Friday, December 16, 2016

CHABAD - TODAY IN JUDAISM: Shabbat, 17 December 2016 - Today is: Shabbat, 17 Kislev, 5777 · 17 December 2016.
Torah Reading
Vayishlach: Genesis 32:4 (3) Ya‘akov sent messengers ahead of him to ‘Esav his brother toward the land of Se‘ir, the country of Edom, 5 (4) with these instructions: “Here is what you are to say to my lord ‘Esav: ‘Your servant Ya‘akov says, “I have been living with Lavan and have stayed until now. 6 (5) I have cattle, donkeys and flocks, and male and female servants. I am sending to tell this news to my lord, in order to win your favor.” ’” 7 (6) The messengers returned to Ya‘akov saying, “We went to your brother ‘Esav, and he is coming to meet you; with him are four hundred men.”
8 (7) Ya‘akov became greatly afraid and distressed. He divided the people, flocks, cattle and camels with him into two camps, 9 (8) saying, “If ‘Esav comes to the one camp and attacks it, at least the camp that is left will escape.” 10 (9) Then Ya‘akov said, “God of my father Avraham and God of my father Yitz’chak, Adonai, who told me, ‘Return to your country and your kinsmen, and I will do you good’: 11 (10) I’m not worthy of all the love and faithfulness you have shown your servant, since I crossed the Yarden with only my staff. But now I have become two camps. 12 (11) Please! Rescue me from my brother ‘Esav! I’m afraid of him, afraid he’ll come and attack me, without regard for mothers or children. 13 (12) You said, ‘I will certainly do you good and make your descendants as numerous as the grains of sand by the sea, which are so many they can’t be counted.’”
(ii) 14 (13) He stayed there that night; then he chose from among his possessions the following as a present for ‘Esav his brother: 15 (14) two hundred female goats and twenty males, two hundred female sheep and twenty males, 16 (15) thirty milk-camels and their colts, forty cows and ten bulls, twenty female donkeys and ten colts. 17 (16) He turned them over to his servants, every drove by itself, and said to his servants, “Cross over in front of me, and keep a space between each drove and the next one.” 18 (17) He instructed the servant in front, “When ‘Esav my brother meets you and asks you, ‘Whose servant are you? Where are you going? And whose animals are these?’ 19 (18) then you are to say, ‘They belong to your servant Ya‘akov, and they are a present he has sent to my lord ‘Esav; and Ya‘akov himself is just behind us.’” 20 (19) He also instructed the second servant, and the third, and all that followed the droves, “When you encounter ‘Esav, you are to speak to him in the same way, 21 (20) and you are to add, ‘And there, just behind us, is your servant Ya‘akov.’” For he said, “I will appease him first with the present that goes ahead of me; then, after that, I will see him myself — and maybe he will be friendly toward me.” 22 (21) So the present crossed over ahead of him, and he himself stayed that night in the camp.
23 (22) He got up that night, took his two wives, his two slave-girls, and his eleven children, and forded the Yabok. 24 (23) He took them and sent them across the stream, then sent his possessions across; 25 (24) and Ya‘akov was left alone. Then some man wrestled with him until daybreak. 26 (25) When he saw that he did not defeat Ya‘akov, he struck Ya‘akov’s hip socket, so that his hip was dislocated while wrestling with him. 27 (26) The man said, “Let me go, because it’s daybreak.” But Ya‘akov replied, “I won’t let you go unless you bless me.” 28 (27) The man asked, “What is your name?” and he answered, “Ya‘akov.” 29 (28) Then the man said, “From now on, you will no longer be called Ya‘akov, but Isra’el; because you have shown your strength to both God and men and have prevailed.” 30 (29) Ya‘akov asked him, “Please tell me your name.” But he answered, “Why are you asking about my name?” and blessed him there.
(iii) 31 (30) Ya‘akov called the place P’ni-El [face of God], “Because I have seen God face to face, yet my life is spared.” 32 (31) As the sun rose upon him he went on past P’ni-El, limping at the hip. 33 (32) This is why, to this day, the people of Isra’el do not eat the thigh muscle that passes along the hip socket — because the man struck Ya‘akov’s hip at its socket.
33:1 Ya‘akov raised his eyes and looked out; and there was ‘Esav coming, and four hundred men with him. So Ya‘akov divided the children between Le’ah, Rachel and the two slave-girls, 2 putting the slave-girls and their children first, Le’ah and her children second, and Rachel and Yosef last. 3 Then he himself passed on ahead of them and prostrated himself on the ground seven times before approaching his brother. 4 ‘Esav ran to meet him, hugged him, threw his arms around his neck and kissed him; and they wept. 5 Esav looked up; on seeing the women and children, he asked, “Who are these with you?” Ya‘akov answered, “The children God has graciously given to your servant.”
(iv) 6 Then the slave-girls approached with their children, and they prostrated themselves; 7 Le’ah too and her children approached and prostrated themselves; and last came Yosef and Rachel; and they prostrated themselves. 8 ‘Esav asked, “What was the meaning of this procession of droves I encountered?” and he answered, “It was to win my lord’s favor.” 9 ‘Esav replied, “I have plenty already; my brother, keep your possessions for yourself.” 10 Ya‘akov said, “No, please! If now I have won your favor, then accept my gift. Just seeing your face has been like seeing the face of God, now that you have received me. 11 So please accept the gift I have brought you, for God has dealt kindly with me and I have enough.” Thus he urged him, until he accepted it.
12 ‘Esav said, “Let’s break camp and get going. I’ll go first.” 13 Ya‘akov said to him, “My lord knows that the children are small, and the sheep and cattle suckling their young concern me, because if they overdrive them even one day, all the flocks will die. 14 Instead, please, let my lord go on ahead of his servant. I will travel more slowly, at the pace of the cattle ahead of me and at the pace of the children, until I come to my lord in Se‘ir.” 15 ‘Esav replied, “Then let me leave with you some of the people I have with me.” But Ya‘akov said, “There’s no need for my lord to be so kind to me.” 16 So ‘Esav left that day to return to Se‘ir. 17 Ya‘akov went on to Sukkot, where he built himself a house and put up shelters for his cattle. This is why the place is called Sukkot [shelters].
18 Having traveled from Paddan-Aram, Ya‘akov arrived safely at the city of Sh’khem, in Kena‘an, and set up camp near the city. 19 From the sons of Hamor Sh’khem’s father he bought for one hundred pieces of silver the parcel of land where he had pitched his tent. 20 There he put up an altar, which he called El-Elohei-Yisra’el [God, the God of Isra’el].
34:1 (v) One time Dinah the daughter of Le’ah, whom she had borne to Ya‘akov, went out to visit the local girls; 2 and Sh’khem the son of Hamor the Hivi, the local ruler, saw her, grabbed her, raped her and humiliated her. 3 But actually he was strongly attracted to Dinah the daughter of Ya‘akov; he fell in love with the girl and tried to win her affection. 4 Sh’khem spoke with his father Hamor and said, “Get this girl for me; I want her to be my wife.”
5 When Ya‘akov heard that he had defiled Dinah his daughter, his sons were with his livestock in the field; so Ya‘akov restrained himself until they came. 6 Hamor the father of Sh’khem went out to Ya‘akov to speak with him 7 just as Ya‘akov’s sons were coming in from the field. When they heard what had happened, the men were saddened and were very angry at the outrage this man had committed against Isra’el by raping Ya‘akov’s daughter, something that is simply not done. 8 But Hamor said to them, “My son Sh’khem’s heart is set on your daughter. Please give her to him as his wife; 9 and intermarry with us: give your daughters to us, and take our daughters for yourselves. 10 You will live with us, and the land will be available to you — you’ll live, do business and acquire possessions here.”
11 Then Sh’khem said to her father and brothers, “Only accept me, and I will give whatever you tell me. 12 Ask as large a bride-price as you like, I’ll pay whatever you tell me. Just let me marry the girl.” 13 The sons of Ya‘akov answered Sh’khem and Hamor his father deceitfully, because he had defiled Dinah their sister. 14 They said to them, “We can’t do it, because it would be a disgrace to give our sister to someone who hasn’t been circumcised. 15 Only on this condition will we consent to what you are asking: that you become like us by having every male among you get circumcised. 16 Then we’ll give our daughters to you, and we’ll take your daughters for ourselves, and we’ll live with you and become one people. 17 But if you won’t do as we say and get circumcised, then we’ll take our daughter and go away.” 18 What they said seemed fair to Hamor and Sh’khem the son of Hamor, 19 and the young man did not put off doing what was asked of him, even though he was the most respected member of his father’s family, because he so much wanted Ya‘akov’ s daughter.
20 Hamor and Sh’khem his son came to the entrance of their city and spoke with its leading men: 21 “These people are peaceful toward us; therefore let them live in the land and do business in it; for, as you can see, the land is large enough for them. Let us take their daughters as wives for ourselves, and we’ll give them our daughters. 22 But the people will consent to live with us and become one people only on this condition: that every male among us gets circumcised, as they themselves are circumcised. 23 Won’t their cattle, their possessions and all their animals be ours? Only let’s consent to do what they ask, and then they will live with us.” 24 Everyone going out the city’s gate listened to Hamor and Sh’khem his son; so every male was circumcised, every one that went out the gate of the city.
25 On the third day after the circumcision, when they were in pain, two of Ya‘akov’s sons, Shim‘on and Levi, Dinah’s brothers, took their swords, boldly descended on the city and slaughtered all the males. 26 They killed Hamor and Sh’khem his son with their swords, took Dinah out of Sh’khem’s house, and left. 27 Then the sons of Ya‘akov entered over the dead bodies of those who had been slaughtered and plundered the city in reprisal for defiling their sister. 28 They took their flocks, cattle and donkeys, and everything else, whether in the city or in the field, 29 everything they owned. Their children and wives they took captive, and they looted whatever was in the houses.
30 But Ya‘akov said to Shim‘on and Levi, “You have caused me trouble by making me stink in the opinion of the local inhabitants, the Kena‘ani and the P’rizi. Since I don’t have many people, they’ll align themselves together against me and attack me; and I will be destroyed, I and my household.” 31 They replied, “Should we let our sister be treated like a whore?”
35:1 God said to Ya‘akov, “Get up, go up to Beit-El and live there, and make there an altar to God, who appeared to you when you fled ‘Esav your brother.” 2 Then Ya‘akov said to his household and all the others with him, “Get rid of the foreign gods that you have with you, purify yourselves, and put on fresh clothes. 3 We’re going to move on and go up to Beit-El. There I will build an altar to God, who answered me when I was in such distress and stayed with me wherever I went.” 4 They gave Ya‘akov all the foreign gods in their possession and the earrings they were wearing, and Ya‘akov buried them under the pistachio tree near Sh’khem. 5 While they were traveling, a terror from God fell upon the cities around them, so that none of them pursued the sons of Ya‘akov.
6 Ya‘akov and all the people with him arrived at Luz (that is, Beit-El) in the land of Kena‘an. 7 He built there an altar and called the place El-Beit-El [God of Beit-El], because it was there that God was revealed to him, at the time when he was fleeing from his brother.
8 Then D’vorah, Rivkah’s nurse, died. She was buried below Beit-El under the oak, which was given the name Alon-Bakhut [oak of weeping].
9 After Ya‘akov arrived from Paddan-Aram, God appeared to him again and blessed him. 10 God said to him, “Your name is Ya‘akov, but you will be called Ya‘akov no longer; your name will be Isra’el.” Thus he named him Isra’el. 11 God further said to him, “I am El Shaddai. Be fruitful and multiply. A nation, indeed a group of nations, will come from you; kings will be descended from you. (A: vi) 12 Moreover, the land which I gave to Avraham and Yitz’chak I will give to you, and I will give the land to your descendants after you.” 13 Then God went up from him there where he had spoken with him. (S: vi) 14 Ya‘akov set up a standing-stone in the place where he had spoken with him, a stone pillar. Then he poured out a drink offering on it and poured oil on it. 15 Ya‘akov called the place where God spoke with him Beit-El.
16 Then they traveled on from Beit-El, and while there was still some distance to go before arriving in Efrat, Rachel went into labor, and she had great difficulty with it. 17 While she was undergoing this hard labor, the midwife said to her, “Don’t worry, this is also a son for you.” 18 But she died in childbirth. As she was dying she named her son Ben-Oni [son of my grief], but his father called him Binyamin [son of the right hand, son of the south]. 19 So Rachel died and was buried on the way to Efrat (that is, Beit-Lechem). 20 Ya‘akov set up a standing-stone on her grave; it is the standing-stone of Rachel’s grave to this day.
21 Isra’el continued his travels and pitched his tent on the other side of Migdal-‘Eder. 22 It was while Isra’el was living in that land that Re’uven went and slept with Bilhah his father’s concubine, and Isra’el heard about it.
Ya‘akov had twelve sons. 23 The sons of Le’ah were Re’uven Ya‘akov’s firstborn, Shim‘on, Levi, Y’hudah, Yissakhar and Z’vulun. 24 The sons of Rachel were Yosef and Binyamin. 25 The sons of Bilhah Rachel’s slave-girl were Dan and Naftali. 26 And the sons of Zilpah Le’ah’s slave-girl were Gad and Asher. These were Ya‘akov’s sons, born to him in Paddan-Aram.
27 Ya‘akov came home to his father Yitz’chak at Mamre, near Kiryat-Arba (also known as Hevron), where Avraham and Yitz’chak had lived as foreigners. 28 Yitz’chak lived to be 180 years old. 29 Then he breathed his last, died and was gathered to his people, an old man full of years; and his sons ‘Esav and Ya‘akov buried him.
36:1 This is the genealogy of ‘Esav (that is, Edom). 2 ‘Esav chose Kena‘ani women as his wives: ‘Adah the daughter of Eilon the Hitti; Oholivamah the daughter of ‘Anah the daughter of Tziv‘on the Hivi; 3 and Basmat Yishma‘el’s daughter, sister of N’vayot. 4 ‘Adah bore to ‘Esav Elifaz, Basmat bore Re‘u’el, 5 and Oholivamah bore Ye‘ush, Ya‘lam and Korach. These were the sons of ‘Esav born to him in the land of Kena‘an.
6 ‘Esav took his wives, his sons and daughters, the others in his household, his cattle and other animals and everything else he owned, which he had acquired in the land of Kena‘an, and went off to a country distant from his brother Ya‘akov. 7 For their possessions had become too great for them to live together, and the countryside through which they were traveling couldn’t support so much livestock. 8 So ‘Esav lived in the hill-country of Se‘ir. (‘Esav is Edom.)
9 This is the genealogy of ‘Esav the father of Edom in the hill-country of Se‘ir. 10 The names of ‘Esav’s sons were Elifaz, son of ‘Adah the wife of ‘Esav, and Re‘u’el the son of Basmat the wife of ‘Esav.
11 The sons of Elifaz were Teman, Omar, Tzefo, Ga‘tam and K’naz. 12 Timnah was the concubine of Elifaz ‘Esav’s son, and she bore to Elifaz ‘Amalek. These were the descendants of ‘Adah ‘Esav’s wife.
13 The sons of Re‘u’el were Nachat, Zerach, Shammah and Mizah. These were the sons of Basmat ‘Esav’s wife.
14 These were the sons of Oholivamah, the daughter of ‘Anah the daughter of Tziv‘on, ‘Esav’s wife: she bore to ‘Esav Ye‘ush, Ya‘lam and Korach.
15 The chieftains of the sons of ‘Esav were the sons of Elifaz the firstborn of ‘Esav and the chieftains of Teman, Omar, Tzefo, K’naz, 16 Korach, Ga‘tam and ‘Amalek. These were the chieftains descended from Elifaz in Edom and from ‘Adah.
17 The sons of Re‘u’el ‘Esav’s son were the chieftains of Nachat, Zerach, Shammah and Mizah. These were the chieftains descended from Re‘u’el in the land of Edom and from Basmat ‘Esav’s wife.
18 The sons of Oholivamah ‘Esav’s wife were the chieftains of Ye‘ush, Ya‘lam and Korach. These were the chieftains descended from Oholivamah the daughter of ‘Anah, ‘Esav’s wife.
19 These were the descendants of ‘Esav (that is, Edom), and these were their chieftains.
(vii) 20 These were the descendants of Se‘ir the Hori, the local inhabitants: Lotan, Shoval, Tziv‘on, ‘Anah, 21 Dishon, Etzer and Dishan. They were the chieftains descended from the Hori, the people of Se‘ir in the land of Edom. 22 The sons of Lotan were Hori and Hemam; Lotan’s sister was Timnah. 23 The sons of Shoval were ‘Alvan, Manachat, ‘Eival, Sh’fo and Onam. 24 The sons of Tziv‘on were Ayah and ‘Anah. This is the ‘Anah who found the hot springs in the desert while pasturing his father Tziv‘on’s donkeys. 25 The children of ‘Anah were Dishon and Oholivamah the daughter of ‘Anah. 26 The sons of Dishon were Hemdan, Eshban, Yitran and K’ran. 27 The sons of Etzer were Bilhan, Za‘avan and ‘Akan. 28 The sons of Dishan were ‘Utz and Aran. 29 These were the chieftains descended from the Hori: the chieftains of Lotan, Shoval, Tziv‘on, ‘Anah, 30 Dishon, Etzer and Dishan. They were the chieftains descended from the Hori by their clans in Se‘ir.
31 Following are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom before any king had reigned over the people of Isra’el. 32 Bela the son of B‘or reigned in Edom; the name of his city was Dinhavah. 33 When Bela died, Yovav the son of Zerach from Botzrah reigned in his place. 34 When Yovav died, Husham from the land of the Temani reigned in his place. 35 When Husham died, Hadad the son of B’dad, who killed Midyan in the field of Mo’av, reigned in his place; the name of his city was ‘Avit. 36 When Hadad died, Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his place. 37 When Samlah died, Sha’ul of Rechovot-by-the-River reigned in his place. 38 When Sha’ul died, Ba‘al-Chanan the son of ‘Akhbor reigned in his place. 39 When Ba‘al-Chanan died, Hadar reigned in his place; the name of his city was Pa’u; and his wife’s name was M’heitav’el the daughter of Matred the daughter of Mei-Zahav.
