear the Lord declare that His kindness is everlasting.
5. From out of distress I called to God; with abounding relief, God answered me.
6. The Lord is with me, I do not fear-what can man do to me?
7. The Lord is with me among my helpers, and I will see [the downfall of] my enemies.
8. It is better to rely on the Lord than to trust in man.
9. It is better to rely on the Lord than to trust in nobles.
10. All the nations surrounded me, but in the Name of the Lord I will cut them down.
11. They surrounded me, they encompassed me, but in the Name of the Lord I will cut them down.
12. They surrounded me like bees, yet they shall be extinguished like fiery thorns; in the Name of the Lord I will cut them down.
13. You [my foes] repeatedly pushed me to fall, but the Lord helped me.
14. God is my strength and song, and He has been a help to me.
15. The sound of rejoicing and deliverance reverberates in the tents of the righteous, "The right hand of the Lord performs deeds of valor.
16. The right hand of the Lord is exalted; the right hand of the Lord performs deeds of valor!”
17. I shall not die, but I shall live and recount the deeds of God.
18. God has indeed chastised me, but He did not give me up to death.
19. Open for me the gates of righteousness; I will enter them and praise God.
20. This is the gate of the Lord, the righteous will enter it.
21. I offer thanks to You, for You have answered me, and You have been my deliverance.
22. The stone which the builders scorned has become the chief cornerstone.
23. From the Lord has this come about; it is wondrous in our eyes.
24. This is the day which the Lord has made; let us be glad and rejoice on it.
25. We implore You, Lord, deliver us. We implore You, Lord, grant us success.
26. Blessed is he who comes in the Name of the Lord; we bless you from the House of the Lord.
27. The Lord is a benevolent God and He has given us light; bind the festival offering with cords until [you bring it to] the horns of the altar.
28. You are my God and I will praise You, my God-and I will exalt You.
29. Praise the Lord for He is good, for His kindness is everlasting.
Tanya: Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah, middle of Chapter 7 • English Text (Lessons in Tanya)
• Hebrew Text
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Sunday, Sivan 24, 5777 · June 18, 2017
Today's Tanya Lesson
Shaar Hayichud Vehaemunah, middle of Chapter 7
וזהו גם כן ענין סובב כל עלמין
And this is also the meaning of “He encompassess all worlds.”
This does not mean to say (heaven forfend) that G‑d is not found within the worlds but merely encompasses them. Rather:
פירוש, דרך משל: כשאדם מתבונן באיזה דבר חכמה בשכלו, או דבר גשמי במחשבתו
This means, by way of analogy: When a person reflects upon an intellectual subject in his mind or upon a physical object in his thoughts,
אזי שכלו ומחשבתו מקיפים על הדבר ההוא המצויר במחשבתו או בשכלו
then his intellect and thought encompass that subject whose image is formed in his thought or in his mind, inasmuch as they are found within his thought and mind,
אך אין מקיפים על הדבר ההוא ממש בפועל ממש
but they — his intellect and thought — do not encompass that subject in actual fact.
They merely encompass his image of the subject, not the actual subject. When one envisions a table, the actual physical table is of course not found within the brain; it is merely its image that is encompassed there.
אבל הקב״ה, דכתיב ביה: כי לא מחשבותי מחשבותיכם וגו׳
The Holy One, blessed be He, however, of Whom it is written,1 “For My thoughts are not your thoughts...,”
מחשבתו וידיעתו, שיודע כל הנבראים, מקפת כל נברא ונברא בפועל ממש
His thought and knowledge of all created beings actually encompass each and every creature;
שהרי היא היא חיותו והתהוותו מאין ליש בפועל ממש
for [G‑d’s knowledge] is verily its life-force and that which brings it into existence out of nothingness, in actual reality.
G‑d’s thought, unlike man’s, thus encompasses the actual subject of His thought — in this case, all created beings. It brings about their creation and continued existence, even though it does not descend to their level and become internalized within them, but remains in an exalted state.
וממלא כל עלמין היא בחינת החיות המתלבש תוך עצם הנברא
And “He fills all worlds” is the life-force that becomes enclothed i.e., is internalized within the essence of the created being.
שהיא מצומצמת בתוכו בצמצום רב, כפי ערך מהות הנברא, שהוא בעל גבול ותכלית בכמותו ובאיכותו, דהיינו מעלתו וחשיבותו
It is powerfully contracted within it according to the intrinsic nature of the created being which is finite and limited in quantity and quality, [“quality”] meaning its significance and importance.
Since the life-force must vest itself within the finite created being and unite with it utterly, it must necessarily be contracted and limited according to the intrinsically finite nature of the created being.
כגון השמש, שגופו יש לו גבול ותכלית, שהוא כמו קס״ז פעמים כגודל כדור הארץ
An example is the sun, whose body is finite and limited quantitatively, being approximately one hundred and sixty- seven times the size of the globe of the earth,2
ואיכותו ומעלתו, הוא אורו, גם כן יש לו גבול עד כמה יוכל להאיר
and whose quality and significance, namely, its light, is also limited as to the extent that it can emit light,
כי לא יאיר לבלתי תכלית, מאחר שהוא נברא
for it cannot illuminate indefinitely since it is a created being, and hence inherently limited. Thus, although the light of the sun illuminates at a prodigious distance, that distance is not without limit.
וכן כל הנבראים הם בעלי גבול ותכלית, כי מהארץ לרקיע מהלך ת״ק שנה כו׳
Likewise, all created beings are finite and limited, for3 “from the earth to heaven is a journey of five hundred years..., and so, too, from one heaven to another is a distance of five hundred years.”
ואם כן, החיות המלובשת בהם היא בבחינת צמצום רב ועצום
Hence, since created beings are limited and finite, the life-force which is invested in them is greatly and powerfully contracted,
כי צריכה תחלה להתצמצם צמצומים רבים ועצומים, עד שיתהוה מכחה ואורה עצם הנבראים כמות שהם בעלי גבול ותכלית
for it must first undergo numerous and powerful contractions until created beings, by nature finite and limited, may be brought into existence from its power and light.
Only after this process of self-limitation will the limitless life-force be able to invest itself within finite created beings and become united with them, as will soon be explained.
Rambam:
• Sefer Hamitzvot:
Sunday, Sivan 24, 5777 · June 18, 2017
Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
"He shall bathe all his body in water"—Leviticus 15:16.
A person who chooses to become cleansed of any ritual impurity is commanded to immerse in a mikvah [a natural pool of water]. According to the tradition of the Oral Law, for a mikvah to be kosher it must contain enough water for [an average] person to submerge himself within them—unless it is a moving stream of water, in which case even the smallest amount of water suffices [for a smaller than average individual, or for immersing a ritually impure utensil].
Some details:
- Of all the types of ritually impure people, only the zav requires immersion in a moving stream of water.
- This mitzvah is not obligatory. As long as an individual has no intention of entering the Temple Mount, he may remain in his ritually impure state.
- An individual's purification process is not finalized until the sun sets on the day he immerses.
- There may not be anything separating betweenthe person's body and the waters of the mikvah.
Immersing in a Mikvah (Ritual Pool)
Immersing in a Mikvah (Ritual Pool)
Positive Commandment 109
The 109th mitzvah is that we are commanded to immerse in the waters of a mikvah and thereby be purified from whichever form of tumah previously existed.
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement (exalted be He), "He must immerse his entire body in water." The Oral Tradition explains that [the phrase "his entire body" also teaches that] there must be enough water to cover his entire body. This is the minimum size of a mikvah unless the water is from a spring, in which case there is no minimum amount, as explained in the laws which deal with this mitzvah.
Among the conditions [governing the mikvah] is that only in the case of a zav is spring water required, as the verse states, "mayim chaim."
When we say that immersion is a mitzvah, this does not mean that any person who is tameh is required to immerse himself — as one who wears a four-cornered garment must put tzitzis on it, or that anyone with a house must build a fence around the roof. [When I say, "it is a mitzvah,"] I refer to the laws of immersion — that we are commanded that anyone who wants purification from tumah can do so only through immersion in water, after which he becomes tahor.