(Maftir) 40 These are the names of the chieftains descended from ‘Esav, according to their clans, places and names: the chieftains of Timna, ‘Alvah, Y’tet, 41 Oholivamah, Elah, Pinon, 42 Kenaz, Teman, Mivtzar, 43 Magdi’el and ‘Iram. These were the chieftains of Edom according to their settlements in the land they owned. This is ‘Esav the father of Edom.
Obadiah 1:1 This is the vision of ‘Ovadyah. Here is what Adonai Elohim says about Edom. As a messenger was being sent among the nations saying, “Come on, let’s attack her,” we heard a message from Adonai:
2 “I am making you the least of all nations,
you will be beneath contempt.
3 Your proud heart has deceived you,
you whose homes are caves in the cliffs,
who live on the heights and say to yourselves,
‘Who can bring me down to the ground?’
4 If you make your nest as high as an eagle’s,
even if you place it among the stars,
I will bring you down from there.” says Adonai.
5 If thieves were to come to you,
or if robbers by night
(Oh, how destroyed you are!),
wouldn’t they stop when they’d stolen enough?
If grape-pickers came to you,
Wouldn’t they leave some grapes for gleaning?
6 But see how ‘Esav has been looted,
their secret treasures searched out!
7 Your allies went with you only to the border,
those at peace with you deceived and defeated you,
those who ate your food set a trap for you,
and you couldn’t discern it.
8 “When that Day comes,” says Adonai,
“won’t I destroy all the wise men of Edom
and leave no discernment on Mount ‘Esav?
9 Your warriors, Teman, will be so distraught
that everyone on Mount ‘Esav will be slaughtered.
10 For the violence done to your kinsman Ya‘akov,
shame will cover you;
and you will be forever cut off.
11 On that day you stood aside,
while strangers carried off his treasure,
and foreigners entered his gates
to cast lots for Yerushalayim —
you were no different from them.
12 You shouldn’t have gloated over your kinsman
on their day of disaster
or rejoiced over the people of Y’hudah
on their day of destruction.
You shouldn’t have spoken arrogantly
on a day of trouble
13 or entered the gate of my people
on their day of calamity —
no, you shouldn’t have gloated over their suffering
on their day of calamity
or laid hands on their treasure
on their day of calamity.
14 You shouldn’t have stood at the crossroads
to cut down their fugitives
or handed over their survivors
on a day of trouble.”
15 For the Day of Adonai is near for all nations;
as you did, it will be done to you;
your dealings will come back on your own head.
16 For just as you have drunk on my holy mountain,
so will all the nations drink in turn;
yes, they will drink and gulp it down
and be as if they had never existed.
17 But on Mount Tziyon there will be
a holy remnant who will escape,
and the house of Ya‘akov will repossess
their rightful inheritance.
18 The house of Ya‘akov will be a fire
and the house of Yosef a flame,
setting aflame and consuming
the stubble which is the house of ‘Esav.
None of the house of ‘Esav will remain,
for Adonai has spoken.
19 Those in the Negev will repossess
the mountain of ‘Esav,
and those in the Sh’felah
the land of the P’lishtim;
they will repossess the field of Efrayim
and the field of Shomron,
and Binyamin will occupy Gil‘ad.
20 Those from this army of the people of Isra’el
exiled among the Kena‘anim as far away as Tzarfat,
and the exiles from Yerushalayim in S’farad,
will repossess the cities in the Negev.
21 Then the victorious will ascend Mount Tziyon
to rule over Mount ‘Esav,
but the kingship will belong to Adonai.
Today in Jewish History:
• Ezra Cries and Prays (348 BCE)
On this day, Ezra the Scribe went up to the Holy Temple and fasted, prayed, and cried in public. While he prayed and confessed, weeping and prostrating himself in front of the Temple, a large assemblage of men, women, and children gathered around him.
At that time, all of the assembled priests and Israelites swore to send away their non-Jewish wives. Ezra then issued a proclamation that all Jews residing in Israel should assemble in three days' time in Jerusalem (see Today in Jewish History for the 20th of Kislev).
Links: Ezra - Chapter 9; Ezra - Chapter 10.

Daily Quote:
Today's Study:
Chitas and Rambam for today:
Chumash: 
Parshat Vayishlach, 7th Portion (Genesis 36:20-36:43) with Rashi

• Genesis Chapter 36
20These are the sons of Seir the Horite, the inhabitants of the land: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, and Anah; כאֵ֤לֶּה בְנֵֽי־שֵׂעִיר֙ הַֽחֹרִ֔י יֽשְׁבֵ֖י הָאָ֑רֶץ לוֹטָ֥ן וְשׁוֹבָ֖ל וְצִבְע֥וֹן וַֽעֲנָֽה:
the inhabitants of the land: They were its inhabitants before Esau came there. Our Rabbis explain [that they were called, “inhabitants of the land”] (Shab. 85a) because they were skilled in making the land habitable. [They would say,]“The length of this [measuring] stick is [good] for [planting] olives; the length of this [measuring] stick is [good] for [planting] grapevines,” for they would taste [the soil] and know what was suitable to plant in it. יושבי הארץ: שהיו יושביה קודם שבא עשו לשם. ורבותינו דרשו שהיו בקיאין בישובה של ארץ, מלא קנה זה לזיתים, מלא קנה זה לגפנים, שהיו טועמין העפר ויודעין אי זו נטיעה ראויה לה:
21Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan. These are the chieftains of the Horites, the sons of Seir in the land of Edom. כאוְדִשׁ֥וֹן וְאֵ֖צֶר וְדִישָׁ֑ן אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֧י הַֽחֹרִ֛י בְּנֵ֥י שֵׂעִ֖יר בְּאֶ֥רֶץ אֱדֽוֹם:
22The sons of Lotan were Hori and Hemam, and the sister of Lotan was Timna. כבוַיִּֽהְי֥וּ בְנֵֽי־לוֹטָ֖ן חֹרִ֣י וְהֵימָ֑ם וַֽאֲח֥וֹת לוֹטָ֖ן תִּמְנָֽע:
23And these are the sons of Shobal: Alvan, Manahath, and Ebal, Shepho and Onam. כגוְאֵ֨לֶּה֙ בְּנֵ֣י שׁוֹבָ֔ל עַלְוָ֥ן וּמָנַ֖חַת וְעֵיבָ֑ל שְׁפ֖וֹ וְאוֹנָֽם:
24And these are the sons of Zibeon: Aiah and Anah he is Anah who found the mules in the wilderness when he pastured the donkeys for his father Zibeon. כדוְאֵ֥לֶּה בְנֵֽי־צִבְע֖וֹן וְאַיָּ֣ה וַֽעֲנָ֑ה ה֣וּא עֲנָ֗ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר מָצָ֤א אֶת־הַיֵּמִם֙ בַּמִּדְבָּ֔ר בִּרְעֹת֥וֹ אֶת־הַֽחֲמֹרִ֖ים לְצִבְע֥וֹן אָבִֽיו:
Aiah and Anah: Heb. וִעִנָה וְאַיָה. The“vav” is superfluous. It is equivalent to וְאַיָה וִעִנָה. There are many [such instances] in the Scriptures, [e.g.]“permitting the Sanctuary (תֵּת וְקֹדֶשׁ) and the host to be trampled” (Dan. 8:13);“chariot and horse were stunned (נִרְדָּם וְרֶכֶב וָסוּס)” (Ps. 76:7). ואיה וענה: וי"ו יתירה, והוא כמו איה וענה, והרבה יש במקרא (דניאל ח יג) תת וקדש וצבא מרמס, (תהלים עו ז) נרדם ורכב וסוס:
he is Anah: Who is mentioned above (verse 20) to be the brother of Zibeon, but here [Scripture] calls him his son. This teaches us that Zibeon was intimate with his mother, and fathered Anah. — [from Pes. 54a] הוא ענה: האמור למעלה (פסוק כ) שהוא אחיו של צבעון וכאן הוא קורא אותו בנו, מלמד שבא צבעון על אמו והוליד את ענה:
who found the mules in the wilderness: Heb. הַיֵמִם, mules. He mated a donkey with a mare (female horse), and it gave birth to a mule. He (Anah) was illegitimate, and he brought illegitimate offspring into the world (Gen. Rabbah 82:15). Why were they called יֵמִם (signifying“dreaded beings”) ? Because their dread (אֵימָתָן) was cast upon people; Rabbi Hanina said, “In all my days no one has ever recovered from a wound from a white female mule.” (But we see that [those bitten by white female mules] do live. Do not read:“who has lived (וְהָיָה) ,” but“that was healed (וְחָיתָה) ,” because [such a] wound will never heal. — [from an old Rashi manuscript]) It was unnecessary to list the genealogy of the Horites except to mention Timna, and thereby inform us of the greatness of Abraham, as I explained above (verse 12). [from Chullin 7b] את הימם: פרדים, הרביע חמור על סוס נקבה וילדה פרד, והוא היה ממזר והביא פסולין לעולם. ולמה נקרא שמם ימים, שאימתן מוטלת על הבריות, דאמר רבי חנינא מימי לא שאלני אדם על מכת פרדה לבנה וחיה (והלא קא חזינן דחיה, אל תקרי וחיה אלא וחיתה, כי המכה לא תרפא לעולם). ולא הוזקק לכתוב לנו משפחות החורי אלא מפני תמנע, ולהודיע גדולת זרע אברהם, כמו שפירשתי למעלה (פסוק יב):
25And these are the sons of Anah: Dishon and Oholibamah, the daughter of Anah. כהוְאֵ֥לֶּה בְנֵֽי־עֲנָ֖ה דִּשֹׁ֑ן וְאָֽהֳלִֽיבָמָ֖ה בַּת־עֲנָֽה:
26And these are the sons of Dishan: Hemdan, Eshban, Ithran, and Cheran. כווְאֵ֖לֶּה בְּנֵ֣י דִישָׁ֑ן חֶמְדָּ֥ן וְאֶשְׁבָּ֖ן וְיִתְרָ֥ן וּכְרָֽן:
27These are the sons of Ezer: Bilhan, Zaavan, and Akan. כזאֵ֖לֶּה בְּנֵי־אֵ֑צֶר בִּלְהָ֥ן וְזַעֲוָ֖ן וַֽעֲקָֽן:
28These are the sons of Dishan: Uz and Aran. כחאֵ֥לֶּה בְנֵֽי־דִישָׁ֖ן ע֥וּץ וַֽאֲרָֽן:
29These are the chieftains of the Horites: Chief Lotan, Chief Shobal, Chief Zibeon, Chief Anah, כטאֵ֖לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֣י הַֽחֹרִ֑י אַלּ֤וּף לוֹטָן֙ אַלּ֣וּף שׁוֹבָ֔ל אַלּ֥וּף צִבְע֖וֹן אַלּ֥וּף עֲנָֽה:
30Chief Dishon, Chief Ezer, and Chief Dishan; these are the chieftains of the Horites according to their chieftains in the land of Seir. לאַלּ֥וּף דִּשֹׁ֛ן אַלּ֥וּף אֵ֖צֶר אַלּ֣וּף דִּישָׁ֑ן אֵ֣לֶּה אַלּוּפֵ֧י הַֽחֹרִ֛י לְאַלֻּֽפֵיהֶ֖ם בְּאֶ֥רֶץ שֵׂעִֽיר:
31And these are the kings who reigned in the land of Edom before any king reigned over the children of Israel: לאוְאֵ֨לֶּה֙ הַמְּלָכִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר מָלְכ֖וּ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ אֱד֑וֹם לִפְנֵ֥י מְלָךְ־מֶ֖לֶךְ לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל:
And these are the kings, etc.: They were eight, and, corresponding to them, Jacob set up [eight kings] and nullified the kingdom of Esau during their time. They are the following (kings): Saul, Ish-bosheth, David, Solomon, Rehoboam, Abijah, Asa, and Jehoshaphat. During the days of his (Jehoshaphat’s) son Joram, however, it is written: “In his days, Edom revolted from under the power of Judah, and they appointed a king over themselves” (II Kings 8:20), [whereas] during Saul’s days it is written: “There was no king in Edom; a governor was king” (I Kings 22:48). [from Gen. Rabbah 83:2] ואלה המלכים וגו': שמנה היו וכנגדן העמיד יעקב ובטל מלכות עשו בימיהם, ואלו הן שאול, ואיש בשת, דוד, ושלמה, רחבעם, אביה, אסא, יהושפט. ובימי יורם בנו כתיב (מ"ב ח כ) בימיו פשע אדום מתחת יד יהודה וימליכו עליהם מלך, ובימי שאול כתיב (מ"א כב מח) מלך אין באדום נצב מלך:
32Bela, son of Beor reigned in Edom, and the name of his city was Dinhabah. לבוַיִּמְלֹ֣ךְ בֶּֽאֱד֔וֹם בֶּ֖לַע בֶּן־בְּע֑וֹר וְשֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖וֹ דִּנְהָֽבָה:
33Bela died, and Jobab, son of Zerah of Bozrah, reigned in his stead. לגוַיָּ֖מָת בָּ֑לַע וַיִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔יו יוֹבָ֥ב בֶּן־זֶ֖רַח מִבָּצְרָֽה:
Jobab, son of Zerah of Bozrah: Bozrah was [one] of the Moabite cities, as it is said: “And to Kerioth and to Bozrah, etc.” (Jer. 48:24). Since it (Bozrah) appointed a king for Edom, it is destined to be punished with them (the Edomites), as it is said:“for the Lord has a slaughter in Bozrah” (Isa. 34:6). [from Gen. Rabbah 83:3] יובב בן זרח מבצרה: בצרה מערי מואב היא, שנאמר (ירמיה מח כד) ועל קריות ועל בצרה וגו', ולפי שהעמידה מלך לאדום, עתידה ללקות עמהם, שנאמר (ישעיה לד ו) כי זבח לה' בבצרה:
34And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of the Temanites reigned in his stead. לדוַיָּ֖מָת יוֹבָ֑ב וַיִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔יו חֻשָׁ֖ם מֵאֶ֥רֶץ הַתֵּֽימָנִֽי:
35Husham died, and Hadad, son of Bedad, who defeated Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his stead. The name of his city was Avith. להוַיָּ֖מָת חֻשָׁ֑ם וַיִּמְלֹ֨ךְ תַּחְתָּ֜יו הֲדַ֣ד בֶּן־בְּדַ֗ד הַמַּכֶּ֤ה אֶת־מִדְיָן֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב וְשֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖וֹ עֲוִֽית:
who defeated Moab in the field of Midian: For Midian came against Moab to wage war, and the king of Edom went to aid Moab. From here we learn that Midian and Moab were quarreling with one another, and in the days of Balaam they made peace, [in order] to band together against Israel. — [from Tanchuma Balak 3] המכה את מדין בשדה מואב: שבא מדין על מואב למלחמה, והלך מלך אדום לעזור את מואב. ומכאן אנו למדים שהיו מדין ומואב מריבים זה עם זה, ובימי בלעם עשו שלום להתקשר על ישראל:
36Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah reigned in his stead. לווַיָּ֖מָת הֲדָ֑ד וַיִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔יו שַׂמְלָ֖ה מִמַּשְׂרֵקָֽה:
37Samlah died, and Saul of Rehoboth by the river reigned in his stead. לזוַיָּ֖מָת שַׂמְלָ֑ה וַיִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔יו שָׁא֖וּל מֵֽרְחֹב֥וֹת הַנָּהָֽר:
38Saul died, and Baal Hanan, son of Achbor, reigned in his stead. לחוַיָּ֖מָת שָׁא֑וּל וַיִּמְלֹ֣ךְ תַּחְתָּ֔יו בַּ֥עַל חָנָ֖ן בֶּן־עַכְבּֽוֹר:
39Baal Hanan, son of Achbor died, and Hadar reigned in his stead. The name of his city was Pau; his wife's name was Mehetabel, daughter of Matred, the daughter of Me zahab. לטוַיָּ֘מָת֘ בַּ֣עַל חָנָ֣ן בֶּן־עַכְבּוֹר֒ וַיִּמְלֹ֤ךְ תַּחְתָּיו֙ הֲדַ֔ר וְשֵׁ֥ם עִיר֖וֹ פָּ֑עוּ וְשֵׁ֨ם אִשְׁתּ֤וֹ מְהֵֽיטַבְאֵל֙ בַּת־מַטְרֵ֔ד בַּ֖ת מֵ֥י זָהָֽב:
the daughter of Me-zahab: [מִי זָהָב denotes:] What is gold? He was rich, and gold was of no importance to him. — [from Gen. Rabbah 83:4] בת מי זהב: [שהיה אומר] מהו זהב, עשיר היה ואין זהב חשוב בעיניו לכלום:
40And these are the names of the chieftains of Esau, according to their clans, according to their places, by their names: Chief Timna, Chief Alvah, Chief Jetheth; מוְאֵ֠לֶּה שְׁמ֞וֹת אַלּוּפֵ֤י עֵשָׂו֙ לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָ֔ם לִמְקֹֽמֹתָ֖ם בִּשְׁמֹתָ֑ם אַלּ֥וּף תִּמְנָ֛ע אַלּ֥וּף עַלְוָ֖ה אַלּ֥וּף יְתֵֽת:
And these are the names of the chieftains of Esau: who were called by the names of their provinces after Hadar died and their kingdom had ceased. The first ones mentioned above (verses 15-19) are the names of their generations, and so it is delineated in (I Chronicles 1: 51): And Hadar [sic] died, and the chiefs of Edom were Chief Timna, etc." ואלה שמות אלופי עשו: שנקרא על שם מדינותיהם לאחר שמת הדד ופסקה מהם מלכות. והראשונים הנזכרים למעלה, הם שמות תולדותם, וכן מפורש בדברי הימים (דברי הימים א' א נא) וימת הדד ויהיו אלופי אדום אלוף תמנע וגו':
41Chief Oholibamah, Chief Elah, Chief Pinon, מאאַלּ֧וּף אָֽהֳלִֽיבָמָ֛ה אַלּ֥וּף אֵלָ֖ה אַלּ֥וּף פִּינֹֽן:
42Chief Kenaz, Chief Teman, Chief Mibzar, מבאַלּ֥וּף קְנַ֛ז אַלּ֥וּף תֵּימָ֖ן אַלּ֥וּף מִבְצָֽר:
43Chief Magdiel, Chief Iram. These are the chieftains of Edom according to their dwelling places in the land of their possession. That is Esau, progenitor of the Edomites. מגאַלּ֥וּף מַגְדִּיאֵ֖ל אַלּ֣וּף עִירָ֑ם אֵ֣לֶּה | אַלּוּפֵ֣י אֱד֗וֹם לְמֽשְׁבֹתָם֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ אֲחֻזָּתָ֔ם ה֥וּא עֵשָׂ֖ו אֲבִ֥י אֱדֽוֹם:
Magdiel: This is Rome. — [From Pirkei d’Rabbi Eliezer, ch. 38] מגדיאל: היא רומי:
• Daily Tehillim: Psalms Chapters 83-87
• 
Chapter 83
A prayer regarding the wars against Israel in the days of Jehoshaphat, when the nations plotted against Israel.