The Sifra says, "One might think that the phrase 'He must immerse in water' is a Divine decree [and that it is an absolute requirement to immerse]. The verse therefore says, 'then he can return to the camp' [after being purified] from tumah." This hints to the principle I just explained, i.e. that the mitzvah is just the law, i.e. that one who wants to be purified should take certain steps. This law is itself the mitzvah. This does not mean however, that there is an independent requirement to immerse — should he want to remain tameh and not enter the machaneh Shechinah for any period of time, he may do so.
The Book of Truth (i.e. the Torah) explains that even though after the person immerses he becomes tahor, his purification is incomplete until sunset. The Oral Tradition also explains that during immersion he must be naked and that his entire body must come in contact with the water. As our Sages put it, "The phrase, 'his entire body' teaches that there can be nothing intervening between his body and the water."
We have therefore explained that this mitzvah of immersion includes the laws of mikvah, of intervening substances, and t'vul yom. This mitzvah is explained in tractates Mikva'os and T'vul Yom.
• 1 Chapter A Day: To`en veNit`an To`en veNit`an - Chapter 8
To`en veNit`an - Chapter 8
1 It is an accepted presumption that all movable property belongs to the person who is in physical possession of it.' This applies even if the plaintiff brought witnesses who testify that the movable property in question was known to belong to the plaintiff.
What is implied? A plaintiff lodges a claim against a defendant: "This garment..." or "This utensil that is in your possession..." or "... that is in your house belongs to me..,", "... I entrusted it to you for safekeeping...", or "... I lent it to you. Here are witnesses who knew that it was previously in my domain."
The defendant responds: "That is not so. You sold it to me," or "...You gave it to me as a present," the defendant is required to take only a sh'vuat hesset and is freed of responsibility.אכל המטלטלין בחזקת זה שהן תחת ידו, אע"פ שהביא התובע עדים שהמטלטלין הללו ידועין לו, כיצד בגד זה או כלי זה שבידך או שבתוך ביתך שלי הוא, או הפקדתיהו אצלך, או השאלתיהו לך, והרי העדים שהן יודעין אותו מקודם ברשותי, והנתבע אומר לא כי אלא אתה מכרתו לי או נתתו לי במתנה הרי זה הנתבע נשבע היסת ונפטר.
2 If the defendant claims that the movable property he is holding is security, he may claim up to its value. He must, however, take an oath while holding a sacred object. Afterwards, he may collect his due, as explained.בטען שהוא משכון בידו יכול לטעון עד כדי דמיו ונשבע בנקיטת חפץ ונוטל כמו שביארנו.
3 When does the above apply? To articles that are not made to lend out or rent out - e.g., garments, produce, household articles, merchandise and the like. Different rules apply with regard to articles that are made to lend out or rent out. Although they are found in the possession of a particular person and there are no witnesses that the original owner lent or rented out this article to this person, it is an accepted presumption that they belong to their original owner.
What is implied? Reuven owned a utensil that was made to lend or rent out, and he has witnesses who know that such an article belonged to him. This utensil is presently in the possession of Shimon. Reuven claims that he lent it or rented it to him," while Shimon claims that Reuven sold it to him, gave it to him as a present or entrusted it to him as security. We do not accept Shimon's claim. Instead, Reuven may take his utensil after taking a sh'vuat hesset in response to Shimon's claim.
Even if Shimon died, Reuven may take his utensil. The Geonim ruled that Reuven must take a sh'vuat hesset, for we advance claims on behalf of an heir.גבמה דברים אמורים בדברים שאינן עשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר, כגון בגדים ופירות וכלי תשמיש הבית ודברים של סחורה וכיוצא בהן, אבל דברים העשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר אף על פי שהן תחת ידו של זה ואע"פ שלא השאילו כלי זה ולא השכירו לו בעדים הרי הן בחזקת בעליהן, כיצד ראובן שהיה לו כלי העשוי להשאיל ולהשכיר ויש לו עדים שהוא ידוע לו והרי אותו הכלי תחת יד שמעון וראובן טוען שהוא שאול או שכור, ושמעון טוען אתה מכרתו לי אתה נתתו לי במתנה אתה משכנתו בידי אינו נאמן, אלא ראובן נוטל כליו ונשבע היסת על טענת שמעון, ואפילו מת שמעון הרי ראובן נוטל כליו, והורו הגאונים שישבע היסת שטוענין ליורש.
4 When does the above apply? When the utensil can be seen in the possession of Shimon.
Different rules apply when, however, Reuven lodges a claim against Shimon saying: "You have this-and-this utensil of mine. You rented it. Give it back to me. I have witnesses who know that it belongs to me." If Shimon responds: "You sold it to me" or "You gave it to me," his word is accepted. He must take a sh'vuat hesset and then he is released of all obligations. The rationale is since he could say: "Nothing like this ever happened. I do not have anything that belonged to you," we accept his word if he claims: "I have the article, but you sold it to me."דבמה דברים אמורים כשהיה כלי זה נראה ועומד ביד שמעון, אבל אם ראובן טען ואמר לשמעון כלי פלוני יש לי בידך ושכור הוא הוציאו אלי והרי יש לי עדים שהוא ידוע לי, ואמר לו שמעון אתה מכרתו לי אתה נתתו לי במתנה נאמן ונשבע שמעון היסת ונפטר, מתוך שיכול לומר לא היו דברים מעולם ואין בידי כלום נאמן לומר שישנו אצלי ואתה מכרתו לי.
5 The above-mentioned concepts apply only when the owner of the utensil claims: "I entrusted it to you" or "I lent it to you." Different laws apply if, however, he claims: "This article is mine. It was stolen, lost or taken by robbery." Although he brings witnesses who testify that the article was known to be his, if the person in possession of the article says: "I do not know what you are talking about. Someone else sold it to me or gave it to me as a present," we allow it to remain in that person's possession although it is an article that is made to be lent out or rented out. He is not required to take an oath at all, because there is no claim against him.האין כל הדברים האלו אמורים אלא שהיה בעל הכלי טוען אני הפקדתיו אצלך או השאלתיהו אצלך, אבל אם טען שכלי זה היה שלי ונגנב או אבד או נגזל והביא עדים שהוא ידוע לו וזה שתחת ידו אומר איני יודע אבל אחרים מכרוהו לי או נתנוהו לי במתנה, אף על פי שהוא מדברים שעשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר מעמידין אותו ביד זה שהוא בידו ואינו נשבע כלל שהרי אין לו טוען.
6 If a well-founded report has circulated that utensils belonging to the original owner have been stolen, the person in possession of the article may take an oath while holding a sacred article, stating how much he spent on the article. The original owner must reimburse him for this expense and may then take his article, as stated in Hilchot Geneivah.
If the defendant claims: "You sold it to me" or "You gave it to me as a present," he must take a sh'vuat hesset, and he is then allowed to maintain possession of the article, even though a well-founded report has circulated that utensils belonging to the original owner have been stolen, provided the article was not made to be lent or rented out.
From these laws, the following concept can be derived: A person has movable property in his possession and another person claims that it belongs to him. The defendant could claim that he purchased it. Thus, he would be required to take a sh'vuat hesset and would then be released of all obligations. Nevertheless, if the defendant says: "It belongs to you, but you owe me this-and-this," he must take an oath while holding a sacred object. Afterwards, he collects his claim from the property in his possession, as is the law applying to all those who take oaths and collect their due.ויצא לבעלים הראשונים חזקה מכליהן שנגנבו, ישבע זה בנקיטת חפץ כמה הוציא ויטול ויחזור הכלי לבעלים הראשונים כמו שבארנו בהלכות גניבה, טען אתה מכרתו לי או נתתו לי במתנה, אע"פ שיצא לו שם גניבה אם לא היה מדברים העשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר הרי זה נשבע היסת ויעמוד הכלי בידו, מכאן אתה למד לכל מי שיש לו מטלטלין בידו אע"פ שיכול לומר שלקוחין הן בידי וישבע היסת ויפטר, אם אמר שלך הן אבל חייב אתה לי כך וכך ישבע בנקיטת חפץ ואחר כך יטול כדין כל הנשבעין ונוטלין.
7 When a person has in his possession articles that were made to lend or rent out, he is allowed to maintain possession even though he acknowledged the plaintiff's ownership, telling him: "I know that this property was yours, but so-and-so sold it to me," or "... gave it to me as a present," we do not expropriate it from the defendant's possession.