1. A song, a psalm by Asaph.
2. O God, do not be silent; do not be quiet and do not be still, O God.
3. For behold, Your enemies are in uproar, and those who hate You have raised their head.
4. They plot deviously against Your nation, and conspire against those sheltered by You.
5. They say, "Come, let us sever them from nationhood, and the name of Israel will be remembered no more.”
6. For they conspire with a unanimous heart, they made a covenant against You-
7. the tents of Edom and the Ishmaelites, Moab and the Hagrites,
8. Geval and Ammon, and Amalek; Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre.
9. Assyria, too, joined with them, and became the strength of the sons of Lot, Selah.
10. Do to them as to Midian; as to Sisera and Yavin at the brook of Kishon,
11. who were destroyed at Ein Dor, and were as dung for the earth.
12. Make their nobles like Orev and Ze'ev, all their princes like Zevach and Tzalmuna,1
13. who said, "Let us inherit the dwellings of God for ourselves.”
14. My God, make them like whirling chaff, like straw before the wind.
15. As a fire consumes the forest, and a flame sets the mountains ablaze,
16. so pursue them with Your tempest and terrify them with Your storm.
17. Fill their faces with shame, and they will seek Your Name, O Lord.
18. Let them be shamed and terrified forever; let them be disgraced and perish.
19. And they will know that You, Whose Name is the Lord, are alone, Most High over all the earth.
FOOTNOTES
1.These were the Midianite leaders who were captured (see Judges 7:25)
Chapter 84
In this psalm of prayers and entreaties, the psalmist mourns bitterly over the destruction of Temple from the depths of his heart, and speaks of the many blessings that will be realized upon its restoration. Fortunate is the one who trusts it will be rebuilt, and does not despair in the face of this long exile.
1. For the Conductor, on the gittit,1 a psalm by the sons of Korach.
2. How beloved are Your dwellings, O Lord of Hosts!
3. My soul yearns, indeed it pines, for the courtyards of the Lord; my heart and my flesh [long to] sing to the living God.
4. Even the bird has found a home, and the swallow a nest for herself, where she lays her young on the [ruins of] Your altars, O Lord of Hosts, my King and my God.
5. Fortunate are those who dwell in Your House; they will yet praise You forever.
6. Fortunate is the man whose strength is in You; the paths [to the Temple] are in his heart.
7. For those who pass through the Valley of Thorns, He places wellsprings; their guide will be cloaked in blessings.2
8. They go from strength to strength; they will appear before God in Zion.
9. O Lord, God of Hosts, hear my prayer; listen, O God of Jacob, forever.
10. See our shield,3 O God, and look upon the face of Your anointed one.
11. For better one day in Your courtyards than a thousand [elsewhere]. I would rather stand at the threshold of the house of my God, than dwell [in comfort] in the tents of wickedness.
12. For the Lord, God, is a sun and a shield; the Lord bestows favor and glory; He does not withhold goodness from those who walk in innocence.
13. O Lord of Hosts! Fortunate is the man who trusts in You.
FOOTNOTES
1.A musical instrument crafted in Gath (Metzudot).
2.God provides water for the pilgrims to Jerusalem, leading them to bless their guides for choosing a water-laden route (Metzudot)
3.Remember the Temple [and rebuild it](Metzudot).
Chapter 85
In this prayer, lamenting the long and bitter exile, the psalmist asks why this exile is longer than the previous ones, and implores God to quickly fulfill His promise to redeem us. Every individual should offer this psalm when in distress.
1. For the Conductor, a psalm by the sons of Korach.
2. O Lord, You favored Your land; You returned the captives of Jacob.
3. You forgave the iniquity of Your people, and covered all their sin forever.
4. You withdrew all Your fury, and retreated from Your fierce anger.
5. Return us, O God of our salvation, and annul Your anger toward us.
6. Will You forever be angry with us? Will You draw out Your anger over all generations?
7. Is it not true that You will revive us again, and Your people will rejoice in You?
8. Show us Your kindness, O Lord, and grant us Your deliverance.
9. I hear what the Almighty Lord will say; for He speaks peace to His nation and to His pious ones, and they will not return to folly.
10. Indeed, His deliverance is near those who fear Him, that [His] glory may dwell in the land.
11. Kindness and truth have met; righteousness and peace have kissed.
12. Truth will sprout from the earth, and righteousness will peer from heaven.
13. The Lord, too, will bestow goodness, and our land will yield its produce.
14. Righteousness shall walk before him, and he shall set his footsteps in [its] path.
Chapter 86
This psalm contains many prayers regarding David's troubles, and his enemies Doeg and Achitophel. It also includes many descriptions of God's praise. Every individual can offer this psalm when in distress.
1. A prayer by David. Lord, turn Your ear, answer me, for I am poor and needy.
2. Guard my soul, for I am pious; You, my God, deliver Your servant who trusts in You.
3. Be gracious to me, my Lord, for to You I call all day.
4. Bring joy to the soul of Your servant, for to You, my Lord, I lift my soul.
5. For You, my Lord, are good and forgiving, and exceedingly kind to all who call upon You.
6. Lord, hear my prayer and listen to the voice of my supplications.
7. On the day of my distress I call upon You, for You will answer me.
8. There is none like You among the supernal beings, my Lord, and there are no deeds like Yours.
9. All the nations that You have made will come and bow down before You, my Lord, and give honor to Your Name,
10. for You are great and perform wonders, You alone, O God.
11. Lord, teach me Your way that I may walk in Your truth; unify my heart to fear Your Name.
12. I will praise You, my Lord, my God, with all my heart, and give honor to Your Name forever.
13. For Your kindness to me has been great; You have saved my soul from the depth of the grave.
14. O God, malicious men have risen against me; a band of ruthless men has sought my soul; they are not mindful of You.
15. But You, my Lord, are a compassionate and gracious God, slow to anger and abounding in kindness and truth.
16. Turn to me and be gracious to me; grant Your strength to Your servant, and deliver the son of Your maidservant.
17. Show me a sign of favor, that my foes may see and be shamed, because You, Lord, have given me aid and consoled me.
Chapter 87
Composed to be sung in the Holy Temple, this psalm praises the glory of Jerusalem, a city that produces many great scholars, eminent personalities, and persons of good deeds. It also speaks of the good that will occur in the Messianic era.
1. By the sons of Korach, a psalm, a song devoted to the holy mountains [of Zion and Jerusalem].
2. The Lord loves the gates of Zion more than all the dwelling places of Jacob.
3. Glorious things are spoken of you, eternal city of God.
4. I will remind Rahav Egypt and Babylon concerning My beloved; Philistia and Tyre as well as Ethiopia, "This one was born there.”
5. And to Zion will be said, "This person and that was born there"; and He, the Most High, will establish it.
6. The Lord will count in the register of people, "This one was born there," Selah.
7. Singers as well as dancers [will sing your praise and say], "All my inner thoughts are of you."
Tanya: Kuntres Acharon, Essay 8
• Lessons in Tanya
• Today's Tanya Lesson
• Shabbat, 17 Kislev, 5777 · 17 December 2016
• Kuntres Acharon, Essay 8
• 
Tzedakah, as we shall presently appreciate, sensitizes the Jew who practises it so that the superrational degree of Chochmah in his Neshamah is able to light up the innermost recesses of his heart.
As mentioned in the introduction to Kuntres Acharon, the Rebbe observes that this is one of several Essays that would appear to belong more logically in Iggeret HaKodesh. The Rebbe also notes that the subjects discussed in this essay are elaborated upon in Likkutei Torah, beginning of Parshat Re’eh, and in the maamar beginning Amar R. Yehoshua ben Levi, BeChol Yom..., which the Previous Rebbe delivered in 5688 (1928).
וצדקה כנחל איתן בעמוס, (סוף סימן ה׳)
It is written, “...and charity like a mighty river” (1Amos, end of ch. 52).
The verse begins by saying that justice should become manifest like water that gushes into revelation from the hidden depths of the earth; it goes on to say that tzedakah (“charity”) should likewise reveal and maintain its intensity like the surging current of a mighty river (Heb.: nachal eitan).
פירוש:
The meaning in spiritual terms is,
כמו שנחל איתן הוא המשכה הנמשכת מבחינת איתן
that [tzedakah] resembles a mighty river which issues from the state of eitan.
“River” suggests a downward flow, in this case emanating from Chochmah, which is termed eitan.
For this word, as is known,3 has three meanings: “vigor”, “toughness”,4 and “antiquity”.5 All three meanings relate to the soul’s element of Chochmah, and are reflected in the tripartite written form of the letter yud (commonly representing Chochmah), which comprises the basic point of the letter and its upper and lower tips.
This level of eitan (Chochmah) flows down into the intellectually expansive “river” called Binah.
שהיא בחינת נקודה בהיכלא
In this state it is known in Kabbalistic terms as6 “the point in its chamber,”
This phrase can refer either (a), as above, to the seminal point of Chochmah being drawn into the broad chamber of Binah, or (b) to the essential self-nullification of the soul that derives spontaneously from Chochmah (which transcends the loving self-nullification that is consciously produced by the meditation exercised by Binah) being drawn into the innermost point of the heart — the “chamber” for the issue from Chochmah.
ותרין רעין וכו׳
and as7 “two comrades [who are inseparable].”
The continued existence of all creation depends upon the constant union in Atzilut of the Supernal Sefirot of Chochmah and Binah.
ואותיות איתן משמשות לעתיד
The letters that spell the [Hebrew] word eitan [each] indicate the future tense.
At a deeper level, this term thus hints at future revelation: in the Time to Come there will be a revelation of the spiritual degree called eitan.
פירוש: אנא עתיד לאתגליא
This means,8 “I am destined to reveal myself”; that which is presently in a state of concealment is destined to become manifest in the Time to Come;
כמו שכתוב: הנה ישכיל עבדי וגו׳
as it is written,9 “Behold, My servant will prosper...” — i.e., in the future.
והיינו, שיתגלה אז אור אין סוף ברוך הוא ויחודו יתברך תוך פנימיות נקודת הלב
This means that at that time — with the arrival of Mashiach, about whom the verse states “My servant will prosper” —the [infinite] Ein Sof-light and the Divine Unity will be revealed within the innermost point of one’s heart,
על ידי המשכת נחל איתן, הוא הארת חכמה עילאה שיאיר בפנימיות הלב
by the calling forth of the “mighty river,” which is a radiance of the Supernal Wisdom that will illuminate the inwardness of the heart,
ליבטל ביחודו יתברך בתכלית, מעומקא דלבא
so that one will be nullified utterly in the Divine Unity, from the depths of one’s heart,
אחרי הסרת הערלה מתאוות הגשמיות וכו׳
after it has been cleared of the [obscuring] orlah of physical lusts, and so on.
When the metaphorical orlah (lit., “foreskin”) will then be removed (as in the verse,10 “And you shall excise the orlah of your heart,” and likewise,11 “The L‑rd your G‑d will circumcise your heart”), nothing will hide the innermost core of the heart. It will then be possible for the heart to experience the utter self-nullification of the Neshamah to G‑d, that derives from the revelation of Chochmah in the soul.
This essential soul-level reflects all three above-mentioned connotations of eitan — the resolute “vigor” of the soul’s essence, its unswerving “toughness”, and the hoary “antiquity” of this bequest to the Jewish people from the Patriarchs of old.
והנה עתה, בגלות החל הזה
At present as well, during the exile of this folk,12
יש גם כן עצה יעוצה, להאיר קצת אור ה׳ מבחינת איתן לתוך נקודת פנימיות הלב, כעין לעתיד
counsel is offered [herewith] as to how to bring a glimmer of the illumination of the light of G‑d from the state of eitan into the innermost point of the heart, as in the Time to Come.
והיינו, על ידי שמעורר על ניצוץ אלקות שבנפשו, בחינת רחמים רבים העליונים
This is [attained] by arousing the abounding Divine mercies for the G‑dly spark within one’s soul.
כי באמת, כל זמן שאין האדם זוכה שיתגלה אור ה׳ מבחינת איתן בנקודת פנימיות לבבו
For in truth, so long as a man does not merit the revelation of the light of G‑d from the state of eitan in the innermost core of his heart,
ליבטל ביחודו יתברך מעומקא דלבא, עד כלות הנפש ממש
so that he becomes nullified in the Divine unity, until the very expiry of the soul,
אזי באמת יש רחמנות גדולה על הניצוץ שבנפשו
then the spark within his soul is indeed to be pitied.
כי הניצוץ נמשך מבחינת חכמה עילאה ממש
For that spark is drawn from the state of the Supernal Wisdom itself,
וכשאינו יכול להאיר מבחינתו לתוך פנימיות הלב
and when it cannot illuminate from its own state — from the state of Chochmah that is utterly nullified to G‑d —into the innermost core of the heart,
ששם מקום גילוי הארה זו
which is the proper place for the revelation of this illumination,
הרי זה בבחינת גלות ממש
then it is really and truly in exile.
For what is exile if not the shackling of one’s gifts?
ועל ידי רחמים רבים העליונים, יוצא מהגלות והשביה
Through the plentiful Supernal mercies, however, that are drawn down upon the soul, it goes out of exile and imprisonment,
ומאיר לתוך נקודת פנימיות הלב בחינת אהבה רבה זו
and illuminates the innermost core of the heart with this great love,
כנודע ממה שכתוב: ליעקב אשר פדה את אברהם
as is known from the verse,13 “For...Jacob who redeemed Abraham,”
וכמו שכתוב בלקוטי אמרים, פרק מ״ה
as expounded in Likkutei Amarim, ch. 45.
The Midrash14 teaches that Abraham was saved in the future merit of Jacob, who was destined to descend from him.
In spiritual terms:15 When Abraham’s characteristic attribute, kindness and love, remains latent within a Jew, it is revealed and redeemed by Jacob’s characteristic attribute — mercy.
Since we are speaking here of Supernal Mercy, there must first be a sufficiently vigorous “arousal from below” that will cause it to descend to this lowly world. The required arousal initiated from below must therefore spring from the palpable realities of this lowly world. In plain words, as the Alter Rebbe will now conclude, this is the practice of tzedakah.
ומודעת זאת כי אתערותא דלעילא, באתערותא דלתתא דוקא תליא מלתא
It is known16 that an arousal from above is specifically dependent on an arousal from below,
דהיינו, על ידי התעוררות רחמים רבים בלב רחמנים וגומלי חסדים
meaning [that the abundant mercies from above are secured] by an arousal of great mercies in the hearts of “the compassionate...and the kindly,” as Jews are characterized in the Gemara,17
להשפיע השפעה גשמיית, זהב וכסף וכו׳
so that they bestow physical gifts of gold and silver, and the like.
ולכן פעולת הצדקה היא פעולת נחל איתן ממש
Thus the effect of tzedakah is actually the effect of the “mighty river” (nachal eitan).
For the “arousal from below” expressed by the practice of tzedakah draws forth the loving self-nullification of the vigorous essence (the “eitan”) of the soul, so that it becomes revealed — through the “river” of Binah — within the innermost core of man’s heart.
The Alter Rebbe now goes on to write that one’s tzedakah should be given unstintingly, without regard for limitations. Just as a person in jeopardy spends without limit in order to save his life, so, too, should one hold one’s own G‑dly soul in high regard, and give tzedakah boundlessly.
והנה מודעת זאת מה שכתוב: עור בעד עור, וכל אשר לאיש יתן בעד נפשו האלקית
All know the verse,18 “Skin for skin,”19 i.e., a person will protect one limb at the expense of another, “but all that a man possesses he will give for his soul” — he will give away everything in order to save his life. The Alter Rebbe adds a word to the quoted verse, so that it ends, “...for his G‑dly soul.” One should be willing to forego everything for the sake of his G‑dly soul,
להאירה באור החיים, אין סוף ברוך הוא
in order to illumine it with the light of life — the Infinite One, blessed be He.20
FOOTNOTES
1.Parentheses are in the original text.
2.Verse 24.
3.Sefer HaMaamarim 5703, p. 71ff.
4.Sotah 9:5.
5.See I Kings 8:2 and Targum there.
6.Cf. Zohar I, 20a.
7.Zohar III, 4a.