The above applies even if the plaintiff brings witnesses who testify that the property was known to belong to him. The rationale is that a person is wont to sell his personal property.זמי שהיו בידו דברים העשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר אע"פ שהודה ואמר לו יודע אני שהם שלך אבל פלוני מכרם לי או נתנם לי במתנה אין מוציאין אותן מידו, אפילו הביא זה עדים שהיו ידועין לו שאדם עשוי למכור את כליו.
8 If, however, the plaintiff claims: "I rented it to you," or "I lent it to you," we expropriate it from his possession. If the object in question was not one that was made to lend or rent out, the defendant may retain possession of the article. He must, however, take a sh'vuat hesset that the plaintiff) did not lend or rent the article to him, but that he purchased it from so-and-so.חטען זה עליו ואמר שאני השכרתים לך או השאלתים לך מוציאין אותן מידו, ואם היו מדברים שאינן עשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר הרי זה נשבע היסת שלא השאיל לו ולא השכיר לו אלא מפלוני לקח ויעמיד כליו בידו.
9 Do not err and interpret the phrase "entities made to lend out or rent out" as meaning "entities that are wont to be lent out or rented out" as did many, [including great sages. For all articles are fit to be lent out and are wont to be lent out. Even a person's cloak, mattress, and bed are fit to be lent out.
The phrase "articles made to lend out or rent out," by contrast, refers to utensils that people in that country make initially with the intent that they be lent out or rented out, so that they can receive a fee for them. They are considered to belong to their owners like landed property, concerning which benefit is derived from its produce, but the land itself remains. Similarly, these utensils are made primarily to benefit from renting them out - e.g., large brass pots used for cooking at party halls, bronze jewelry inlaid with gold that are rented for brides to wear. Such articles are not made to be sold, nor for the owner to use them in his own home. Instead, they are lent out to others with the expectation of receiving benefit in recompense or of renting them out for a fee.
Similarly, if a person has ordinary utensils, but there are witnesses who will testify that he rents them out at all times and lends them, and it is an accepted presumption that he lends them and rents them, they are considered utensils that were made for the sake of being lent or rented.טאל תטעה בין דברים העשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר לדברים שדרכן להשאיל ולהשכיר כמו שטעו רבים וגדולים שכל הדברים ראויין להשאיל ודרכן להשאיל אפילו חלוקו של אדם ומצעו ומטתו ראויין להשאיל, אבל דברים העשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר הם הכלים שבני אותה מדינה עושין אותן מתחלת עשייתן כדי להשאילן ולהשכירן וליטול שכרן והרי הן לבעליהן, כמו קרקע שאוכל פירותיה והגוף קיים כך אלו הכלים עיקר עשייתן כדי ליהנות בשכרן, כגון היורות הגדולות של נחשת שמבשלין בהן בבית המשתאות, וכגון כלי נחשת הטוח בזהב ששוכרין אותו לכלה להתקשט בו, שעשיית אלו הכלים אינן למכירת עצמן ולא להשתמש בהן בעל הבית בביתו אלא להשאילן לאחרים כדי ליהנות כנגדן או להשכירן וליטול שכרן, וכן אם היה לאדם משאר הכלים ויש לו עדים שהוא משכירו תמיד ומשאילו והוחזק לו שהוא להשאיל ולהשכיר הרי הן ככלים העשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר.
10 When the possible damage to an article is greater than the fee one would receive for renting it out, and people are therefore careful not to lend such articles - e.g., a ritual slaughterer's knife - it is an accepted presumption that it was not made with the intent of being lent or rented out. Therefore, even if people came and testified that a person lent out or rented out such an article on several occasions, their testimony does not negate this presumption, and these utensils are considered to be all other utensils.
Proof of this position can be brought from the fact that Ravva expropriated tailor's scissors used to make a cloak, and an Aggadah scroll as articles that were made to be lent or rented out. Had it not been clarified to him through the testimony of witnesses that these were entities that were lent out, he would not have expropriated them from the orphans. It is evident that other scissors and other scrolls are not placed in this category even though they could be lent or rented out.
This concept is a fundamental principle of law and a point of logic that may be relied upon in judgment. It is clear to those who give forth knowledge. It is appropriate for a judge to keep it in mind at all times and not to sway from it.יוכלי שהפסדו מרובה משכרו ובני אדם מקפידין עליו שלא ישאילוהו הרי הוא בחזקת שאינו עשוי להשאיל ולהשכיר כגון סכין של שחיטה, לפיכך אפילו באו בני אדם והעידו שהשאילו או השכירו זה אין מבטלין בהן חזקתן אלא הרי הן ככל הכלים, ראיה לדברינו שהרי רבא הוציא זוג שעושין בו הסרבל וספר הגדה בדברים העשויין להשאיל ולהשכיר, ולולי שנתברר לו בעדים שהן מדברים העשויים להשאיל לא הוציא מתחת ידי יתומים, הא שאר הזוגות ושאר הספרים אינן בכלל דין זה אע"פ שהן ראויין להשאיל ולהשכיר, ודבר זה עיקר גדול בדין והוא דבר של טעם שראוי לסמוך עליו ולדון בו וברור הוא למוצאי דעת וראוי לדיין לשום אותו לנגד עיניו ולא ילוז.
• 3 Chapters A Day: Mikvaot Mikvaot - Chapter 2, Mikvaot Mikvaot - Chapter 3, Mikvaot Mikvaot - Chapter 4
Mikvaot - Chapter 2
1 These are the substances that intervene for a person: the secretion outside the eye, the fluid outside a wound that crusts, dried blood over a wound, a bandage over a wound, crusts of filth on one's flesh, dough or mud under one's nails, particles of mud or dough that collect on one's flesh, thick mud, potters' clay, and mud that is found in the thoroughfares at all times, even in the summer. All of these substances intervene. Other mud does not intervene when wet, because it will dissolve in the water. When it is dry, it is considered as an intervening substance.אאלו חוצצין באדם: לפלוף שחוץ לעין וגלד שחוץ למכה והדם יבש שעל גבי המכה והרטייה שעליה וגלדי צואה שעל בשרו ובצק או טיט שתחת הציפורן והמלמולין שעל הגוף וטיט היון וטיט היוצרים וטיט של דרכים הנמצא שם תמיד אפילו בימות החמה כל אלו חוצצין ושאר כל הטיט כשהוא לח אינו חוצץ שהרי נמחה במים וכשהוא יבש חוצץ:
2 When the following: honey, ink, milk, blood, and the sap of berry bushes, fig trees, wild fig trees, and carob trees are dry, they are considered intervening substances. When they are moist, they are not. The sap of other fruits are considered as intervening substances whether moist or dry.
Blood that sticks to the flesh, even if it is moist, is considered an intervening substance. A loosely hanging limb or flesh is considered an intervening substance.בהדבש והדיו והחלב והדם ושרף התות והתאנה והשקמה והחרוב יבשין חוצצין לחין אינן חוצצין ושאר כל השרפין בין לחין בין יבשין חוצצין ודם שנסרך בבשר אפילו לח חוצץ האבר והבשר המדולדלים חוצצין:
3 A woman's hidden area is considered to have intervening substances present unless she washes before her immersion, because that portion of the body is always sweaty and dust collects there and intervenes.
To whom does the above apply? To a married woman. Different rules apply for an unmarried woman. Since she is not concerned about the cleanliness of that area, it is not considered to have intervening substances present.גבית הסתרים באשה חוצץ עד שתדיח תחילה שהזיעה שם תמיד והאבק מתקבץ וחוצץ בד"א בנשואה אבל בפנויה הואיל ואינה מקפדת אינו חוצץ:
4 The following rules apply to bandages on a wound, metal plates on a broken bone, necklaces, noserings, choker necklaces, and rings. When they are firm and cling to the flesh, they are considered as intervening substances. If they are loose, they are not considered as intervening substances.דהאגד שעל גבי המכה והקשקשין שעל גבי השבר והשירים והנזמים והקטליות והטבעות בזמן שהן חזקים ודבוקים בבשר חוצצים רפים אינם חוצצין:
5 Strands of wool, strands of flax, and straps that women tie to their heads as adornments are intervening substances, because they separate between the body and the water. Strands of hair are not considered intervening substances, because water penetrates through them, even when they are not loose.החוטי צמר וחוטי פשתן והרצועות שקושרות הנשים בראשיהן לנוי חוצצין מפני שמבדילין בין הגוף ובין המים אבל חוטי שיער אין חוצצין מפני שהמים באין בהן אע"פ שאינן רפין:
6 Strands tied around one's neck, even of flax, are not considered as intervening substances, because a woman does not strangle herself with them. Tight necklaces, e.g., choker necklaces and necklets, are intervening substances, because a woman chokes herself with them to look fat.וחוטין שבצואר אינן חוצצין אפילו של פשתן לפי שאין אשה חונקת עצמה בהן אבל חבקים שבצואר כגון קטליות וענקים חוצצין לפי שהאשה חונקת עצמה בהן כדי שתראה בעלת בשר:
7 Hair over the heart that became tangled and matted and similarly, matted hairs of the beard are intervening substances.זשיער שעל הלב שנתקשר ונעשה קלקלי וכן קלקלי הזקן חוצצין:
8 When an arrow is stuck in a person's flesh, if it is visible, it is considered an intervening substance. If it is not visible, he may immerse in a mikveh and partake of terumah in the evening even though the arrow itself is impure. Similarly, if a person swallowed an impure ring and immersed, he is pure. If he vomited it out after immersing, he contracts impurity, because of contact with it. For, as we explained, any entities swallowed within the body of a living being, do not impart impurity or contract impurity.
If pebbles or splinters enter the cracks on the soles of a person's feet, they are considered as intervening substances.חחץ התחוב באדם בזמן שהוא נראה חוצץ ובזמן שאינו נראה טובל ואוכל בתרומתו לערב אף על פי שהוא חץ טמא וכן מי שבלע טבעת טמא וטבל הרי זה טהור ואם הקיאה אחר שטבל נטמא במגעה שכבר ביארנו שכל הבלועים בגוף החי לא מטמאין ולא מתטמאין נכנסו צרורות וקיסמין בסדקי רגליו מלמטה חוצצין:
9 When there is a bandage, a compress, or a dressing over the hidden parts of a person's body, they are considered as intervening substances. The rationale is that even though water need not enter these parts, they must be fit for water to enter them and not have any intervening substances upon them, as we explained.
If there was one or two hairs that were outside the wound, but their tips were stuck to the wound, there were two hairs with mud or filth stuck to their tips, or there were two hairs from one's upper eyelashes that were perforated and hairs from one's lower eyelashes were threaded through them, they are considered an intervening substance.טאספלנית מלוגמא ורטייה שעל בית הסתרים חוצצין אע"פשאינו צריך שיכנסו בהן המים צריכין שיהיו ראויין ולא יהא בהן דבר חוצץ כמו שביארנו היתה בו שערה אחת או שתים חוץ למכה וראשה מודבק למכה או שהיו שתי שערות ראשם מודבק בטיט או בצואה או שהיו שתי שערות בריסי עיניו מלמטה ונקבן והוציאן בריסי עיניו מלמעלה הרי אלו חוצצין:
10 A person should not immerse with dust on his feet. If, however, he did, the dust is not an intervening substance.ילא יטבול אדם בעפר שעל רגליו ואם טבל אינו חוצץ:
11 When one holds another person or an implement and immerses them, they remain impure. This applies even if he loosens his hand and allows water to reach the person or the article being immersed. This is a decree, lest he not loosen his hand. If he rinses his hand in water first, the immersion is acceptable.יאהאוחז באדם ובכלים והטבילן הרי הן בטומאתן ואע"פ שרפה ידיו עד שבאו בהן המים גזירה שמא לא ירפה ואם הדיח ידיו במים עלתה להן טבילה:
12 When a woman slings her infant son over her back and immerses, the immersion is not acceptable, for perhaps there was mud on the infant's feet or hands and it became attached to his mother at the time of her immersion and intervened between her body and the water, but it fell off after she emerged.יבהמפשלת בנה לאחורה וטבלה לא עלתה לה טבילה שמא היה טיט ברגלי התינוק או בידיו ונדבק באמו בשעת טבילה וחצץ ואחר שעלתה נפל:
13 When a woman who was a nidah put her hair in her mouth, clenched her fists, pursed her lips, or a bone was discovered between her teeth, it is as if she did not immerse. This applies to other impure individuals as well.
If she placed coins in her mouth and descended and immersed, she is purified from nidah impurity, but she is impure because of her spittle. Thus she is a primary derivative of impurity, like one who touched the spittle of a nidah. The same laws apply with regard to a zav.יגנדה שנתנה שערה בפיה או שקפצה ידה או שקרצה בשפתותיה או שנמצא עצם בין שיניה כאילו לא טבלה וכן שאר כל הטמאים נתנה מעות בפיה וירדה וטבלה טהרה מטומאת הנדה והרי היא טמאה על גב רוקה ונמצאת ראשון לטומאה כמי שנגע ברוק הנדה וכן הדין בזב:
14 These are the substances that do not intervene for a human: the matted hair of the head, the arm pits, and the hidden parts of a man, the secretions of the eye, the scab above a wound, moist drops of filth on his skin, filth that is under a nail, a loose-hanging nail, and the thin hair that is on the skin of a child. All of these substances are not considered as intervening.ידואלו שאין חוצצין באדם: קלקלי הראש ובית השחי ובית הסתרים שבאיש ולפלוף שבעין וגלד שהעלתה המכה ולכלוכי צואה שעל בשרו וצואה שתחת הציפורן וציפורן המדולדלת וכשות הקטן והוא השיער הדק שעל בשרו כל אלו אינן חוצצין:
15 When two or more hairs are knotted in one knot, they are not considered as an intervening substance, because the water can penetrate through them. If one hair is knotted, it is considered an intervening substance, provided the person is particular about it. If, however, he is not particular about it, his immersion is acceptable unless the larger portion of his hair is tied individually hair by hair. This is the ruling of the Geonim.
It appears to me that a person's hair is considered like his body with regard to immersion and is not a separate entity to the extent that it is inappropriate to speak of "the larger portion of his hair." Instead, even though all of a person's hair is tied hair by hair, if the person is not particular about the matter, his immersion is acceptable unless the hairs are combined with another intervening substance on his body and thus there are intervening substances covering the larger portion of his body, as we explained. The laws mentioned here apply equally to a woman in the nidah state and to other impure people who have hair on their heads.טושתי שערות או יתר שהיו קשורין כאחת קשר אחד אינן חוצצין מפני שהמים באין בהן ושערה אחת שנקשרה חוצצת והוא שיהיה מקפיד עליה אבל אם אינו מקפיד עליה עלתה לו טבילה עד שתהיה רוב שערו קשור נימא נימא בפ"ע כזה הורו הגאונים ויראה לי ששערו של אדם כגופו הוא חשוב לענין טבילה ואינו כגוף בפני עצמו כדי שנאמר רוב השיער אלא אף על פי שכל שיער ראשו קשור נימא נימא אם אינו מקפיד עליו עלתה לו טבילה אא"כ נצטרף לחוצץ אחר על גופו ונמצא הכל רוב גופו כמו שביארנו ואחד הנדה ואחד שאר הטמאין שיש בראשן שיער:
16 Ezra ordained that a woman should comb out her hair and then immerse. If it is possible for her to comb out her hair at night and immerse immediately thereafter, it is praiseworthy. In a pressing situation or when there is a question of sickness, she may comb out her hair - say - on Friday and immerse Saturday night.טזתקנת עזרא היא שתהיה אשה חופפת את שערה ואחר כך תטבול ואם אפשר לה לחוף בלילה ולטבול מיד תיכף לחפיפה ה"ז משובח ובשעת הדחק או מפני החולי חופפת אפילו בע"ש וטובלת למוצאי שבת:
17 The following rules apply when a woman immersed and then an intervening substance was found upon her that disqualified her immersion. If she immersed on the same day that she prepared herself, she does not have to prepare herself again. Instead, she may remove the intervening substance and immerse again immediately. If not, she must prepare herself a second time and then immerse.יזטבלה ועלתה ונמצא עליה דבר חוצץ אם באותו היום שחפפה טבלה אינה צריכה לחוף פעם שנייה אלא חוזרת וטובלת מיד בלבד ואם לאו צריכה לחוף פעם שנייה ולטבול:
18 A woman should not comb out her hair with natron, because it causes the hairs to snap, nor with oak sap, because it snarls the hair. Instead, she should use hot water, even water heated in the sun, because it hardens the hair and enables it to be combed out. Cold water, by contrast, tangles the hair and causes it to contract and thus become intertwined.יחלא תחוף אשה בנתר מפני שמקטף את השיער ולא באהל מפני שמסריך את השיער אלא בחמין ואפילו בחמי חמה מפני שהחמין משירין את השיע' ומסלסלין אותו אבל הצוננין מקלקלין ומקבצין את השיער ומתקשר:
19 When a nidah gave cooked food to her son and then immersed, the immersion is invalid because of the fatty substances on her hand.יטנדה שנתנה תבשיל לבנה וטבלה לא עלתה לה טבילה מפני השמנונית שעל ידיה:
20 The following laws apply if a woman scratched her skin to the extent that it bled and then immersed. If the immersion was within three days of the bleeding, the place of the scratches is not considered as intervening. After three days, it is considered as intervening because the blood coagulates there, like a scab on the wound.