8.See Likkutei Torah, Parshat Re’eh 18d.
9.Yeshayahu 52:13.
10.Devarim 10:16.
11.Ibid. 30:6.
12.Ovadiah 1:20. The phrase may alternatively be translated as “this valley.”
13.Yeshayahu 29:22. Note of the Rebbe: “The verse states beit Yaakov (‘the house of Jacob’). However, Sanhedrin (19b) and Bereishit Rabbah (63:2) explain plainly that it is ‘Jacob who redeemed Abraham.’ The phrase is likewise cited in many other sources. Indeed, this too is the meaning in the continuation of this very verse (quoted in Sanhedrin, loc. cit., and elsewhere): ‘Now will Jacob not be ashamed....’”
14.See Bereishit Rabbah, loc. cit.
15.Note of the Rebbe: “Cf. Tanya, ch. 45.”
16.Zohar I, 88a, et al.
17.Yevamot 79a.
18.Iyov 2:4.
19.Note of the Rebbe: “At the end of Epistle XVI in Iggeret HaKodesh, this verse is quoted [in its entirety] as well. This is not the case at the end of Epistle X [which quotes only the conclusion of the verse, ‘but all that a man possesses he will give for his soul’], and so too in many other places. Evidently, since the opening phrase (‘skin for skin’) signifies a limited degree of tzedakah (as in the plain meaning of the verse), this phrase is quoted only when the Alter Rebbe speaks (also) of this degree of tzedakah.”
20.The conclusion of this letter appears in Igrot Kodesh (Letters) of the Alter Rebbe (Kehot, N.Y., 5740), p. 95.
• Rambam - Shabbat, 17 Kislev, 5777 · 17 December 2016
• Today's Mitzvah
A daily digest of Maimonides’ classic work "Sefer Hamitzvot"
• 
Positive Commandment 157
Recounting the Story of the Exodus
"And you shall relate to your son on that day"—Exodus 13:8.
We are commanded to recount the story of the Exodus from Egypt – each person to the best of his ability – on the eve of the fifteenth of Nissan, the first night of Passover. The more one elaborates on the story – explaining how the Egyptians tormented us, how G‑d severely punished them for their evil, and expressing gratitude to G‑d for all the kindness He bestowed upon us – the more praiseworthy is the person.
If one has no children to whom to relate the story, he should relate it to whomever is in his company, or even to himself if he is alone.
Our Sages tell us: "Even if we are all wise, all intelligent, all knowledgeable in the entirety of the Torah—we are commanded to recount the story of the Exodus from Egypt."
Full text of this Mitzvah »
• Recounting the Story of the Exodus
Positive Commandment 157
Translated by Berel Bell
The 157th mitzvah is that we are commanded to tell about the Exodus from Egypt on the beginning of the night of the 15th686 of Nissan — with all the eloquence at our command. Praiseworthy is the person who gives lengthy discussion and description to the subject: how the Egyptians sinned against us, and what they subjected us to; how G‑d took revenge upon them; thanking G‑d (exalted be He) for all the kindness he has bestowed upon us. This is as the Sages said,1 "Everyone who discusses the Exodus from Egypt at length is praiseworthy."
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement (exalted be He),2 "And you shall tell your child [on that day, 'It is because of this that the L‑rd did for me when I left Egypt. ' "]
The Sages3 explain this verse: "'And you shall tell your child': One may think that [the discussion of the Exodus] must be from the first of the month. The Torah therefore says, 'on that day.' But 'on that day' could mean while it is yet daytime; the Torah therefore says, 'It is because of this.' The expression 'because of this' can only be said when matzah and maror are placed before you." This means that at the beginning of the night one is obligated to discuss [the Exodus].
The Mechilta4 says: "Since the verse5 says, 'when your son will ask you,' you might think that you are required to discuss it only when he asks, and not otherwise. Therefore the Torah tells you, 'And you shall tell your child,' even if he doesn't ask. I only know [of the obligation to discuss the Exodus] when the person has a child. How do I know [this obligation applies] when he is by himself or with others? The verse says,6 'And Moshe said to the people, "Remember this day" — that G‑d commanded us to remember the Exodus just as He commanded us,7 'Remember the Shabbos day to sanctify it. ' "
You are familiar with the expression [of the Sages8], "Even if all of us were wise, all of us understanding, all of us knowing the Torah, we would still be obligated to discuss the Exodus from Egypt."
The details of this mitzvah are discussed in the end of Pesachim.
FOOTNOTES
1.Haggadah.
2.Ex. 13:8.
3.In the Mechilta.
4.Of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai.
5.Ex. 13:14.
6.Ex. 13:3.
7.Ex. 20:8.
8.Haggadah.
• Text of the Haggadah
The study continues with Maimonides' "Text of the Passover Haggadah." (The Daily Mitzvah schedule runs parallel to the daily study of three chapters of Maimonides' 14-volume code. This is what is being studied today according to the three-chapter-a-day-schedule.)
We have not translated this order into English, because the point of it is not to provide a translation of the Haggadah (in fact, the Hebrew text often skips out passages not relevant to the structure), but to lay out the way Maimonides structured his Haggadah.
Full text of this Mitzvah »
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שופר וסוכה ולולב
נוסח ההגדה שנהגו בה ישראל בזמן הגלות, כך הוא: מתחיל על כוס שני ואומר, בבהילו יצאנו ממצריים. הא לחמא עניא, דאכלו אבהתנא דנפקו מארעא דמצריים. כל דכפין, ייתי וייכול; וכל דצריך לפסח, ייתי ויפסח. שתא הכא, לשנה הבאה בארעא דישראל; שתא הדא עבדי, לשתא דאתיא בני חורי.
מה נשתנה הלילה הזה, מכל הלילות. שבכל הלילות, אין אנו מטבילין אפילו פעם אחת; והלילה הזה, שתי פעמים. שבכל הלילות, אנו אוכלים חמץ ומצה; והלילה הזה, כולו מצה. שבכל הלילות, אנו אוכלים שאר ירקות; והלילה הזה, מרורים. שבכל הלילות, אנו אוכלין בין יושבין ובין מסובין; והלילה הזה, כולנו מסובין.
עבדים היינו, לפרעה במצריים; ויוציאנו ה' אלוהינו משם, ביד חזקה ובזרוע נטויה. ואילו לא גאל הקדוש ברוך הוא את אבותינו ממצריים, עדיין אנו ובנינו ובני בנינו משועבדים היינו לפרעה במצריים. ואפילו כולנו חכמים, כולנו נבונים, כולנו יודעים את התורה--מצוה עלינו לספר ביציאת מצריים; וכל המאריך ביציאת מצריים, הרי זה משובח.
מעשה ברבי אליעזר ורבי יהושוע ורבי אלעזר בן עזריה ורבי עקיבה ורבי טרפון, שהיו מסובין בבני ברק; והיו מספרין ביציאת מצריים כל אותו הלילה, עד שבאו תלמידיהם ואמרו להם, רבותינו, הגיע זמן קרית שמע של שחרית.
אמר להם רבי אלעזר בן עזריה, הרי אני כבן שבעים שנה, ולא זכיתי שתיאמר יציאת מצריים בלילות, עד שדרשה בן זומא: שנאמר "למען תזכור את יום צאתך מארץ מצריים, כול ימי חייך" (דברים טז,ג)--"ימי חייך", הימים; "כול ימי חייך", הלילות. וחכמים אומרים "ימי חייך", העולם הזה; "כול ימי חייך", להביא את ימות המשיח.
ברוך המקום שנתן תורה לישראל עמו, ברוך הוא. כנגד ארבעה בנים דיברה תורה--אחד חכם, ואחד רשע, ואחד תם, ואחד שאינו יודע לשאול.
חכם, מה הוא אומר--"מה העדות, והחוקים והמשפטים, אשר ציווה ה' אלוהינו, אתכם" (דברים ו,כ). אף אתה אמור לו כהלכת הפסח, אין מפטירין אחר הפסח אפיקימון.
רשע, מה הוא אומר--"מה העבודה הזאת, לכם" (שמות יב,כו). "לכם", ולא לו. ולפי שהוציא את עצמו מן הכלל וכפר בעיקר, אף אתה הקהה את שיניו ואמור לו: "בעבור זה, עשה ה' לי, בצאתי, ממצריים" (שמות יג,ח)--"לי", ולא לו; אילו היה שם, לא היה נגאל.
תם, מה הוא אומר--"מה זאת" (שמות יג,יד). "ואמרת אליו--בחוזק יד הוציאנו ה' ממצריים, מבית עבדים" (שם).
ושאינו יודע לשאול, את פתח לו--שנאמר "והגדת לבנך, ביום ההוא לאמור: בעבור זה, עשה ה' לי, בצאתי, ממצריים" (שמות יג,ח). "והגדת לבנך", יכול מראש החודש--תלמוד לומר "ביום ההוא". אי ביום ההוא, יכול מבעוד יום--תלמוד לומר "בעבור זה", לא אמרתי אלא בשעה שיש מצה ומרור מונחים לפניך.
מתחילה, עובדי עבודה זרה היו אבותינו; ועכשיו, קירבנו המקום ברוך הוא לעבודתו, שנאמר "ויאמר יהושוע אל כל העם, כה אמר ה' אלוהי ישראל, בעבר הנהר ישבו אבותיכם מעולם, תרח אבי אברהם ואבי נחור; ויעבדו, אלוהים אחרים. ואקח את אביכם את אברהם, מעבר הנהר, ואולך אותו, בכל ארץ כנען; וארבה, את זרעו, ואתן לו, את יצחק. ואתן ליצחק, את יעקוב ואת עשיו; ואתן לעשיו את הר שעיר, לרשת אותו, ויעקוב ובניו, ירדו מצריים" (יהושוע כד,ב-ד).
ברוך שומר הבטחתו לישראל עמו, ברוך הוא: שהקדוש ברוך הוא מחשב את הקץ, לעשות כמה שאמר לאברהם אבינו בין הבתרים, שנאמר "ויאמר לאברם, ידוע תדע כי גר יהיה זרעך בארץ לא להם, ועבדום, ועינו אותם--ארבע מאות, שנה. וגם את הגוי אשר יעבודו, דן אנוכי; ואחרי כן ייצאו, ברכוש גדול" (בראשית טו,יג-יד).
היא שעמדה לאבותינו, ולנו--שלא אחד בלבד עמד עלינו, אלא בכל דור ודור עומדים עלינו לכלותנו; והקדוש ברוך הוא, מצילנו מידם.
צא ולמד, מה ביקש לבן הארמי לעשות ליעקוב אבינו--שפרעה הרשע, לא גזר אלא על הזכרים; ולבן ביקש לעקור את הכול, שנאמר "ארמי אובד אבי, ויירד מצריימה, ויגר שם" (דברים כו,ה). מלמד שלא ירד להשתקע אלא לגור שם, שנאמר "ויאמרו אל פרעה, לגור בארץ באנו, כי אין מרעה לצאן אשר לעבדיך, כי כבד הרעב בארץ כנען; ועתה יישבו נא עבדיך, בארץ גושן" (בראשית מז,ד).
במתי מעט--כמו שנאמר "בשבעים נפש, ירדו אבותיך מצריימה; ועתה, שמך ה' אלוהיך, ככוכבי השמיים, לרוב" (דברים י,כב).
ויהי שם לגוי--מלמד שהיו ישראל מצויינין שם. גדול ועצום--כמו שנאמר "ובני ישראל, פרו וישרצו וירבו ויעצמו--במאוד מאוד; ותימלא הארץ, אותם" (שמות א,ז).
ורב--כמו שנאמר "רבבה, כצמח השדה נתתיך, ותרבי ותגדלי, ותבואי בעדי עדיים: שדיים נכונו ושיערך צימח, ואת עירום ועריה" (יחזקאל טז,ז).
וירעו אותנו המצרים--כמו שנאמר "הבה נתחכמה, לו: פן ירבה, והיה כי תקראנה מלחמה ונוסף גם הוא על שונאינו, ונלחם בנו, ועלה מן הארץ" (שמות א,י).
ויענונו--כמו שנאמר "וישימו עליו שרי מיסים, למען ענותו בסבלותם; וייבן ערי מסכנות, לפרעה--את פיתום, ואת רעמסס" (שמות א,יא).
וייתנו עלינו עבודה קשה--כמו שנאמר "ויעבידו מצריים את בני ישראל, בפרך" (שמות א,יג).
ונצעק אל ה' אלוהי אבותינו--כמו שנאמר "ויהי בימים הרבים ההם, וימת מלך מצריים, וייאנחו בני ישראל מן העבודה, ויזעקו; ותעל שוועתם אל האלוהים, מן העבודה" (שמות ב,כג).
וישמע ה' את קולנו--כמו שנאמר "וישמע אלוהים, את נאקתם; ויזכור אלוהים את בריתו, את אברהם את יצחק ואת יעקוב" (שמות ב,כד).
וירא את עוניינו--זו פרישות דרך ארץ, כמו שנאמר "וירא אלוהים, את בני ישראל; ויידע, אלוהים" (שמות ב,כה).
ואת עמלנו--אלו הבנים, כמו שנאמר "כל הבן היילוד, היאורה תשליכוהו, וכל הבת, תחייון" (שמות א,כב).
ואת לחצנו--זה הדוחק, כמו שנאמר "וגם ראיתי, את הלחץ, אשר מצריים, לוחצים אותם" (שמות ג,ט).
ויוציאנו ה' ממצריים--לא על ידי מלאך, לא על ידי שרף, לא על ידי שליח, אלא הקדוש ברוך הוא בכבודו: כמו שנאמר "ועברתי בארץ מצריים, בלילה הזה, והכיתי כל בכור בארץ מצריים, מאדם ועד בהמה; ובכל אלוהי מצריים אעשה שפטים, אני ה'" (שמות יב,יב).
ביד חזקה--זה הדבר, כמו שנאמר "הנה יד ה' הויה, במקנך אשר בשדה, בסוסים בחמורים בגמלים, בבקר ובצאן--דבר, כבד מאוד" (שמות ט,ג).
ובזרוע נטויה--זו החרב, כמו שנאמר "וחרבו שלופה בידו, נטויה על ירושלים" (דברי הימים א כא,טז).
ובמורא גדול--זה גילוי שכינה, כמו שנאמר "או הניסה אלוהים, לבוא לקחת לו גוי מקרב גוי, במסות באותות ובמופתים ובמלחמה וביד חזקה ובזרוע נטויה, ובמוראים גדולים: ככול אשר עשה לכם ה' אלוהיכם, במצריים--לעיניך" (דברים ד,לד).
ובאותות--זה המטה, שנאמר "ואת המטה הזה, תיקח בידך, אשר תעשה בו, את האותות" (שמות ד,יז).
ובמופתים--זה הדם, כמו שנאמר "ונתתי, מופתים, בשמיים, ובארץ: דם ואש, ותימרות עשן" (יואל ג,ג).
דבר אחר: ביד חזקה, שתיים; ובזרוע נטויה, שתיים; ובמורא גדול, שתיים; ובאותות, שתיים; ובמופתים, שתיים. אלו עשר מכות, שהביא הקדוש ברוך הוא על המצריים במצריים; ואלו הן: דם, צפרדע, כינים, ערוב, דבר, שחין, ברד, ארבה, חושך, מכת בכורות. רבי יהודה היה נותן בהם סימן, דצ"ך עד"ש באח"ב.
רבן גמליאל אומר, כל שלא אמר שלושה דברים אלו בפסח, לא יצא ידי חובתו--פסח, מצה, ומרורים.
פסח שהיו אבותינו אוכלין בזמן שבית המקדש קיים, על שם מה--על שם שפסח המקום על בתי אבותינו במצריים, שנאמר "ואמרתם זבח פסח הוא לה', אשר פסח על בתי בני ישראל במצריים, בנוגפו את מצריים, ואת בתינו הציל; וייקוד העם, וישתחוו" (שמות יב,כז).
מצה זו שאנחנו אוכלין, על שם מה--על שם שלא הספיק בצקם של אבותינו להחמיץ, עד שנגלה עליהם מלך מלכי המלכים הקדוש ברוך הוא, וגאלם מיד: שנאמר "ויאפו את הבצק אשר הוציאו ממצריים, עוגות מצות--כי לא חמץ: כי גורשו ממצריים, ולא יכלו להתמהמה, וגם צידה, לא עשו להם" (שמות יב,לט).
מרורים אלו שאנחנו אוכלין, על שם מה--על שם שמיררו המצריים את חיי אבותינו במצריים, שנאמר "וימררו את חייהם בעבודה קשה, בחומר ובלבינים, ובכל עבודה, בשדה--את, כל עבודתם, אשר עבדו בהם, בפרך" (שמות א,יד).
ובכל דור ודור, חייב אדם להראות את עצמו כאילו הוא יצא ממצריים, שלא את אבותינו בלבד גאל, אלא אף אותנו גאל--שנאמר "ואותנו, הוציא משם--למען, הביא אותנו, לתת לנו את הארץ, אשר נשבע לאבותינו" (דברים ו,כג).
לפיכך אנו חייבים להודות להלל לשבח לפאר לרומם לגדל ולהדר, ולנצח ולברך למי שעשה לנו ולאבותינו את כל הניסים האלו, והוציאנו מעבדות לחירות, ומשיעבוד לגאולה, ומיגון לשמחה, ומאבל ליום טוב, ומאפילה לאור גדול; ונאמר לפניו, הללו יה.
"הללו יה: הללו, עבדי ה'; הללו, את שם ה'. יהי שם ה', מבורך . . ." (תהילים קיג,א-ב) עד "חלמיש, למעיינו מים" (תהילים קיד,ח).