Similar concepts apply with regard to secretion in the eye. If it is dry and has begun to change color, it is considered as an intervening substance for a nidah.כשרטה בבשרה והוציא דם וטבלה בתוך שלשה ימים אין מקום השריטות חוצץ לאחר שלשה ימים חוצץ מפני שהדם נקפה שם כגלד שע"ג המכה וכן לפלוף שבעין אם היה יבש והוא שהתחיל להוריק חוצץ בנדה:
21 Blue ointment in the eye is not considered as an intervening substance. If it is outside the eye, it is considered as an intervening substance. If her eyes open and close frequently, even the ointment outside the eye, it is not considered as an intervening substance.כאכוחל שבעין אינו חוצץ שעל גב העין חוצץ ואם היו עיניה פורחות אף על גבי העין אינו חוצץ:
22 If, while immersing, a woman opened her eyes to a great extent or closed them very firmly, the immersion is not acceptable.
With regard to what does the above apply? With regard to immersion to partake or touch pure foods. With regard to permitting intimacy with her husband, by contrast, she is permitted even if she gave cooked food to her son, she had an old scratch, there was blue ointment above her eye, or she opened her eyes very widely or closed them tightly. The rationale is that all of these matters and other similar ones are considered as intervening only according to Rabbinic Law and the Sages ordained their decree with regard to pure foods, but not with regard to intimacy.
Whenever a substance is considered as intervening for a nidah with regard to pure foods, it is considered as intervening for other impure people with regard to pure foods and as intervening for a convert when immersing during conversion.כבפתחה עיניה ביותר או עיצמתן ביותר לא עלתה לה טבילה במה דברים אמורים לענין טהרות אבל להתירה לבעלה הרי זו מותרת אע"פ שנתנה תבשיל לבנה או שהיה בה שרט ישן או שהיה על גב עינה כוחל ובין פתחה עיניה או עיצמתן הרי זו מותרת לבעלה שכל הדברים האלו וכיוצא בהן אינן חוצצין אלא מדבריהן ולענין טהרות גזרו לענין ביאה לא גזרו וכל החוצץ בנדה לטהרות חוצץ בשאר הטמאין לענין טהרות וחוצץ בגר בשעת טבילה:
23 When a person immersed and after he ascended an intervening substance was found upon his body, even though he was involved with that substance for the entire day after the immersion, he is considered as impure unless he says: "I know with certainty that this substance was not upon me before the immersion." The rationale is that since he was categorized as impure, he is presumed to remain in that state until it is known for certain that he regained purity.כגמי שטבל ועלה ונמצא עליו דבר חוצץ אף ע"פ שנתעסק באותו המין כל היום כולו הרי הוא בטומאתו עד שיאמר יודע אני בודאי שלא היה זה עלי קודם הטבילה הואיל והוחזק טמא העמד טמא על טומאתו עד שתדע בוודאי שטהר:
Mikvaot - Chapter 3
1 These are the substances that intervene with regard to the immersion of keilim: Pitch, mortar, and the like.
When tar is on a cup or a bottle, it is considered an intervening substance if it is on the inside. If it is on the outside, it is not an intervening substance. When does the above apply? To a k'li in a craftsman's shop. When one belongs to a homeowner, whether the tar is on the inside or on the outside, it is an intervening substance.
When there is tar on a large pot or on a bowl, whether it is on the inside or on the outside, whether it belongs to a homeowner or comes from a craftsman's shop, it is considered as intervening.אואלו חוצצין בכלים: הזפת והחמר וכיוצא בהן הזפת שבכוס ושבצלוחית מתוכן חוצצין מאחוריהן אינן חוצצין בד"א מבית האומן אבל מבעל הבית בין מתוכן בין מאחוריהן חוצצין הזפת שבתמחוי ושבקערה בין מתוכן בין מאחוריהן בין מבעל הבית בין מבית האומן חוצצין:
2 Musk and black earth are considered as intervening substances, whether in a cup, a bottle, a large pot, or a bowl, whether it belongs to a homeowner or comes from a craftsman's shop.
If pitch or mortar and the like are found on a counter-top, on a table, or on a small chair and they are clean, the foreign substances are considered as intervening, because the owner objects to their presence. If the surfaces are dirty, the foreign substances are not considered as intervening, because he does not object to their presence.בהמור והקומוס בין בכוס בין בצלוחית בין בתמחוי וקערה בין מבעל הבית בין מבית האומן בין מתוכן בין מאחוריהן חוצצין היה זפת או חמר וכיוצא בהן על הטבלא ועל השלחן ועל הדרגש אם היו נקיים חוצצין מפני שמקפיד עליהן ועל הבלוסין אינן חוצצין מפני שאינו מקפיד עליהן:
3 If such substances were on the bed of an ordinary homeowner, they are considered intervening. If they were found on the bed of a poor person, they are not considered as intervening. If they were found on the saddle placed on a donkey belonging to an ordinary homeowner, they are considered intervening. If found on the wineskins placed on a donkey, they are not considered as intervening; on both sides of its saddle-blanket, they are considered intervening.גהיו על מטות בעל הבית חוצצין על מטות של עני אינן חוצצין על אוכף בעל הבית חוצץ ועל זקקין אינו חוצץ על המרדעת משני צדדין חוצץ:
4 If pitch, mortar, or the like were found on the clothes of Torah scholars, even on one side, they are considered as intervening substances, because they are careful to keep their clothes clean. If such substances are found on both sides of the clothes of unlearned people, they are considered as intervening. If they are only on one side, they are not considered as intervening.דהיו זפת או חמר וכיוצא בהן על בגדי תלמידי חכמים אפילו מצד אחד חוצץ מפני שמקפידין על מלבושן להיות נקי על בגדי עמי הארץ משני צדדין חוצץ מצד אחד אינו חוצץ:
5 If such substances were found on the handkerchiefs of men who work with tar, potters, or tree-pruners, they are not considered intervening substances.ההיו על המטפחות של זפתים ושל יוצרים ושל ספסלי אילנות אינן חוצצין:
6 When there is blood on the garments of a butcher, it is not considered as an intervening substance, because he does not object to its presence.וטבח שהיה דם על בגדיו אינו חוצץ מפני שאינו מקפיד:
7 When oily substances are found on the garments of one who sells such substances, they are not considered as intervening. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.