ברוך אתה ה' אלוהינו מלך העולם, אשר גאלנו וגאל את אבותינו ממצריים, והגיענו ללילה הזה לאכול בו מצה ומרורים. כן ה' אלוהינו ואלוהי אבותינו, יגיענו למועדים ולרגלים אחרים הבאים לקראתנו לשלום, שמחים בבניין עירך וששים בעבודתך, ונאכל שם מן הזבחים ומן הפסחים שיגיע דמם על קיר מזבחך לרצון, ונודה לך שיר חדש על גאולתנו ועל פדות נפשנו. ברוך אתה ה', גאל ישראל.
כסדר שמברכין וקוראים ההגדה בליל יום טוב ראשון של פסח, כך מברכים וקוראים בליל השני של גלייות; וכן חייבין בליל השני בארבעה כוסות, ובשאר הדברים שנעשו בלילה הראשון.
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• Positive Commandment 170
Hearing the Shofar
"It shall be a day of blowing the shofar for you"—Numbers 29:1.
We are commanded to hear the blast of the shofar (ram's horn) on the first of Tishrei, Rosh Hashanah. Women are exempt from this mitzvah.
Full text of this Mitzvah »

• Hearing the Shofar
Positive Commandment 170
Translated by Berel Bell
The 170th mitzvah is that we are commanded to listen to the sound of the shofar on the first1 day of Tishrei [Rosh Hashanah].
The source of this commandment is G‑d's statement2 regarding that day, "It shall be a day of sounding the horn."
The details of this mitzvah are explained in tractate Rosh Hashanah.
Women are not obligated in this mitzvah.3
FOOTNOTES
1.Outside of Israel, this mitzvah is for two days.
2.Num. 29:1.
3.Since it is a time-bound mitzvah.
• Rambam - 1 Chapter: Hilchot Nizkei Mamon Hilchot Nizkei Mamon - Chapter Ten 
• Hilchot Nizkei Mamon - Chapter Ten
1
Wherever1 an ox kills a [Jew],2 whether an adult or a child, whether a servant or a free man,3 whether the ox is tam4 or mu'ad, [the ox] must be stoned to death.5If an ox kills a gentile, it is not executed, for this is their law.
א
שור שהמית את האדם בכל מקום בין גדול בין קטן בין עבד בין בן חורין אחד תם ואחד מועד הרי זה נסקל. ואם המית את העכו"ם פטור כדיניהם:
2
[Not only] an ox, but any other animal, beast or fowl that kills a human should be stoned to death.6 What is the difference then between an ox that is tam killing a person, and that act being performed by an ox that is mu'ad? [The owner of] an ox that is tam is not liable for the atonement fine, while [the owner of] an ox that is mu'ad is liable,7 when his ox is mu'ad to kill.8
ב
אחד שור ואחד שאר בהמה חיה ועוף שהמיתו הרי אלו נסקלין. מה בין תם שהרג את האדם למועד שהרג את האדם. שהתם פטור מן הכופר והמועד חייב בכופר ד ובלבד שיהיה מועד להרוג:
3
Since every animal, beast or fowl that kills a human being should be stoned to death, how is it possible to find an animal that is mu'ad to kill, so that its owner will be liable to pay an atonement fine?9 It killed three gentiles,10 and then it killed a Jew. For an ox that is mu'ad [to kill] a gentile, is also mu'ad for a Jew.11Alternatively, it killed three Jews who were classified as t'refot,12and then killed a healthy person. [Other possible situations are the following:] [On three occasions,] it killed a person and then fled, and it was captured on the fourth occasion. [We must say that it was captured, because] the owners are not obligated to pay an atonement fine unless the ox is executed.13It mortally wounded three individuals at the same time [and they and the fourth person the ox gored all died at the time]. It killed three animals.14 In all these instances, it is deemed as mu'ad to kill, and the owner is liable to pay an atonement fine.There is also another instance. On three occasions [one of the oxen belonging to a person killed a human]; on each of these occasions, the witnesses recognized the owner, but did not recognize the ox. On the fourth occasion, they saw an ox that killed a person [and were able to recognize it afterwards]. They did not, however, know if this was the same ox that had killed [people] on the three previous occasions or not.[In this instance, the owner of the ox is liable to pay an atonement fine. The rationale is that] since the owner was warned that he had an ox in his herd that had killed [people] on three occasions, he should have guarded all his oxen [more carefully]. Since he did not, he must pay the atonement fine.
ג
והואיל וכל בהמה חיה ועוף שהרגו את האדם נסקלין היאך ימצא מועד להרוג עד שישלמו בעליו את הכופר. כגון שהרג שלשה עובדי כוכבים ואחר כך הרג ישראל שהמועד לעכו"ם הרי זה מועד לישראל. או שהרג שלשה ישראל טרפה ואחר כך הרג שלם. או שהרג וברח וברביעי נתפס שאין הבעלים חייבין בכופר עד שיסקל השור. וכן אם סכן שלשה בני אדם כאחד או שהרג שלש בהמות הרי זה מועד להריגה ובעלים משלמין את הכופר. וכן אם הכירו עדים את בעל השור ולא הכירו את השור בפעם ראשונה ושנייה ושלישית וברביעית ראו שורו שהרג ולא היו יודעין אם זה הוא השור שהרג בשלש פעמים הראשונות או אחר היה. הואיל והועדו הבעלים שיש להם בבקרם שור שהרג שלש פעמים היה להם לשמור כל בהמתם ומאחר שלא שמרו משלמין את הכופר:
4
The Oral Tradition interprets the Torah's statement [Exodus 21:29]: "And its owner shall also be put to death," as implying death by the hand of God [and not execution by a mortal court]. If [the owner] pays an atonement fine for the person killed, he is pardoned. Although the obligation of the atonement fine is for [the owner's spiritual] pardon,15 the property of a person who is obligated to pay an atonement fine is forcefully expropriated, [even] against his will.16
ד
זה שכתוב בתורה וגם בעליו יומת מפי השמועה למדו שחיוב מיתה זו בידי שמים ואם נתן כופר הנהרג מתכפר לו. ואע"פ שהכופר כפרה א ממשכנין מי שנתחייב בכופר בעל כרחו:
5
When an ox belonging to two partners kills [a man], each of [the partners] must pay an entire atonement fine. For each requires a full measure of atonement.17
ה
שור של שני שותפין שהרג. כל אחד מהם משלם כופר שלם שהרי כל אחד מהן צריך כפרה גמורה:
6
If an ox is owned by a person, the adjudication of the ox must be concluded in its owner's presence. If the ox does not have an owner - e.g., a wild ox, an ox that was consecrated, an ox belonging to a convert who died without leaving any heirs - it should be executed [if it kills a human], and its judgment is concluded despite the fact that it lacks an owner. Similarly, an ox belonging to a woman, a minor,18 or a guardian19 is stoned [if it kills a human]. The guardians are not required to pay the atonement fine,20 for that fine is [as implied by its name] for the purpose of atonement. Minors, deaf mutes and mental incompetents are not men of responsibility who require atonement.21
ו
אין גומרין דינו של שור אלא בפני בעליו אם היו לו בעלים. אבל אם לא היו לו בעלים כגון שור המדבר ושור של הקדש ושור של גר שמת ואין לו יורשין אם המית הרי זה נסקל וגומרין דינו אע"פ שאין לו בעלים. וכן שור האשה ושור היתומים ושור* האפוטרופוסים שהמיתו נסקלין. ואין האפוטרופוסים משלמין את הכופר שהכופר כפרה הוא ואין הקטנים והחרשים והשוטים בני חיוב כדי שיהיו צריכין כפרה:
7
When an ox that is a t'refah or an ox belonging to a person who is t'refah kills a human, the ox is not executed.22 [This is derived from Exodus 21:29:] "And its owner shall also be put to death." [This is interpreted to mean] that a parallel is established between the owner and the ox being put to death. Since the owner is [already] considered as if he is dead and need not be put to death [by God], so too, the ox is not held liable.
ז
שור שהוא טרפה שהרג את הנפש או שהיה השור של אדם טרפה אינו נסקל שנאמר וגם בעליו יומת כמיתת הבעלים כך מיתת השור וכיון שבעליו כמת הם חשובים ואינן צריכין מיתה הרי זה פטור:
8
When a person sets a dog upon a colleague, and [the dog] kills him, the dog is not stoned to death. The same law applies if he sets another animal or beast upon him.23 If, however, he sets a snake upon him, even if he actually places the snake's mouth on the other person, the snake is stoned to death. [The rationale is that] the snake releases the lethal venom on its own volition. For this reason, the person who sets the snake upon a colleague is not liable to be executed by [an earthly] court.
ח
המשסה כלב בחבירו והרגו אין הכלב נסקל. וכן אם גירה בו בהמה או חיה והרגוהו. אבל אם שסה בו נחש ואפילו השיכו בו והרגו הנחש נסקל. שארס הנחש שממית מעצמו מקיאו לפיכך זה האדם שהשיך בו נחש פטור ממיתת בית דין:
9
An animal that kills [a person] is not stoned to death unless it had the intent to kill a person for whom it would be executed.24If, however, an ox intended to kill an animal and instead killed a human being, it intended to kill a gentile and instead killed a Jew, or it intended to gore a stillborn child and instead killed an ordinary child, [the ox] is not executed.25 If [the ox] was mu'ad, the owners are liable to pay the atonement fine or the fine paid for killing a servant. [This applies] even [if the ox] killed unintentionally. [The owners are held responsible] because [the ox] is mu'ad [to kill].
ט
אין הבהמה נסקלת אם המיתה עד שנתכוונה להזיק למי שהיא חייבת עליו סקילה. אבל שור שהיה מתכוון להרוג את הבהמה והרג את האדם. נתכוון לעכו"ם והרג לישראל. נתכוון לנפלים והרג בן קיימא פטור מן המיתה. ואם היה מועד הבעלים חייבין בכופר או בקנס אם המית עבד. ואע"פ שהרג בלא כוונה הואיל והוא מועד לזה:
10
[The owner of an ox is liable to pay an atonement fine in the following instances. An ox] was mu'ad to leap on people in pits. It saw a vegetable in a pit, leapt into the pit, [and fell] on a person there and killed him. It was mu'ad to rub itself against walls and knock them over onto people, and it rubbed itself against a wall for its own benefit, and caused the wall to fall on a person and kill him. [In both these instances,] the ox is not liable to be executed, because it did not intend to kill. The owners are, nevertheless, liable for the atonement fine, because the ox is mu'ad to leap into pits on people or to knock walls over onto them.26 How can we know whether any animal is rubbing itself against a wall for its own benefit? If it continues rubbing itself after it knocks the wall down and kills.
י
היה מועד ליפול על בני האדם בבורות וראה ירק בבור ונפל לבור בשביל הירק והיה שם אדם ומת. או שהיה מועד להתחכך בכתלים ולהפיל על בני אדם ונתחכך בכותל להנאתו ונפל על אדם ומת מחמת חכוכו השור פטור ממיתה לפי שלא נתכוון להמית והבעלים חייבין בכופר שהרי זה מועד ליפול בבורות על בני אדם או להפיל עליהם הכתלים. והיאך יודע שנתחכך להנאתו כשנתחכך לאחר שהפיל והמית:
11
The owners are not liable to pay the atonement fine unless their animal kills [the person] outside their property. If, however, [their animal] kills [a person] in a domain belonging to [the owner of the animal], the owner is not liable for the atonement fine,27 although the animal is stoned to death. What is implied? If a person enters a courtyard belonging to a person without his permission28 - even if he enters to demand payment for wages or a debt [owed to him]29 - and an ox belonging to the owner of the courtyard gores him and kills him, the ox should be stoned to death. The owner is, however, free from the atonement fine, because [the deceased] did not have permission to enter his property without his consent.
יא
אין הבעלים משלמין את הכופר עד שתמית בהמתן חוץ מרשותן. אבל אם המית ברשות המזיק אע"פ שהוא בסקילה הבעלים פטורין מן הכופר. כיצד הנכנס לחצר בעל הבית שלא ברשותו ואפילו נכנס לתבוע שכרו או חובו ממנו ונגחו שורו של בעל הבית ומת. השור בסקילה והבעלים פטורין מן הכופר. שהרי אין לו רשות ליכנס לרשותו של זה שלא מדעתו:
12
[The owner is not required to pay an atonement fine in the following situation. A person] stood at the entrance and called to the owner, and the latter said: "Yes." [The guest] entered and he was gored by an ox belonging to the owner. The owner is not liable. For "yes" does [not necessarily] mean [more than] "Stand where you are, until I [come] to speak to you."
יב
עמד בפתח וקרא לבעל הבית ואמר לו הן. ונכנס ונגחו שורו של בעל הבית הרי הבעלים פטורין. שאין משמע הן אלא עמוד במקומך עד שאדבר עמך:
13
When an animal enters a courtyard belonging to another person and kills a child by treading on it as it proceeds, the owner [of the animal] must pay an atonement fine. [The rationale is that an animal is considered to be] mu'ad to tread on things as it proceeds, and in the domain of another person [the owner of animal] is liable for the damages it causes by eating or treading, as explained.30 Thus, one can conclude: When an animal that is mu'ad kills intentionally, it should be stoned to death, and the owners must pay the atonement fine. If it killed unintentionally, it is not liable to be executed, but the owners must pay the atonement fine. When [an animal that is] tam kills unintentionally, it is not liable to be executed, nor must the owners pay the atonement fine. If it intended to kill, it should be stoned to death. The owners, however, are not liable for the atonement fine or for the fine paid for killing a servant.
יג
בהמה שנכנסה לחצר הניזק ודרסה על גבי תינוק דרך הלוכה והרגתהו הבעלים משלמין את הכופר שהרגל מועדת להזיק בדרך הלוכה וברשות הניזק חייב אף על השן ועל הרגל כמו שביארנו. נמצאת למד שהמועד שהמית בכוונה נסקל והבעלים חייבין בכופר ואם המית שלא בכוונה פטור מן המיתה והבעלים חייבים בכופר. ותם שהמית שלא בכוונה פטור מן המיתה ומן הכופר. ואם נתכוון להמית נסקל והבעלים פטורין מן הכופר וכן מקנס של עבד:
14
It appears to me31 that even though [the owner of an ox that is] tam that killed a servant or a maid-servant intentionally is not liable for the fine of 30 selaim mentioned in the Torah,32 if it killed [a servant or maid-servant] unintentionally,33 [the owner] must pay half the value of the servant or the maid-servant from the body of the ox, as if [the ox] had killed another ox or donkey belonging to his colleague.34
יד
נראה לי שאע"פ שהתם שהמית בכוונה עבד או שפחה פטור מן הקנס שהוא שלשים סלע הכתוב בתורה אם המית שלא בכוונה משלם חצי דמי העבד או חצי דמי השפחה מגופו כאילו המית שור חבירו או חמורו:
FOOTNOTES
1.
I.e., in either a private domain or the public domain.
2.
This law applies only when the animal kills intentionally, as stated in Halachot 9-10 (Kessef Mishneh).
3.
The universality of this law is explicitly stated in Exodus 21:29-32: If it kills a man or a woman, the ox must be stoned.... This law also applies if it gores a boy or a girl. If it gores a servant... or a maid-servant... the ox should be stoned.
4.
Exodus 21:28 states that this penalty should be given to an ox that is tam, and the following verse speaks about a mu'ad.
5.
See The Guide for the Perplexed, Volume III, Chapter 40, which states that this sentence is not considered punishment to the animal that killed the person, but rather punishment for its owner, so that he will know to restrain his animals. Some of the laws of this chapter (e.g., Halachot 6 and 8) indicate, however, that the intent is to kill an animal that is prone to kill.
6.
The verse mentions an ox because it speaks about situations that are most probable.
7.
Exodus 21:28, which speaks about an ox that is tam, states: the owner will not be punished. The following verses, which speak about a mu'ad, state that the owner will pay an atonement fine. The nature of that fine is discussed in the following chapter.
8.
I.e., that the owner was warned three times that his ox killed (or came close to killing) an animal or a man, as mentioned in the following halachah.
9.
I.e., the animal should seemingly have been executed after he killed one human being. How was it possible for him to kill three?
10.
In which case it is not obligated to be executed, as stated in Halachah 1.
11.
The Maggid Mishneh questions the Rambam's ruling, noting that although Bava Kama 41a, the source for this halachah, mentions this resolution (and the following one), according to the commonly accepted version of the Talmud, it appears that these hypotheses are rejected. The Maggid Mishneh explains that most likely the Rambam possessed a different version of this Talmudic passage.
12.
The word t'refah refers to an infirmity that will cause the person (or animal) possessing it to die within a year. Since the person will die anyway, the ox is not executed for killing him (Bava Kama, loc. cit.).
13.
There are exceptions to this principle, as reflected in Halachot 9 and 10.
14.
In Chapter 6, Halachah 8, the Rambam states that an ox that is mu'ad with regard to a human is not mu'ad with regard to an animal. From that, we can derive that an animal that is mu'ad with regard to an animal is not mu'ad with regard to a human.This does not necessarily represent a contradiction to this halachah. For there, the Rambam is speaking about causing damage, and here we are speaking about causing death (Kessef Mishneh).
15.
And it is not a monetary obligation imposed by civil law.
16.
With regard to a sin offering or a guilt offering that also comes for the purpose of atonement, we do not find an obligation to expropriate the sacrifice from the person's property. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain that since the atonement fine is paid to a colleague, and not offered in the Temple, people might view its obligation more laxly. See Lechem Mishneh.
17.
This is a reflection of the concept that this fine is not recompense for the person's death, but rather a means for the person who caused his death to attain atonement.
18.
For whom a guardian was not appointed.
19.
The intent is an ox belonging to a minor, deaf mute or mentally incompetent person that was entrusted to a guardian for safekeeping.
20.
In contrast to the damages an ox in their care causes, for which they are required to reimburse the party whose property was damaged, as stated in Chapter 6, Halachah 4.
21.
All of these individuals are considered to be mentally incompetent and are not held responsible for any aspect of their conduct.
22.
The Ra'avad writes that if an ox kills a person in the presence of a court, it is executed. The leniency applies only when it kills in the presence of witnesses.The Ra'avad's statement is based on a comparison to a human being. When a human being who is t'refah kills another human in the presence of witnesses, he cannot be executed, because there is no way that the witnesses can be disqualified through the laws of hazamah. When, however, he kills in the presence of a court, there is no need for the testimony of witnesses, and the court is charged to obliterate the evil from your midst. (See Hilchot Rotzeach 2:9.)The Maggid Mishneh does not accept this equation, because he maintains that the obligation to obliterate evil applies with regard to a man who performs an evil act and not to an ox.
23.
The rationale is that the animal is not considered to have killed as a result of its own tendency, but in response to prompting by the other person.
24.
If, however, it intended to kill one Israelite, and instead it killed another, it is executed (Maggid Mishneh). There is a debate among our Sages (Bava Kama 44b) regarding both a human and an ox who kills with such an intent. With regard to a human, the Rambam rules that the killer is not liable for execution (see Hilchot Rotzeach, ch. 4), while with regard to an ox, he rules that it should be executed. See the Ra'avad and the Kessef Mishneh to Hilchot Rotzeach.
25.
Our Sages (ibid.) derive this law from the parallel established between the owner and the ox being put to death mentioned in Halachah 6. Since a human being would not be executed for killing in such a manner, the animal is also not executed.
26.
And the owners should therefore have watched it to prevent this from happening.
27.
See Chapter 1, Halachah 7.
28.
If the owner grants his consent, he is liable for the atonement fine if his ox kills the visitor.
29.
The Maggid Mishneh and others note that Bava Kama 33a appears to present a difficulty to the Rambam's ruling. Several resolutions are, however, offered.
30.
Chapter 1, Halachot 5,7.
31.
This expression indicates a conclusion drawn by the Rambam that has no explicit source in the works of our Sages.
33.
If it killed the servant intentionally, the law requires that the ox be stoned to death, and no benefit to be derived from it. Thus it is impossible to exact payment from its carcass. When, however, it kills unintentionally, it is not stoned and remains the property of its owner.
34.
The Rambam's rationale can be described as follows: If an ox kills a Jewish male or female, the owner is not obligated to pay damages, because the case is considered to involve capital matters. A servant, by contrast, is considered to be his owner's property, and therefore, just as the owner of an ox that is tam must pay half the cost of any damages caused by his ox, so too, he is liable for half of these damages.
• Rambam - 3 Chapters: Chametz U'Matzah Chametz U'Matzah - Chapter Eight, Chametz U'Matzah Chametz U'Matzah - Text of the Haggadah, Shofar, Sukkah, vLulav Shofar, Sukkah, vLulav - Chapter One, Shofar, Sukkah, vLulav Shofar, Sukkah, vLulav - Chapter Two
• 
Chametz U'Matzah - Chapter Eight
1
The order of the fulfillment of these mitzvot on the night of the fifteenth [of Nisan] is as follows: In the beginning, a cup [of wine] is mixed for each individual. They recite the blessing,
בורא פרי הגפן and the kiddush of the day on it, and the blessing, shehecheyanu. Then, they drink [it].
Afterwards, one recites the blessing, על נטילת ידים, and washes one's hands. A set table is brought, on which are maror, another vegetable, matzah, charoset, the body of the Paschal lamb, and the meat of the festive offering of the fourteenth of Pesach. At present, we bring two types of meat on the table: one in commemoration of the Paschal sacrifice and one in commemoration of the festive offering.
א
סדר עשיית מצות אלו בליל חמשה עשר כך הוא. בתחלה מוזגין כוס לכל אחד ואחד ומברך בורא פרי הגפן ואומר עליו קדוש היום וזמן ושותה. ואחר כך מברך על נטילת ידים ונוטל ידיו. ומביאין שלחן ערוך ועליו מרור וירק אחר ומצה וחרוסת וגופו של כבש הפסח ובשר חגיגה של יום ארבעה עשר. ובזמן הזה מביאין על השלחן שני מיני בשר אחד זכר לפסח ואחד זכר לחגיגה:
2
He begins and recites the blessing, בורא פרי האדמה, takes the vegetable, dips it in charoset, and eats a כזית. He and all those eating together with him, each and every one, do not eat less than a כזית.
Afterwards, the table is taken away from the person reciting the Haggadah alone. The second cup [of wine] is mixed. Here is where the son asks, and the one reciting [the Haggadah] says:
Why is this night different from all other nights?
On all other nights, we are not required to dip even once. On this night, we dip twice?
On all other nights, we eat chametz (leaven) or matzah. On this night, only matzah?
On all other nights, we eat roasted, boiled, or cooked meat. On this night we eat only roasted?
On all other nights, we eat any type of vegetables. On this night, we eat maror (bitter herbs)?
On all other nights, we eat either sitting upright or reclining. On this night, we all recline?
ב
מתחיל ומברך בורא פרי האדמה ולוקח ירק ומטבל אותו בחרוסת ואוכל כזית הוא וכל המסובין עמו כל אחד ואחד אין אוכל פחות מכזית. ואחר כך עוקרין השולחן מלפני קורא ההגדה לבדו. ומוזגין הכוס השני וכאן הבן שואל. ואומר הקורא מה נשתנה הלילה הזה מכל הלילות שבכל הלילות אין אנו מטבילין אפילו פעם אחת והלילה הזה שתי פעמים. שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין חמץ ומצה והלילה הזה כולו מצה. שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין בשר צלי שלוק ומבושל והלילה הזה כולו צלי. שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין שאר ירקות והלילה הזה מרורים. שבכל הלילות אנו אוכלין בין יושבין בין מסובין והלילה הזה כולנו מסובין:
3
At present, one does not recite [the question], "on this night, only roasted," for we do not have a sacrifice.
One begins [describing our people's] base [origins] and recites until one concludes expounding on the entire passage that begins "An Aramean sought to destroy my father."
ג
בזמן הזה אינו אומר והלילה הזה כולו צלי שאין לנו קרבן. ומתחיל בגנות וקורא עד שגומר דרש פרשת ארמי אובד אבי כולה:
4
The table is returned before him and he says: This Paschal sacrifice which we eat [is] because the Omnipresent passed over the houses of our ancestors in Egypt, as [Exodus 12:27] states: "And you shall say: 'It is a Paschal sacrifice unto God.'"
He lifts up the maror in his hands and says: This maror that we eat [is] because the Egyptians made the lives of our forefathers bitter in Egypt, as [Exodus 1:14] states: "and they embittered their lives."
And he lifts up the matzah in his hand and says:
This matzah which we eat [is] because the dough of our ancestors was not able to leaven before the Holy One, blessed be He, was revealed to them and redeemed them immediately, as [Exodus 12:39] states: "And they baked the dough which they took out of Egypt [as cakes of matzah]."
At present, he says: "This Paschal sacrifice, which our ancestors would eat when the Temple was standing, [is] because the Holy One, blessed be He, passed over the houses of our ancestors..."
ד
ומחזיר השלחן לפניו ואומר פסח זה שאנו אוכלין על שם שפסח המקום על בתי אבותינו במצרים שנאמר ואמרתם זבח פסח הוא לה'. ומגביה המרור בידו ואומר מרור זה שאנו אוכלין על שם שמררו המצריים את חיי אבותינו במצרים שנאמר וימררו את חייהם. ומגביה המצה בידו ואומר מצה זו שאנו אוכלין על שם שלא הספיק בצקם של אבותינו להחמיץ עד שנגלה עליהם הקדוש ברוך הוא וגאלם מיד שנאמר ויאפו את הבצק אשר הוציאו ממצרים וכו'. ובזמן הזה אומר פסח שהיו אבותינו אוכלין בזמן שבית המקדש קיים על שם שפסח הקדוש ברוך הוא על בתי אבותינו וכו':
5
And he says:
Therefore, we are obliged to thank, praise, laud, glorify, adore, exalt, magnify, and give eternal honor to the One who did all these miracles for us and took us out from slavery to freedom, from sorrow to joy, from deep darkness to great light. [Therefore,] let us recite before Him: Halleluyah!
[He continues, beginning the Hallel, reciting from] "Halleluyah! Servants of God - offer praise;" until "the flintstone into a stream of water." He concludes:
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who redeemed us and redeemed our ancestors from Egypt and has enabled us to reach this night so that we may eat matzah and bitter herbs upon it."
At present, he adds:
So too, God, our Lord and Lord of our fathers, enable us to reach other festivals and holidays that will come to us in peace, celebrating in the rebuilding of Your city and rejoicing in Your service. Then, we shall eat of the sacrifices and of the Paschal offerings whose blood shall be sprinkled on the wall of Your altar to be graciously accepted. Then, we shall offer thanks to You [with] a new song for our redemption and for the deliverance of our souls. Blessed are You, God, who redeemed Israel.
He recites the blessing, בורא פרי הגפן, and drinks the second cup.
ה
ואומר לפיכך אנו חייבין להודות להלל לשבח לפאר להדר לרומם לגדל ולנצח למי שעשה לאבותינו ולנו את כל הנסים האלו והוציאנו מעבדות לחירות מיגון לשמחה ומאפלה לאור גדול ונאמר לפניו הללויה. הללויה הללו עבדי ה' וגו' עד חלמיש למעינו מים. וחותם ברוך אתה ה' אלהינו מלך העולם אשר גאלנו וגאל את אבותינו ממצרים והגיענו ללילה הזה לאכול בו מצה ומרורים. ובזמן הזה מוסיף כן ה' אלהינו ואלהי אבותינו יגיענו למועדים ולרגלים אחרים הבאים לקראתנו לשלום שמחים בבנין עירך וששים בעבודתך ונאכל שם מן הזבחים ומן הפסחים שיגיע דמם על קיר מזבחך לרצון ונודה לך שיר חדש על גאולתנו ועל פדות נפשנו ברוך אתה ה' גאל ישראל. ומברך בורא פרי הגפן ושותה הכוס השני:
6
Afterwards, he recites the blessing, al netilat yadayim, and washes his hands a second time, for he diverted his attention [from his hands] during the time he was reciting the Haggadah.
He takes two cakes [of matzah], divides one of them, places the broken half inside the whole [cake] and recites the blessing, hamotzi lechem min ha'aretz.
Why does he not recite a blessing on two loaves, as on other festivals? because [Deuteronomy 16:3] states "the bread of poverty." Just as a poor man is accustomed to eating a broken [loaf], so, too, a broken loaf should be used.
Afterwards, he wraps matzah and maror together as one, dips it in charoset and recites the blessing:
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us regarding the eating of matzah and bitter herbs
and eats them. If he eats matzah separately and maror separately, he recites a blessing for the former in its own right and the latter in its own right.
ו
ואחר כך מברך על נטילת ידים ונוטל ידיו שנית שהרי הסיח דעתו בשעת קריאת ההגדה. ולוקח שני רקיקין וחולק אחד מהן ומניח פרוס לתוך שלם ומברך המוציא לחם מן הארץ. ומפני מה אינו מברך על שתי ככרות כשאר ימים טובים משום שנאמר לחם עוני מה דרכו של עני בפרוסה אף כאן בפרוסה. ואחר כך כורך מצה ומרור כאחת ומטבל בחרוסת ומברך ברוך אתה ה' אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על אכילת מצות ומרורים ואוכלן. ואם אכל מצה בפני עצמה ומרור בפני עצמו מברך על זה בפני עצמו ועל זה בפני עצמו:
7
Afterwards, he recites the blessing:
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us regarding the eating of the sacrifice
and first, partakes of the meat of the Chaggigah offering of the fourteenth [of Nisan].
[Then,] he recites the blessing:
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us regarding the eating of the Paschal sacrifice
and eats from the body of the Paschal sacrifice. The blessing for the Paschal sacrifice does not free one of [the obligation of the blessing for] the [Chaggigah] offering. [Conversely, the blessing for the Chaggigah] offering does not free one of [the obligation of the blessing for] the Paschal sacrifice.
ז
ואחר כך מברך ברוך אתה ה' אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על אכילת הזבח ואוכל מבשר חגיגת ארבעה עשר תחלה. ומברך ברוך אתה ה' אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על אכילת הפסח ואוכל מגופו של פסח. ולא ברכת הפסח פוטרת של זבח ולא של זבח פוטרת של פסח:
8
At present, when there is no [Paschal] sacrifice, after one recites the blessing, hamotzi lechem, one then recites the blessing, al achilat matzah, dips the matzah in charoset, and eats it.
Afterwards, one recites the blessing, al achilat maror, dips the maror in charoset and eats it. One should not leave [the bitter herbs] in the charoset for a prolonged period, lest their taste be negated, since [eating the maror] is a mitzvah ordained by the Sages.
Afterwards, one should wrap matzah and maror together, dip them in the charoset, and eat them without reciting a blessing, to recall the Temple.
ח
בזמן הזה שאין שם קרבן אחר שמברך המוציא לחם חוזר ומברך על אכילת מצה. ומטבל מצה בחרוסת ואוכל. וחוזר ומברך על אכילת מרור ומטבל מרור בחרוסת ואוכל. ולא ישהה אותו בחרוסת שמא יבטל טעמו. וזו מצוה מדברי סופרים. וחוזר וכורך מצה ומרור ומטבל בחרוסת ואוכלן בלא ברכה זכר למקדש:
9
Afterwards, one continues the meal, eating whatever one desires to eat and drinking whatever one desires to drink. At its conclusion, one eats from the Paschal sacrifice, even [as small a portion as] a כזית, and does not taste anything afterwards.
At present, one eats a כזית of matzah and does not taste anything afterwards, so that, after the completion of the meal, the taste of the meat of the Paschal sacrifice or the matzah will [remain] in one's mouth, for eating them is the mitzvah.
ט
ואחר כך נמשך בסעודה ואוכל כל מה שהוא רוצה לאכול ושותה כל מה שהוא רוצה לשתות. ובאחרונה אוכל מבשר הפסח אפילו כזית ואינו טועם אחריו כלל. ובזמן הזה אוכל כזית מצה ואינו טועם אחריה כלום. כדי שיהיה הפסק סעודתו וטעם בשר הפסח או המצה בפיו שאכילתן היא המצוה:
10
Afterwards, he washes his hands and recites the grace after meals over a third cup [of wine] and drinks it.
Afterwards, he pours out a fourth cup and completes the Hallel over it, reciting upon it the blessing of song--i.e., "May all Your works praise You, God..." - recites the blessing, borey pri hagefen, [and drinks the wine]. Afterwards, he does not taste anything, with the exception of water, throughout the entire night.
It is permissible to mix a fifth cup and recite upon it "the great Hallel" - i.e., from "Give thanks to God, for He is good" until "By the rivers of Babylon." This cup is not an obligation like the other cups.
One may complete the Hallel wherever one desires, even though it is not the place where one ate.
י
ואחר כך נוטל ידיו ומברך ברכת המזון על כוס שלישי ושותהו. ואחר כך מוזג כוס רביעי וגומר עליו את ההלל. ואומר עליו ברכת השיר והיא יהללוך ה' כל מעשיך וכו'. ומברך בורא פרי הגפן ואינו טועם אחר כך כלום כל הלילה חוץ מן המים. ויש לו למזוג כוס חמישי ולומר עליו הלל הגדול מהודו לה' כי טוב עד על נהרות בבל. וכוס זה אינו חובה כמו ארבעה כוסות. ויש לו לגמור את ההלל בכל מקום שירצה אע"פ שאינו מקום סעודה:
11
In a place where it is customary to eat roasted meat on Pesach night, one may eat. [However,] in a place where it is customary not to eat [roasted meat], one should not eat it, lest it be said: "this is the meat of the Paschal sacrifice."
In all places, it is forbidden to eat a whole sheep that has been roasted in its entirety on this night, for it would appear as though one were eating sacrificial animals outside [the area prescribed for them]. If it has been cut in pieces, is lacking a limb, or one of the limbs attached to it has been boiled, it is permitted in a place where [roasted meat] is customarily [eaten].
יא
מקום שנהגו לאכול צלי בלילי פסחים אוכלים. מקום שנהגו שלא לאכול אין אוכלין גזירה שמא יאמרו בשר פסח הוא. ובכל מקום אסור לאכול שה צלוי כולו כאחד בליל זה מפני שנראה כאוכל קדשים בחוץ. ואם היה מחותך או שחסר ממנו אבר או שלק בו אבר והוא מחובר הרי זה מותר במקום שנהגו:
12
A person who does not have any wine on the nights of Pesach recites the kiddush on bread, as he would do on the Sabbath. [Afterwards,] he carries out all the [above] matters according to this order.
A person who has no other vegetable besides bitter herbs: At the outset, he recites two blessings over the bitter herbs: borey pri ha'adamah and al achilat maror, and partakes of them. When he concludes the Haggadah, he recites the blessing over the matzah and eats it. Afterwards, he eats from the bitter herbs without reciting a blessing.
יב
מי שאין לו יין בלילי הפסח מקדש על הפת כדרך שעושה בשבת ועושה כל הדברים על הסדר הזה. מי שאין לו ירק אלא מרור בלבד. בתחלה מברך על המרור שתי ברכות בורא פרי האדמה ועל אכילת מרור ואוכל. וכשיגמור ההגדה מברך על המצה ואוכל וחוזר ואוכל מן המרור בלא ברכה:
13
A person who has only a single כזית of shemurah matzah: When he concludes [eating] his meal from matzah which was not watched, he recites the blessing, al achilat matzah, eats that כזית and does not taste anything afterward.