If a butcher also sold oily substances and both blood and oily substances were found on his clothes, there is an unresolved question whether they are considered as intervening, because there are two stains, or whether they are not considered as intervening, since this is his work and hence he does not object to their presence.זמוכר רבב שהיה רבב על בגדו אינו חוצץ וכן כל כיוצא בזה היה הטבח מוכר רבב והיה על בגדו דם ורבב ה"ז ספק אם חוצץ מפני שהן שנים ומקפיד או אינו חוצץ שהרי מלאכתו היא ואינו מקפיד:
8 If tar, mortar, or the like were present on the inside of a sandal, on its upper surface, it is intervening; on its lower surface, it is not intervening. If they were found on a bench, on the upper surface or on the sides, they are intervening. On the lower surface, they are not intervening.חהיה הזפת או החמר וכיוצא בהן על הסנדל מתוכו מלמעלה חוצץ מלמטה אינו חוצץ על הספסל מלמעלה או מן הצדדין חוצץ מלמטה אינו חוצץ:
9 Spots of filth on a chair and a carriage top that have been laundered, whether in the inside or on the outside, whether below or on the sides, are not intervening, because the water will wash them away. Filth coming from dregs left in a cup and a bottle, cotton on the inside of a necklace or inside a bell, and mud or dough on the handle of a hatchet or a rake are not considered as intervening. Should they harden, they are considered as intervening.טלכלוכי צואה שבכסא ושבקתדרה המכובשין בין מתוכן בין מאחוריהן בין מלמטה בין מן הצדדין אינן חוצצין מפני שהמים מעבירין אותן אבל לכלוכי שמרים שבכוס ושבצלוחית והמוך שבשיר ושבזוג והטיט והבצק שעל יד הקורדום ושעל יד המגריפה [אינן חוצצין הגלידו] חוצצין:
10 It is clear that whenever we have said that tar, mortar, or the like do not intervene for keilim, the rationale is that the owner does not object to their presence. Therefore, if the larger portion of the k'li was covered with tar, mortar, or the like, its immersion is invalid, even though the owner does not object, as we explained. There is no difference in this context regarding any particular type of k'li. Instead, all keilim are the same in this regard.ידבר ברור הוא שכ"מ שאמרנו בזפת ובחמר וכיוצא בהן שאינן חוצצין בכלים מפני שאינו מקפיד הוא לפיכך אם היה רוב הכלי חפוי בזפת או בחמר וכיוצא בהן לא עלתה לו טבילה כמו שביארנו אף על פי שאינו מקפיד אין בדבר זה הפרש בכלי מן הכלים אלא כל הכלים שוין בדבר זה:
11 Whenever the handles of a k'li are hollow and were inserted into a mikveh upside down, they were inserted in the ordinary manner, but they were not thoroughly washed out, or they were of metal and they were bent out of shape, their immersion is invalid.יאכל ידות הכלים שהן חלולין שהכניסן שלא כדרכן או שהכניסן כדרכן ולא מירקן או שהיו של מתכת ונשברו לא עלתה להן טבילה:
12 When one turned the opening of a container upside down and immersed it, it is as if it was not immersed, because the water will not enter it entirely. If a utensil has a portion into which water will not enter unless it is tilted to its side, its immersion is not valid until it is tilted to its side.יבכלי שהפך פיו למטה והטבילו כאילו לא טבל מפני שאין המים נכנסין בכולו היה בו מקום שאין המים נכנסין בו עד שיטנו על צדו לא עלתה לו טבילה עד שיטנו על צדו:
13 When a utensil is narrow on either side and wide in the center, it does not regain purity unless one turns it on its side in the water.יגכלי שהוא צר מכאן ומכאן ורחב באמצע אינו טהור עד שיטנו על צדו:
14 When the rim of the opening of a bottle is turned over, it does not regain purity unless one turns it on its side in the water.ידצלוחית שפיה שוקע אינה טהורה עד שיטנה על צדה:
15 An inkwell does not regain purity until a hole was made at its side so that water can enter its curved portions.טוקלמרין אינה טהורה עד שיקבנה מצדה כדי שיכנסו המים לעקמומיות שבה:
16 When the collar of an animal was loose and it contracted impurity, it can be immersed in its place.טזבהמה שהיה השיר שעליה רפוי ונטמא מטבילין אותו במקומו:
17 A person should not immerse a kettle with its coals unless he moves the coals with his hands.יזלא יטביל אדם את הקומקום בפחמין שבו אא"כ שפשף:
18 When a container was filled with liquids and immersed in a mikveh, it is as if it was not immersed. If the container was filled with water and one immersed it in a mikveh, the water and the container regain purity simultaneously. The rationale is that water can be purified in a mikveh, as we explained in Hilchot Tum'at Ochalin.
If there was urine in the container, it is considered as if it were water. The following rules apply to a container holding water mixed with the ashes of the red heifer. If the greater portion of the container was empty, so that the quantity of mikveh water would be greater than that of the water mixed with the ashes of the red heifer, the container is pure. If not, it is impure, as if the water is another liquid that intervenes between the substance of the container and the water of the mikveh.יחכלי שהוא מלא משקין והטבילו כאילו לא טבל היה מלא מים והטבילו הרי המים והכלי טהורין כאחת מפני שהמים יש להן טהרה במקוה כמו שביארנו בטומאת אוכלין ומשקין היה הכלי מלא מי רגלים רואין אותו כאילו הוא מים היה בו מי חטאת אם היה רוב הכלי פנוי כדי שירבו מי מקוה על מי חטאת שבתוכו ה"ז טהור ואם לאו עדיין הוא בטומאתו וכאילו הן שאר משקין שחוצצין בין גוף הכלי ובין מי המקוה:
19 When the inside of a container was pure, but the outside was impure, it was filled with white wine or milk, and immersed in a mikveh, the ruling depends on which is the greater quantity. If the greater portion of the container was empty so that there would be more water than milk or wine, it is pure. This leniency is granted, because the impurity is of Rabbinic origin. If it contained red wine or other liquids, the immersion is not effective.יטכלי שתוכו טהור וגבו טמא והיה מלא יין לבן או חלב והטבילו הולכין אחר הרוב אם היה רוב הכלי פנוי כדי שירבו המים בתוכו טהור מפני שטומאתו מדבריהן אבל אם היה בו יין אדום או שאר משקין לא עלתה לו טבילה:
20 The following law applies to a container that is filled with impure water which had its opening closed with moist mud which was extending into the water of the container. If one immersed it, it is pure. If it was closed with thick mud, it is as if it was not immersed.
Similarly, if a ring was placed in a brick of moist mud and immersed, it is pure. If the brick is made from thick mud, it is as if it was not immersed.כלגין שהוא מלא מים טמאין והיה על פיו טיט טופח והיה הטיט שוקע במים והטבילו טהור ואם היה טיט היון וכיוצא בו כאילו לא טבל וכן טבעת שנתנה בלבינה של טיט טופח והטבילה טהורה ואם היה טיט יון כאילו לא טבלה:
21 Water need not penetrate through the following articles for their immersion to be effective:
a) knots in the clothes of poor people as a rule; if they are particular about them, they
are intervening; by contrast, as a rule, knots in the garments of homeowners, intervene;
if they are not particular about them, they do not intervene:
b) knots in the fringes of clothes that became tied unintentionally:
c) the loops of sandals:
d) the head tefilah when its cube is firmly attached to its strand;
e) the arm tefilah when it does not move up and down freely:
f) the handles of a leather drinking pouch or a satchel; and
g) any similar entity that is tied or sewed and will not be untied in the future.כאאלו שאין צריכין שיבואו המים בהן סתם קשרי בגדי עניים ואם הקפיד עליהן חוצצין וקשרי בגדי בעלי בתים סתמן חוצצין ואם אינו מקפיד עליהן אינן חוצצין וקשרי נימי הבגדים שנקשרו מאליהן וחבט הסנדל ותפילה של ראש בזמן שהקציצה דבוקה עם הרצועה שבה וחזקה ותפילה של זרוע בזמן שאינה עולה ויורדת ואזני החמת והתורמיל וכל כיוצא באלו מקשרים ותפרים שאינו עתיד להתירם:
22 Water must be able to penetrate the following articles for their immersion to be effective:
a) the knots in the openings of a cloak which are made like loops;
b) the knots that serve as loops on the shoulder;
c) the border of a sheet that must be extended:
d) the head tefilah when its cube is not attached to its strand:
e) the arm tefilah when it moves up and down freely:
f) the laces of a sandal; and knots in the fringes of clothes that were tied by humans; and
g) any similar entity that will be laid open or extended.