יג
מי שאין לו מצה משומרת אלא כזית כשגומר סעודתו ממצה שאינה משומרת מברך על אכילת מצה ואוכל אותו כזית ואינו טועם אחריו כלום:
14
A person who slept in the midst of the meal and then woke up, does not begin to eat again. [However,] if some members of a company slept in the middle of a meal, they may eat again. If they all fell into a sound slumber and then awoke, they should not eat. If they all [merely] dozed, they may eat.
יד
מי שישן בתוך הסעודה והקיץ אינו חוזר ואוכל. בני חבורה שישנו מקצתן בתוך הסעודה חוזרין ואוכלין. נרדמו כולן ונעורו לא יאכלו. נתנמנמו כולן יאכלו: סליקו להו הלכות חמץ ומצה

Chametz U'Matzah - Text of the Haggadah

The Text of the Haggadah
customarily recited by the Jews in the time of exile.
One begins, [pouring out] the second cup and recites:
In haste, we left Egypt.
This is the bread of affliction eaten by our ancestors in the land of Egypt. Whoever is hungry, let him come and eat. Whoever is needy, let him come and join in the observance of Passover. This year we are here. Next year, may we be in Eretz Yisrael. Now we are slaves. Next year, may we be free men.
נוסח ההגדה שנהגו בה ישראל בזמן הגלות, כך הוא: מתחיל על כוס שני ואומר, בבהילו יצאנו ממצריים. הא לחמא עניא, דאכלו אבהתנא דנפקו מארעא דמצריים. כל דכפין, ייתי וייכול; וכל דצריך לפסח, ייתי ויפסח. שתא הכא, לשנה הבאה בארעא דישראל; שתא הדא עבדי, לשתא דאתיא בני חורי.
Why is this night different from all other nights?
On all other nights, we are not required to dip even once. On this night, we dip twice?
On all other nights, we eat chametz (leaven) or matzah. On this night, only matzah?
On all other nights, we eat any type of vegetables. On this night, we eat maror (bitter herbs)?
On all other nights, we eat either sitting upright or reclining. On this night, we all recline?
מה נשתנה הלילה הזה, מכל הלילות. שבכל הלילות, אין אנו מטבילין אפילו פעם אחת; והלילה הזה, שתי פעמים. שבכל הלילות, אנו אוכלים חמץ ומצה; והלילה הזה, כולו מצה. שבכל הלילות, אנו אוכלים שאר ירקות; והלילה הזה, מרורים. שבכל הלילות, אנו אוכלין בין יושבין ובין מסובין; והלילה הזה, כולנו מסובין.
We were slaves to Pharaoh in Egypt,1 but God, our Lord, brought us out from there with a strong hand and an outstretched arm. If the Holy One, blessed be He, had not taken our ancestors out of Egypt, then we, our children, and our grandchildren, would still be enslaved to Pharaoh in Egypt.
[Therefore,] even if we were all wise, all men of understanding, all elders, all well-versed in Torah, we would still be commanded to tell about the Exodus from Egypt, for whoever tells about it at length, behold, he is worthy of praise.
עבדים היינו, לפרעה במצריים; ויוציאנו ה' אלוהינו משם, ביד חזקה ובזרוע נטויה. ואילו לא גאל הקדוש ברוך הוא את אבותינו ממצריים, עדיין אנו ובנינו ובני בנינו משועבדים היינו לפרעה במצריים. ואפילו כולנו חכמים, כולנו נבונים, כולנו יודעים את התורה--מצוה עלינו לספר ביציאת מצריים; וכל המאריך ביציאת מצריים, הרי זה משובח.
Once Rabbi Eliezer, Rabbi Yehoshua, Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah, Rabbi Akiva, and Rabbi Tarfon dined together [at the Seder] in Bnei Brak. They discussed the Exodus from Egypt throughout the entire night until their students came and told them: "Teachers, the time for reciting the Shemah in the morning has arrived."
מעשה ברבי אליעזר ורבי יהושוע ורבי אלעזר בן עזריה ורבי עקיבה ורבי טרפון, שהיו מסובין בבני ברק; והיו מספרין ביציאת מצריים כל אותו הלילה, עד שבאו תלמידיהם ואמרו להם, רבותינו, הגיע זמן קרית שמע של שחרית.
Rabbi Elazar ben Azariah said to them:2 I am like a seventy-year-old man. Nevertheless, I did not merit [to understand the reason for the obligation] to recall the Exodus from Egypt at night until ben Zoma interpreted the verse:3 "In order that you remember the day you left Egypt all the days of your life."
[The phrase] "the days of your life" refers to the days; [adding the word] "all" includes the nights.
The Sages interpreted [the verse]: "the days of your life" refers to the present world; "all the days of your life" indicates the Messianic era.
אמר להם רבי אלעזר בן עזריה, הרי אני כבן שבעים שנה, ולא זכיתי שתיאמר יציאת מצריים בלילות, עד שדרשה בן זומא: שנאמר "למען תזכור את יום צאתך מארץ מצריים, כול ימי חייך" (דברים טז,ג)--"ימי חייך", הימים; "כול ימי חייך", הלילות. וחכמים אומרים "ימי חייך", העולם הזה; "כול ימי חייך", להביא את ימות המשיח.
Blessed be the Omnipresent, who has given the Torah to Israel; blessed be He.
The Torah speaks of four sons:4 one wise, one wicked, one simple, and one who does not know how to ask.
ברוך המקום שנתן תורה לישראל עמו, ברוך הוא. כנגד ארבעה בנים דיברה תורה--אחד חכם, ואחד רשע, ואחד תם, ואחד שאינו יודע לשאול.
The wise son, what does he say? "What are the testimonies, statutes, and laws that God, our Lord, has commanded you?"5
You should thus reply to him, [teaching him] the laws of Pesach [until the final concept]: one may not eat any dessert after the Paschal sacrifice.6
חכם, מה הוא אומר--"מה העדות, והחוקים והמשפטים, אשר ציווה ה' אלוהינו, אתכם" (דברים ו,כ). אף אתה אמור לו כהלכת הפסח, אין מפטירין אחר הפסח אפיקימון.
The wicked son, what does he say? "What is this service to you?"7[By saying,] "to you," [he implies]: "but not to himself." Since he has excluded himself from the people at large, he denies the foundation of our faith.
Therefore, you should blunt his teeth and tell him: "It is because of this, what God did for me when I went out of Egypt."8 [By saying] "for me," [you imply]: "but not him." Had he been there, he would not have been redeemed.
רשע, מה הוא אומר--"מה העבודה הזאת, לכם" (שמות יב,כו). "לכם", ולא לו. ולפי שהוציא את עצמו מן הכלל וכפר בעיקר, אף אתה הקהה את שיניו ואמור לו: "בעבור זה, עשה ה' לי, בצאתי, ממצריים" (שמות יג,ח)--"לי", ולא לו; אילו היה שם, לא היה נגאל.
The simple son, what does he say? "What is this?"
You should tell him: "With a strong hand, God brought us out from Egypt, from the house of bondage."9
תם, מה הוא אומר--"מה זאת" (שמות יג,יד). "ואמרת אליו--בחוזק יד הוציאנו ה' ממצריים, מבית עבדים" (שם).
The son who does not know how to ask, you must open him up, as the verse states: "You shall tell your son on that day: 'It is because of this, what God did for me when I went out of Egypt.'"10
"You shall tell your son on that day." Does [the obligation11 to relate the narrative of Pesach begin] on the first of the month? The Torah teaches [ibid.]: "[You shall tell your son] on that day," [-i.e., on the day of the Exodus].
From the phrase "on that day," one might infer "while it is still day." [Hence,] the Torah adds "it is because of this." Thus, [the obligation begins only] when matzah and maror are placed before you.
ושאינו יודע לשאול, את פתח לו--שנאמר "והגדת לבנך, ביום ההוא לאמור: בעבור זה, עשה ה' לי, בצאתי, ממצריים" (שמות יג,ח). "והגדת לבנך", יכול מראש החודש--תלמוד לומר "ביום ההוא". אי ביום ההוא, יכול מבעוד יום--תלמוד לומר "בעבור זה", לא אמרתי אלא בשעה שיש מצה ומרור מונחים לפניך.
In the beginning, our ancestors were worshipers of other gods,12but now the Omnipresent has drawn us close to His service, as it is stated:13 "So God, the Lord of Israel, says: 'Your ancestors had always lived beyond the [Euphrates] River, Terach, the father of Abraham and Nachor, and they served other gods.'"
"'And I took your Patriarch, Abraham, from beyond the river and led him through the land of Canaan. I multiplied his descendants and I gave him Isaac.'"
"'To Isaac I gave Jacob and Esau. To Esau, I gave Mount Seir to inherit, but Jacob and his children went down to Egypt.'"
מתחילה, עובדי עבודה זרה היו אבותינו; ועכשיו, קירבנו המקום ברוך הוא לעבודתו, שנאמר "ויאמר יהושוע אל כל העם, כה אמר ה' אלוהי ישראל, בעבר הנהר ישבו אבותיכם מעולם, תרח אבי אברהם ואבי נחור; ויעבדו, אלוהים אחרים. ואקח את אביכם את אברהם, מעבר הנהר, ואולך אותו, בכל ארץ כנען; וארבה, את זרעו, ואתן לו, את יצחק. ואתן ליצחק, את יעקוב ואת עשיו; ואתן לעשיו את הר שעיר, לרשת אותו, ויעקוב ובניו, ירדו מצריים" (יהושוע כד,ב-ד).
Blessed be He Who keeps His promise to Israel, blessed be He, for the Holy One, blessed be He, calculated the end of [our bondage] in order to fulfill His pledge to Abraham [made] in the covenant bayn habetarim, as it is stated:14
"And He said to Abram: 'Know with certainty that your descendants will be strangers in a land that is not their own. [The natives] will enslave them and oppress them for 400 years. But, ultimately, I will execute judgement upon the nation they shall serve and, afterwards, they shall leave with great wealth.'"
ברוך שומר הבטחתו לישראל עמו, ברוך הוא: שהקדוש ברוך הוא מחשב את הקץ, לעשות כמה שאמר לאברהם אבינו בין הבתרים, שנאמר "ויאמר לאברם, ידוע תדע כי גר יהיה זרעך בארץ לא להם, ועבדום, ועינו אותם--ארבע מאות, שנה. וגם את הגוי אשר יעבודו, דן אנוכי; ואחרי כן ייצאו, ברכוש גדול" (בראשית טו,יג-יד).
It is this that has stood by our ancestors and us. It is not only one that has risen up against us to destroy us. Rather, in every generation, they rise against us to annihilate us. However, the Holy One, blessed be He, saves us from their hand.
היא שעמדה לאבותינו, ולנו--שלא אחד בלבד עמד עלינו, אלא בכל דור ודור עומדים עלינו לכלותנו; והקדוש ברוך הוא, מצילנו מידם.
Go and learn what Laban attempted to do to our Patriarch, Jacob. Pharaoh decreed only against the males, but Laban attempted to uproot everything, as it is stated:15
"An Aramean sought to destroy my father; he descended to Egypt and sojourned there16 - This teaches that our Patriarch, Jacob, did not go down to Egypt with the intention of settling there, but merely to sojourn there, as it is stated:17
"And they told Pharaoh: We have come to sojourn in this land, for there is no pasture for the flocks of your servants, since there is a severe famine in the land of Canaan. Now, please let your servants dwell in the land of Goshen."
צא ולמד, מה ביקש לבן הארמי לעשות ליעקוב אבינו--שפרעה הרשע, לא גזר אלא על הזכרים; ולבן ביקש לעקור את הכול, שנאמר "ארמי אובד אבי, ויירד מצריימה, ויגר שם" (דברים כו,ה). מלמד שלא ירד להשתקע אלא לגור שם, שנאמר "ויאמרו אל פרעה, לגור בארץ באנו, כי אין מרעה לצאן אשר לעבדיך, כי כבד הרעב בארץ כנען; ועתה יישבו נא עבדיך, בארץ גושן" (בראשית מז,ד).
with a small number of people--as it is stated:18 "Your ancestors went down to Egypt with seventy persons. Now, God has made you as numerous as the stars of the heaven."
במתי מעט--כמו שנאמר "בשבעים נפש, ירדו אבותיך מצריימה; ועתה, שמך ה' אלוהיך, ככוכבי השמיים, לרוב" (דברים י,כב).
There, he became a nation--This teaches that Israel were distinct there.
great, powerful,-- as it is stated:19 "and the children of Israel were fruitful, became prolific, multiplied, and became very, very powerful. The land became full with them."
ויהי שם לגוי--מלמד שהיו ישראל מצויינין שם. גדול ועצום--כמו שנאמר "ובני ישראל, פרו וישרצו וירבו ויעצמו--במאוד מאוד; ותימלא הארץ, אותם" (שמות א,ז).
and populous-- as it is stated:20 "I made you as numerous as the plants of the field. You grew and developed, becoming very attractive, your breasts firm and your hair grown long; but you were naked and bare."
ורב--כמו שנאמר "רבבה, כצמח השדה נתתיך, ותרבי ותגדלי, ותבואי בעדי עדיים: שדיים נכונו ושיערך צימח, ואת עירום ועריה" (יחזקאל טז,ז).
And the Egyptians were cruel to us.21--as it is stated:22 "Come, let us deal cleverly with them, lest they multiply. Then, if there were a war, they might join our enemies and drive [us] out of the land."
וירעו אותנו המצרים--כמו שנאמר "הבה נתחכמה, לו: פן ירבה, והיה כי תקראנה מלחמה ונוסף גם הוא על שונאינו, ונלחם בנו, ועלה מן הארץ" (שמות א,י).
They made us suffer-- as it is stated:23 "They placed task masters over them to oppress them with hard labor. And they built Pitom and Ra'amses as supply centers for Pharaoh."
ויענונו--כמו שנאמר "וישימו עליו שרי מיסים, למען ענותו בסבלותם; וייבן ערי מסכנות, לפרעה--את פיתום, ואת רעמסס" (שמות א,יא).
and imposed harsh slavery upon us-- as it is stated:24 "And the Egyptians made the children of Israel do backbreaking labor."
וייתנו עלינו עבודה קשה--כמו שנאמר "ויעבידו מצריים את בני ישראל, בפרך" (שמות א,יג).
We cried out to God, the Lord of our fathers25-- as it is stated:26"After those many days, the king of Egypt died. The children of Israel groaned because of the work. When they cried out over their slavery, their pleas rose up before God."
ונצעק אל ה' אלוהי אבותינו--כמו שנאמר "ויהי בימים הרבים ההם, וימת מלך מצריים, וייאנחו בני ישראל מן העבודה, ויזעקו; ותעל שוועתם אל האלוהים, מן העבודה" (שמות ב,כג).
God heard our voice.-- as it is stated:27 "God heard our cries and God remembered His covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob."
וישמע ה' את קולנו--כמו שנאמר "וישמע אלוהים, את נאקתם; ויזכור אלוהים את בריתו, את אברהם את יצחק ואת יעקוב" (שמות ב,כד).
He saw our suffering,-- This refers to the disruption of family life, as it is stated:28 "God saw the children of Israel and God took note."
וירא את עוניינו--זו פרישות דרך ארץ, כמו שנאמר "וירא אלוהים, את בני ישראל; ויידע, אלוהים" (שמות ב,כה).
our difficult labor,-- This refers to the children, as it is stated:29"Every boy who is born must be cast into the river, but every girl shall be allowed to live."
ואת עמלנו--אלו הבנים, כמו שנאמר "כל הבן היילוד, היאורה תשליכוהו, וכל הבת, תחייון" (שמות א,כב).
and our distress-- this refers to the pressure [applied by the Egyptians], as it is stated:30 "I have also seen the oppression which the Egyptians are applying to them."
ואת לחצנו--זה הדוחק, כמו שנאמר "וגם ראיתי, את הלחץ, אשר מצריים, לוחצים אותם" (שמות ג,ט).
God brought us out of Egypt31-- not by the medium of an angel, not by the medium of a seraph, nor by the medium of any agent. Rather, [it was] the Holy One, blessed be He; He, Himself, in His glory, as it is stated:32
"I will pass through the land of Egypt on that night and I will slay every firstborn in the land of Egypt, from man to beast. I will execute judgements against all the gods of Egypt. I, God."
ויוציאנו ה' ממצריים--לא על ידי מלאך, לא על ידי שרף, לא על ידי שליח, אלא הקדוש ברוך הוא בכבודו: כמו שנאמר "ועברתי בארץ מצריים, בלילה הזה, והכיתי כל בכור בארץ מצריים, מאדם ועד בהמה; ובכל אלוהי מצריים אעשה שפטים, אני ה'" (שמות יב,יב).
with a mighty hand-- This refers to the epidemic, as it is stated:33"Behold, the hand of God will be directed against your cattle in the field, against the horses, the asses and camels, the oxen and the sheep, with a very severe epidemic."
ביד חזקה--זה הדבר, כמו שנאמר "הנה יד ה' הויה, במקנך אשר בשדה, בסוסים בחמורים בגמלים, בבקר ובצאן--דבר, כבד מאוד" (שמות ט,ג).
with an outstretched arm-- This refers to the sword, as it is stated:34 "His unsheathed sword is in his hand, stretched out over Jerusalem."
ובזרוע נטויה--זו החרב, כמו שנאמר "וחרבו שלופה בידו, נטויה על ירושלים" (דברי הימים א כא,טז).
with great visions-- This refers to the revelation of the Divine Presence, as it is stated:35 "Has God ever performed miracles, coming to take one nation out of the midst of another nation with miracles, signs, wonders, war, a mighty hand and an outstretched arm, and with terrifying phenomena, as God did for you in Egypt before your very eyes?"
ובמורא גדול--זה גילוי שכינה, כמו שנאמר "או הניסה אלוהים, לבוא לקחת לו גוי מקרב גוי, במסות באותות ובמופתים ובמלחמה וביד חזקה ובזרוע נטויה, ובמוראים גדולים: ככול אשר עשה לכם ה' אלוהיכם, במצריים--לעיניך" (דברים ד,לד).
signs-- This refers to the staff, as it is stated:36 "Take this staff in your hand, with which you shall perform the signs."