With regard to baskets used in winepresses and olivepresses, if the strands of material that make up the basket are firm, one must scratch out around them. If they are loose, one must shake them out. For their immersion to be effective, water must penetrate into leather pillows and cushions.כבואלו שצריכין שיבואו בהן המים: הקשרים שבפתחי החלוק שהן עשויין לולאות וכן קשרי לולאות שבכתף ושפה של סדין צריך למתח ותפילה של ראש בזמן שאינה קבועה ברצועה ושל זרוע בזמן שהיא עולה ויורדת ושנצים של סנדל וקשרי נימי הבגדים שקשרן וכן כל כיוצא באלו המקומות שהוא עתיד לגלותן ולמותחן הסלין של גת ושל בד אם היו חזקים צריך לחטט ואם היו רפים צריך לנער הכר והכסת של עור צריכים שיבואו בהן המים:
23 Water does not have to penetrate into the inner space of a round leather cushion, a ball, a mold, an amulet, and tefillin for their immersion to be valid. This is the general principle: Whenever it is not common to remove and insert entities in the inner space of an object, it may be immersed while closed.כגכסת עגולה והכדור והאימום והקמיע והתפילה אינן צריכין שיבואו המים לחללן זה הכלל כל שאין דרכו להוציא ולהכניס טובל סתום:
24 When one immerses clothes that have been laundered, the water must penetrate through them to the extent that air bubbles arise. If they were immersed while dry, they must remain in the water until air bubbles arise and then cease arising.כדהמטביל בגדים המכובסין צריכין שיכנסו בהן המים עד שיבעבעו הטבילן נגובין עד שיבעבעו וינוחו מבעבוען:
25 Whenever the accessories of a k'li are longer than necessary and one will ultimately cut them off, one may immerse them to the extent necessary.
What is implied? For the chain of a large bucket, the measure is four handbreadths; for a small one, ten handbreadths. It is necessary to immerse only this much of the chain, the remainder is pure.כהכל ידות הכלים שהן ארוכים יותר מכדי צורכן ועתיד לקוצצן מטבילן עד מקום המדה כיצד שלשלת דלי גדול ארבעה טפחים וקטן עשרה מטביל מן השלשלת עד מדה זו בלבד והשאר טהור:
26 When one placed other keilim in an impure k'li and immersed them together, the immersion is effective for all of them, even if the opening of the k'li is very narrow. The rationale is that the water is able to enter it and since the immersion is acceptable for the larger k'li, it is also acceptable for the keilim inside of it. If he inclined it on its side and immersed it, the immersion is not acceptable for the keilim inside of it unless the opening is as wide as the mouthpiece of a drinking pouch. Similarly, if the larger k'li is pure and one placed impure keilim and immersed them together, the immersion is not acceptable for the keilim inside of it unless the opening is as wide as the mouthpiece of a drinking pouch.
When does the above apply? With regard to terumah, but with regard to consecrated food, keilim should not be immersed inside pure keilim at all, even if they were in a basket or a storage bin, as explained in its place.כוכלי טמא שנתן בתוכו כלים אחרים והטביל הכל עלתה להן טבילה אע"פ שפי הכלי צר ביותר שהרי המים נכנסין לו ומתוך שעלתה טבילה לכלי הגדול עלתה טבילה לכלים שבתוכו ואם הטהו על צדו והטביל לא עלתה להן טבילה עד שיהיה פיו רחב כשפופרת הנוד וכן אם היה הכלי טהור ונתן לתוכו כלים טמאים והטבילן לא עלתה להן טבילה עד שיהיה פיו רחב כשפופרת הנוד במה דברים אמורים לתרומה אבל לקדש אין מטבילין כלים לתוך כלים טהורין כלל ואפילו היו בסל או בקופה כמו שביארנו למעלה במקומו:
Mikvaot - Chapter 4
1 According to Scriptural Law, it is permissible to immerse in any collected body of water, as implied by Leviticus 11:36: "a gathering of water," i.e., any gathering, provided it contains enough water for the entire body of a human being to immerse in it at one time. Our Sages measured this figure as a cubit by a cubit by a height of three cubits. This measure contains 40 se'ah of water. According to Scriptural Law, the water is acceptable whether drawn or not.אדין תורה שכל מים מכונסין טובלין בהן שנאמר מקוה מים מ"מ והוא שיהיה בהן כדי להעלות בהן כדי טבילה לכל גוף האדם בבת אחת שיערו חכמים אמה על אמה ברום שלש אמות ושיעור זה הוא מחזיק מ' סאה מים בין שאובין בין שאינן שאובין:
2 According to Rabbinic Law, water that is drawn is invalid for immersion. Moreover, if there was a body of water that was not drawn and three lugim of drawn water fell into it, the entire body of water is invalidated.
Although the disqualification of drawn water is a Rabbinic decree, our Sages explained it based on an association found in a Biblical verse. Leviticus, op. cit., states: "Only a spring, a cistern, or a gathering of water shall be pure." Based on a comparison of the terms used in the verse, they explained: The water of "a spring" is not dependent on man's activity at all. The water of "a cistern" is entirely dependent on man's activity, for it contains drawn water entirely. Our Sages said: The "gathering of water" should not be entirely made up of drawn water like a cistern, nor need it come entirely from the hand of heaven. Instead, if it came into being partially through human effort, it is acceptable.במד"ס שהמים השאובין פסולין לטבילה ולא עוד אלא מקוה מים שאינן שאובין שנפל לתוכן שלשה לוגין מים שאובין פסלו הכל אף על פי שפיסול מים שאובין מד"ס למדוהו בהיקש שהרי הוא אומר אך מעין ובור מקוה מים יהיה טהור המעין אין תפיסת יד אדם כלל והבור כולו בידי אדם שהרי כולו מים שאובין אמרו חכמים המקוה לא יהיה כולו שאוב כבור וא"צ להיות כולו בידי שמים כמעין אלא אם יש בו תפיסת יד אדם כשר:
3 What is implied? When a person places barrels on top of a roof to dry, but it rained and they became filled with water, even though it is during the rainy season, he may break the barrels or turn them over and the water collected from them is acceptable for immersion. Even though all of this water had been contained in vessels, the mikveh is acceptable, because the person did not fill it up by hand. Therefore if he lifted up the barrels and overturned them, all of the water in them is considered as drawn.גכיצד המניח קנקנים בראש הגג לנגבם וירדו להם גשמים ונתמלאו אע"פ שהיא עונת הגשמים ה"ז ישבור את הקנקנים או יכפם והמים הנקוים מהם כשרים לטבול ואף על פי שכל המים האלו היו בכלים שהרי לא מלאן בידו לפיכך אם הגביה את הקנקנים והערם הרי כל המים שבהם שאובין:
4 When a person places containers under a drainage pipe at any time and any season, both small containers and large containers, even containers of stone and the like that are not susceptible to ritual impurity, if they became filled with rainwater, the water is not acceptable for a mikveh. Even if he turned them over or broke them, the water collected from them is considered as drawn in every respect. For the containers were filled as a result of his intent, since it can be assumed that a drainpipe will conduct water. Even if one forgot containers under a drainpipe, the water is unacceptable for a mikveh. Our Sages issued a decree against one who forgot, lest a person place them there intentionally.
Similarly, if one placed containers in a courtyard when the sky was densely cloudy and they became filled with rainwater afterwards, the water inside of them is unacceptable for a mikveh, since they were filled as a result of his intent. Moreover, our Sages issued a decree against one who forgot containers in a courtyard, lest a person place them there intentionally.
If one placed containers in a courtyard when the clouds were dispersed and then the sky became cloudy and the containers became filled with rainwater, the water is acceptable for a mikveh, like that in containers left on top of a roof to dry. Similarly, when one left containers in a courtyard when the sky was densely cloudy, the clouds dispersed, and then became dense again and the containers became filled with rainwater, the water is acceptable. If he breaks the containers or turns them over, the water collected from them is acceptable for a mikveh.דהמניח כלים תחת הצינור תמיד בכל עת ובכל זמן אחד כלים קטנים ואחד כלים גדולים אפילו כלי אבנים וכיוצא בהן מכלים שאינן מקבלין טומאה ונתמלאו מי גשמים הרי אלו פסולין ואם כפאן על פיהן או שברן המים הנקוין מהן כשאובין לכל דבר שהרי לדעתו נתמלאו שחזקת הצינור לקלח מים ואפילו שכח הכלים תחת הצינור פסולין גזרו על השוכח מפני המניח וכן המניח את הכלים בחצר בעת קישור העבים ונתמלאו המים שבהן פסולין שהרי לדעתו נתמלאו וכן גזרו על השוכח בחצר בשעת קישור עבים משום מניח הניחן בחצר בעת פיזור עבים ובאו עבים ונתמלאו הרי אלו כשרין כמו שמניחן בראש הגג לנגבן וכן אם הניחן בעת קישור העבים ונתפזרו וחזרו ונתקשרו ונתמלאו הרי אלו כשרין ואם שברן או כפאן המים הנקוין מהן כשרין:
5 When one who applies lime forgot a large container in a mikveh and it became full with water, even if only a small quantity of water remained in the mikveh and the majority of the water of the mikveh is in the container, he may break the container in its place. Thus the entire mikveh will be acceptable.
Similarly, when one arranged containers in a mikveh to seal them and they became filled with water, even though the mikveh absorbed its water and no water remained except the water in the containers, one may break the containers. The water that collects from them forms an acceptable mikveh.ההסייד ששכח עציץ במקוה ונתמלאו מים אע"פ שלא נשאר במקוה אלא מעט והרי העציץ יש בו רוב המקוה ה"ז ישבור את העציץ במקומו ונמצא המקוה כולו כשר וכן המסדר את הקנקנים בתוך המקוה כדי לחסמן ונתמלאו מים אף על פי שבלע המקוה את מימיו ולא נשאר שם מים כלל אלא מים שבתוך הקנקנים הרי זה ישבור את הקנקנים והמים הנקוין מהן מקוה כשר:
6 How do three lugim of drawn water invalidate a mikveh? If there were less than 40 se'ah of acceptable water in a mikveh and three lugim of water fell in, making the entire amount 40 se'ah, all of the water is disqualified for use. If, however, there are 40 se'ah of water that was not drawn in a mikveh and then one drew water with a pitcher and poured it into the mikveh throughout the entire day, it is acceptable. Furthermore, when there are two mikveot, one above the other, and the upper mikveh had 40 se'ah of acceptable water and one was drawing water by hand and pouring it into that mikveh until the amount of water increased to the extent that 40 se'ah overflowed and descended into the lower mikveh, the lower mikveh is acceptable.וכיצד פוסלין המים השאובין את המקוה בשלשה לוגין שאם היה במקוה פחות ממ' סאה [ונפל לתוכן שלשה לוגין והשלימום לארבעים סאה] הכל פסול אבל מקוה שיש בו מ' סאה מים שאינן שאובין ושאב בכד ושפך לתוכו כל היום כולו כשר ולא עוד אלא מקוה עליון שיש בו מ' סאה מים כשרין והיה ממלא בכלי ונותן לתוכו עד שירבו המים וירדו למקוה התחתון מ' סאה הרי התחתון כשר:
7 When a mikveh contained exactly 40 se'ah and one added a se'ah of drawn water and then removed a se'ah of water from it, the mikveh is acceptable. Similarly, if he added a se'ah of drawn water and removed a se'ah of water from the mikveh, the mikveh is acceptable provided the greater portion of the original water remained.זמקוה שיש בו מ' סאה מכוונות ונתן לתוכו סאה מים שאובין ונטל אח"כ ממנו סאה ה"ז כשר וכן נותן סאה ונוטל סאה והוא כשר עד רובו:
8 Drawn water does not disqualify the water of a mikveh when three lugin fall in unless they fall into the mikveh from a container. If, by contrast, the drawn water flows on the ground outside the mikveh and continues streaming until it descends into the mikveh, it does not disqualify the mikveh unless it constitutes half or more of the original 40 seah of water. If, however, the majority of the original 40 se'ah of water was acceptable, the mikveh is acceptable.
What is implied? When a mikveh contains a little bit more than 20 se'ah of acceptable water, one drew water and poured it outside the mikveh, and then the water flowed and descended into the mikveh, it is acceptable, even if it reached a total of 1000 se'ah. This applies whether the water flowed on the ground or through a conduit or the like that does not disqualify a mikveh. The rationale is that drawn water that was caused to flow is acceptable if the majority of 40 se'ah water is acceptable.
Similarly, if there was a little more than 20 se'ah of rainwater on an enclosed roof and one drew water by hand and poured less than 20 se'ah of water into the water, the entire quantity is unacceptable. Nevertheless, if one opened the drainage pipe and caused all the water to flow into one place, it constitutes an acceptable mikveh. The rationale is that when an entire quantity of drawn water was caused to flow, it is acceptable, provided the majority of the water was acceptable.חאין המים השאובין פוסלין את המקוה בשלשה לוגין עד שיפלו לתוך המקוה מן הכלי אבל אם נגררו המים השאובין חוץ למקוה ונמשכו וירדו למקוה אינן פוסלין את המקוה עד שיהיו מחצה למחצה אבל אם היה רוב מן הכשרים הרי המקוה כשר כיצד מקוה שיש בו כ' סאה ומשהו מים כשרין והיה ממלא ושואב חוץ למקוה והמים נמשכין ויורדין למקוה בין שהיו נמשכין על הקרקע או בתוך הסילון וכיוצא בו מדברים שאינן פוסלין את המקוה הרי הוא כשר ואפילו השלימו לאלף סאה שהשאיבה שהמשיכוה כשירה אם היה שם רוב מ' סאה מן הכשר וכן גג שהיה בראשו כ' סאה ומשהו מי גשמים ומילא בכתיפו ונתן לתוכו פחות מכ' שנמצא הכל פסול ופתח הצינור ונמשכו הכל למקום אחד ה"ז מקוה כשר שהשאובים שהמשיכוה כולה כשירה הואיל והיה שם רוב מן הכשר:
9 Some of the scholars of the west ruled that since the Sages declared "An entire quantity of drawn water that was caused to flow is pure," it is not necessary that the majority of the water be acceptable. Instead, the perspective that required both a majority of acceptable water and that it be caused to flow are the words of only one Sage and they were already rebutted, for the conclusion of the passage states: "An entire quantity of drawn water that was caused to flow is pure."
According to the words of the scholars of the west, if one would fill a container with water and pour it out and the water would flow to one place where it collects, it would be an acceptable mikveh. Similarly, all the pools in our bathhouses would be kosher mikveot, for all the water they contain was drawn and then flowed through pipes. Never have we seen anyone who performed such a deed, i.e., ruling that such pools are acceptable for immersion.טהורו מקצת חכמי מערב ואמרו הואיל ואמרו חכמים שאובה שהמשיכוה כולה טהורה אין אנו צריכין שיהיו שם רוב מים כשרין וזה שהצריך רוב והמשכה דברי יחיד הן וכבר נדחו שהרי אמרו בסוף שאובה שהמשיכוה כולה טהורה לפי דברי זה אם היה ממלא בכלי ושופך והמים נזחלין והולכין למקום אחד הרי זה מקוה כשר וכן כל אמבטי שבמרחצאות שלנו מקואות כשרין שהרי כל המים שבהן שאוב ושנמשך הוא ומעולם לא ראינו מי שעשה מעשה בעניין זה:
10 The following laws apply when rainwater and drawn water were mixed together in a courtyard and flowed into a cavity or they were mixed together on the steps leading to an underground cavern and then descended into the cavern. If the majority of the water was acceptable, the mikveh is acceptable. If the majority of the water was unacceptable, it is unacceptable.
When does the above apply? When they became mixed together before they reached the mikveh, but instead, flowed and descended together. If, however, the acceptable water and the unacceptable water were descending directly into the mikveh, different rules apply. If it is known that 40 se'ah of acceptable water fell into the mikveh before three lugim of drawn water, the mikveh is acceptable. If not, it is unacceptable.ימי גשמים ומים שאובין שהיו מתערבין בחצר ונמשכין ויורדין לעוקה שבחצר או שמתערבין על מעלות המערה ויורדין למערה אם רוב מן הכשר כשר ואם רוב מן הפסול פסול מחצה למחצה פסול אימתי בזמן שמתערבין עד שלא יגיעו למקוה ונמשכין ויורדין אבל אם היו הכשרים והפסולים מקלחין לתוך המקוה אם ידוע שנפלו לתוכו מ' סאה מים כשרין עד שלא ירדו לתוכו שלשה לוגין מים שאובין כשר ואם לאו פסול:
Hayom Yom:
• English Text | Video Class
Sunday, Sivan 24, 5777 · 06/18/2017
"Today's Day"
| Sunday | Sivan 24 | 5703 |
| Torah lessons: | Chumash: Korach, first parsha with Rashi. |
| Tehillim: 113-118. |
| Tanya: In the light of (p. 313)...are all one. (p. 315). |
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"You ask how can you be bound (m'kushar)1 to me when I do not know you personally..."
"...The true bond is created by studying Torah. When you study my maamarim, read the sichot2 and associate with those dear to me - the chassidic community and the tmimim3 - in their studies and farbrengens, and you fulfill my request regarding saying Tehillim* and observing Torah-study times - in this is the bond."
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