ובאותות--זה המטה, שנאמר "ואת המטה הזה, תיקח בידך, אשר תעשה בו, את האותות" (שמות ד,יז).
and wonders-- This refers to the blood, as it is stated:37 "I will reveal wonders in heaven and earth: Blood, fire, and columns of smoke."
ובמופתים--זה הדם, כמו שנאמר "ונתתי, מופתים, בשמיים, ובארץ: דם ואש, ותימרות עשן" (יואל ג,ג).
Another interpretation: [of the above verse: Each phrase is associated with two plagues:]
with a mighty hand: two;
and with an outstretched arm: two;
and with great visions: two;
and with signs: two;
and with wonders: 3two.
These are the ten plagues which the Holy One, blessed be He, brought upon the Egyptians in Egypt: They are:
Blood, frogs, lice, wild beasts, epidemic,
boils, hail, locusts, darkness, slaying of the firstborn.
Rabbi Yehudah coined an abbreviation for them:
detzach, adash, b'achav
דבר אחר: ביד חזקה, שתיים; ובזרוע נטויה, שתיים; ובמורא גדול, שתיים; ובאותות, שתיים; ובמופתים, שתיים. אלו עשר מכות, שהביא הקדוש ברוך הוא על המצריים במצריים; ואלו הן: דם, צפרדע, כינים, ערוב, דבר, שחין, ברד, ארבה, חושך, מכת בכורות. רבי יהודה היה נותן בהם סימן, דצ"ך עד"ש באח"ב.
Rabban Gamliel would say:38 Whoever does not discuss the following three things on Pesach has not fulfilled his obligation. They are: the Paschal sacrifice, matzah, and maror.
רבן גמליאל אומר, כל שלא אמר שלושה דברים אלו בפסח, לא יצא ידי חובתו--פסח, מצה, ומרורים.
The Paschal sacrifice that our ancestors would eat during the time the Temple was standing--what is its reason?
Because the Holy One, blessed be He, passed over the houses of our ancestors in Egypt, as it is stated:39 "You shall say, 'It is a Pesach sacrifice for God, because He passed over the houses of the children of Israel in Egypt, striking the Egyptians and saving our homes.' The people bowed down and prostrated themselves."
פסח שהיו אבותינו אוכלין בזמן שבית המקדש קיים, על שם מה--על שם שפסח המקום על בתי אבותינו במצריים, שנאמר "ואמרתם זבח פסח הוא לה', אשר פסח על בתי בני ישראל במצריים, בנוגפו את מצריים, ואת בתינו הציל; וייקוד העם, וישתחוו" (שמות יב,כז).
This matzah we eat--what is its reason?
Because the dough of our ancestors did not have time to become leavened before the King of kings, the Holy One, blessed be He, revealed Himself to them and redeemed them, as it is stated:40"They baked matzah cakes from the dough that they had brought out of Egypt, because it had not risen; for they had been driven out of Egypt and could not delay; nor had they prepared any [other] provisions for themselves."
מצה זו שאנחנו אוכלין, על שם מה--על שם שלא הספיק בצקם של אבותינו להחמיץ, עד שנגלה עליהם מלך מלכי המלכים הקדוש ברוך הוא, וגאלם מיד: שנאמר "ויאפו את הבצק אשר הוציאו ממצריים, עוגות מצות--כי לא חמץ: כי גורשו ממצריים, ולא יכלו להתמהמה, וגם צידה, לא עשו להם" (שמות יב,לט).
This maror we eat--what is its reason?
Because the Egyptians embittered the lives of our ancestors in Egypt, as it is stated:41 They made the Jews' lives bitter with hard service, with mortar and with bricks, and with all manner of service in the field; their entire service at which they made them slave vigorously.
מרורים אלו שאנחנו אוכלין, על שם מה--על שם שמיררו המצריים את חיי אבותינו במצריים, שנאמר "וימררו את חייהם בעבודה קשה, בחומר ובלבינים, ובכל עבודה, בשדה--את, כל עבודתם, אשר עבדו בהם, בפרך" (שמות א,יד).
In every generation42, a person is obligated to regard himself as if he had left Egypt. It was not only our ancestors whom the Holy One, blessed be He, redeemed from Egypt; rather, He redeemed us, as it is stated:43 "He brought us out from there, so that He might bring us to the land He promised our fathers, and give it to us."
ובכל דור ודור, חייב אדם להראות את עצמו כאילו הוא יצא ממצריים, שלא את אבותינו בלבד גאל, אלא אף אותנו גאל--שנאמר "ואותנו, הוציא משם--למען, הביא אותנו, לתת לנו את הארץ, אשר נשבע לאבותינו" (דברים ו,כג).
Therefore, we are obliged44 to thank, praise, laud, glorify, exalt, magnify, adore, and give eternal honor to the One who did all these miracles for us and for our ancestors. He took us out from slavery to freedom, from servitude to redemption, from sorrow to joy, from mourning to festivity, and from deep darkness to great light. [Therefore,] let us recite before Him: Halleluyah!
לפיכך אנו חייבים להודות להלל לשבח לפאר לרומם לגדל ולהדר, ולנצח ולברך למי שעשה לנו ולאבותינו את כל הניסים האלו, והוציאנו מעבדות לחירות, ומשיעבוד לגאולה, ומיגון לשמחה, ומאבל ליום טוב, ומאפילה לאור גדול; ונאמר לפניו, הללו יה.
Halleluyah! Servants of God--offer praise;45 praise the name of God. May God's name be blessed...
[one continues reciting the Psalms] until
the flint-stone into a stream of water.46
"הללו יה: הללו, עבדי ה'; הללו, את שם ה'. יהי שם ה', מבורך . . ." (תהילים קיג,א-ב) עד "חלמיש, למעיינו מים" (תהילים קיד,ח).
Blessed are You, God, our Lord, King of the Universe47 who redeemed us and redeemed our ancestors from Egypt and has enabled us to reach this night so that we may eat matzah and maror upon it. So too, God, our Lord and Lord of our fathers, enable us to reach other festivals and holidays that will come to us in peace, celebrating in the rebuilding of Your city and rejoicing in Your service. Then, we shall eat of the sacrifices and of the Paschal offerings whose blood shall reach the wall of Your altar to be graciously accepted. Then, we shall offer thanks to You [with] a new song for our redemption and for the deliverance of our souls. Blessed are You, God, who redeemed Israel.
ברוך אתה ה' אלוהינו מלך העולם, אשר גאלנו וגאל את אבותינו ממצריים, והגיענו ללילה הזה לאכול בו מצה ומרורים. כן ה' אלוהינו ואלוהי אבותינו, יגיענו למועדים ולרגלים אחרים הבאים לקראתנו לשלום, שמחים בבניין עירך וששים בעבודתך, ונאכל שם מן הזבחים ומן הפסחים שיגיע דמם על קיר מזבחך לרצון, ונודה לך שיר חדש על גאולתנו ועל פדות נפשנו. ברוך אתה ה', גאל ישראל.
According to the order with which one recites the blessings and the Haggadah on the first night of Pesach, one recites the blessings and the Haggadah on the second night, which was [instituted because of] the exile. Similarly, on the second night, we are obligated in the four cups [of wine] and the other practices of the first night.
With the help of heaven, this concludes the text of the Haggadah and concludes the halachot of the Pesach Seder and the laws pertaining to chametz and matzah.
כסדר שמברכין וקוראים ההגדה בליל יום טוב ראשון של פסח, כך מברכים וקוראים בליל השני של גלייות; וכן חייבין בליל השני בארבעה כוסות, ובשאר הדברים שנעשו בלילה הראשון.

Shofar, Sukkah, vLulav - Chapter One

Introduction to Hilchos Shofar, Sukkah, vLulav
This text describes three positive commandments. They are:
1) To listen to the sounding of the shofar on the first of Tishrei;
2) to dwell in the sukkah throughout the seven days of the festival of Sukkot;
3) to take the lulav in the Temple throughout the seven days of the festival of Sukkot.
These mitzvot are explained in the following chapters.
הלכות שופר וסוכה ולולב - הקדמה
יש בכללן שלש מצות עשה. וזהו פרטן:
א) לשמוע קול שופר באחד בתשרי.
ב) לישב בסוכה כל שבעת ימי החג.
ג) ליטול לולב במקדש כל שבעת ימי החג:
וביאור מצות אלו בפרקים אלו:
1
It is a positive commandment from the Torah to hear the sounding of the shofar on Rosh HaShanah, as [Numbers 29:1] states: "It shall be a day of sounding [the ram's horn] for you."
The shofar, which is sounded both on Rosh HaShanah and for the yovel, is a bent ram's horn. All shofarot other than that of a ram are unacceptable.
Even though the sounding of the shofar on Rosh HaShanah is not explicitly mentioned in the Torah [it was derived by our Sages in the following manner]. Concerning the yovel, [Leviticus 25:9] states: "You shall make a proclamation, sounding the shofar... you shall proclaim with the shofar." The oral tradition explains that just as the "sounding" required by the Torah in the yovel requires a shofar, so, too, the "sounding" on Rosh HaShanah requires a shofar.
א
מצות עשה של תורה לשמוע תרועת השופר בראש השנה שנאמר יום תרועה יהיה לכם. ושופר שתוקעין בו בין בראש השנה בין ביובל הוא קרן הכבשים הכפוף. וכל השופרות פסולין חוץ מקרן הכבש. ואף על פי שלא נתפרש בתורה תרועה בשופר בראש השנה הרי הוא אומר ביובל והעברת שופר וכו' תעבירו שופר. ומפי השמועה למדו מה תרועת יובל בשופר אף תרועת ראש השנה בשופר:
2
In the Temple, on Rosh HaShanah, they would blow [the shofar in the following manner]: There was one shofar and two trumpets, [one on either] side. The sounding of the shofar was extended, while that of the trumpets was shortened, because the mitzvah of the day is performed with the shofar.
Why were the trumpets sounded together with it? Because [Psalms 98:6] states: "You shall sound trumpets and the voice of the shofar before God, the King." However, in other places on Rosh Hashanah, only the shofar is blown.
ב
במקדש היו תוקעין בראש השנה בשופר אחד ושתי חצוצרות מן הצדדין השופר מאריך והחצוצרות מקצרות שמצות היום בשופר. ולמה תוקעין עמו בחצוצרות משום שנאמר בחצוצרות וקול שופר הריעו לפני המלך ה'. אבל בשאר מקומות אין תוקעין בראש השנה אלא בשופר בלבד:
3
At the outset, we should not blow a shofar of idol worship. However, if one sounded it, one has fulfilled his obligation. [In contrast,] should one sound a shofar belonging to an apostate city, one has not fulfilled one's obligation.
Concerning a stolen shofar: one who blows it fulfills his obligation, because the mitzvah is only to listen to the sound, even though the listener does not touch [the shofar] or lift it up. The laws of theft do not apply to sound alone.
Similarly, a shofar from an olah offering should not be sounded, but if one sounds it, he fulfills his obligation, because the laws of מעילה do not apply with regard to sound alone. If you ask: "Behold, he has derived benefit from hearing [the shofar's] sound?" - mitzvot were not given for our benefit.
Based on this concept, a person who vows not to derive benefit from a shofar may use it to blow the teki'ot required to fulfill the mitzvah.
ג
שופר של עכו"ם אין תוקעין בו לכתחלה ואם תקע יצא. ושל עיר הנדחת אם תקע בו לא יצא. שופר הגזול שתקע בו יצא שאין המצוה אלא בשמיעת הקול אע"פ שלא נגע בו ולא הגביהו השומע יצא ואין בקול דין גזל. וכן שופר של עולה לא יתקע בו ואם תקע יצא שאין בקול דין מעילה. ואם תאמר והלא נהנה בשמיעת הקול מצות לא ליהנות ניתנו. לפיכך המודר הנייה משופר מותר לתקוע בו תקיעה של מצוה:
4
Regarding a shofar to be used on Rosh HaShanah: It is forbidden to violate the festival laws to obtain it. This applies even when the forbidden practice is in the category of sh'vut.
How is the above exemplified? If there is a shofar in a treetop or across a river - and that is the only shofar available - one may not climb the tree or swim across the water to bring it. Needless to say, we may not cut the shofar [from the animal's head] or perform a forbidden labor [to prepare a shofar so that we may blow it].
[The rationale for the above is:] Blowing the shofar fulfills a positive commandment, while [the observance of] the festivals fulfills both a positive and a negative commandment. The observance of a positive commandment does not negate the observance of both a positive and negative commandment.
It is permitted to rinse a shofar with water, wine, or vinegar in order to improve its tone. However, as an expression of deference, one should never use urine [for that purpose], lest one view the mitzvot in a deprecating manner.
ד
שופר של ראש השנה אין מחללין עליו את יום טוב ואפילו בדבר שהוא משום שבות. כיצד היה השופר בראש האילן או מעבר הנהר ואין לו שופר אלא הוא אינו עולה באילן ואינו שט על פני המים כדי להביאו. ואין צריך לומר שאין חותכין אותו או עושין בו מלאכה. מפני שתקיעת שופר מצות עשה ויום טוב עשה ולא תעשה ואין עשה דוחה לא תעשה ועשה. מותר ליתן בתוכו מים או יין או חומץ ביום טוב כדי לצחצחו. ולא יתן לתוכו מי רגלים לעולם מפני הכבוד שלא יהיו מצות בזויות עליו:
5
The minimum size of a shofar is [a measure] sufficient that one may hold the shofar in one's hands [with the ends] visibly [protruding] on either side.
Should a shofar be cracked lengthwise, it is unacceptable. Should it be cracked along its width - if a measure equivalent to the minimum size of a shofar remains, it is kosher. It is considered as if it were cut off at the place of the crack.
[Regarding a shofar with] a hole: If it was plugged with another substance, it is unacceptable. If it was plugged with its own kind, it is kosher [under the following conditions]:
the majority of the shofar remained whole;
the plugging of the holes did not alter its sound.
If one [merely] perforated the insides of the horn, [but did not remove them,] it is kosher, because a substance of the same kind is not considered an intervening entity. Should one stick together fragments of shofarot until one has constructed a shofar, it is unacceptable.
ה
שיעור השופר כדי שיאחזנו בידו ויראה לכאן ולכאן. נסדק לאורכו פסול. לרחבו אם נשתייר בו כשיעור כשר וכאילו נכרת מקום הסדק. ניקב אם סתמו שלא במינו פסול. סתמו במינו אם נשתייר רובו שלם ולא עכבו הנקבים שנסתמו את התקיעה הרי זה כשר. קדחו בזכרותו כשר שמין במינו אינו חוצץ. דבק שברי שופרות עד שהשלימו לאחד פסול:
6
If one made any addition to a shofar - whether of its kind or from another substance - it is unacceptable.
Should one coat it with gold from the inside or at the mouthpiece, it is unacceptable. Should one coat it on the outside: If its sound is changed from what it was originally, it is not acceptable. If its sound did not change, it is kosher.
Should one place one shofar within another: If one hears the sound of the inner shofar, one has fulfilled one's obligation. If one hears the outer shofar, one has not fulfilled one's obligation.
Should one widen the narrow portion of the shofar and narrow its wider end, the shofar is unacceptable.
ו
הוסיף עליו כל שהוא בין במינו בין שלא במינו פסול. צפהו זהב מבפנים או במקום הנחת פה פסול. צפהו מבחוץ אם נשתנה קולו מכמות שהיה פסול ואם לא נשתנה כשר. נתן שופר בתוך שופר אם קול פנימי שמע יצא ואם קול חיצון שמע לא יצא. הרחיב את הקצר וקצר את הרחב פסול:
7
If a shofar was long and one shortened it, it is kosher. If one scraped away the horn - either from the inside or from the outside - even if one did so to the extent that all that remained was the thin external shell, it is kosher.
Regardless of whether [the shofar's] sound is heavy, thin, or raspy, it is kosher, because all the sounds produced by the shofar are kosher.
ז
היה ארוך וקצרו כשר. גרדו בין מבפנים בין מבחוץ אפילו העמידו על גלדו כשר. היה קולו עב או דק או צרור כשר שכל הקולות כשרין בשופר:
8
When a person sounds a shofar within a pit or within a cave, those standing within the pit or cave fulfill their obligation. Concerning those standing outside: If they hear the sound of the shofar, they fulfill their obligation. If they hear the sound of an echo, they do not fulfill their obligation.
Similar principles apply regarding one who blows into a giant barrel. If he hears the sound of a shofar, he fulfills his obligation. If he hears an echo, he does not fulfill his obligation.
ח
התוקע בתוך הבור או בתוך המערה. אותן העומדים בתוך הבור והמערה יצאו. והעומדים בחוץ אם קול שופר שמעו יצאו. ואם קול הברה שמעו לא יצאו. וכן התוקע לתוך חבית גדולה וכיוצא בה. אם קול שופר שמע יצא ואם קול הברה שמע לא יצא

Shofar, Sukkah, vLulav - Chapter Two

1
Everyone is obligated to hear the sounding of the shofar: priests, levites, Israelites, converts, and freed slaves. However, women, slaves, and minors are free of the obligation.
A person who is half slave and half free, a tumtum, and an androgynous are obligated [to hear shofar].
א
הכל חייבין לשמוע קול שופר כהנים לויים וישראלים וגרים ועבדים משוחררים. אבל נשים ועבדים וקטנים פטורין. מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין וטומטום ואנדרוגינוס חייבין:
2
Whoever is not [himself] obligated regarding this matter cannot facilitate the performance of the mitzvah for one who is obligated. Thus, if a woman or a minor blows the shofar, one who hears does not fulfill his obligation.
An androgynous can facilitate the performance of the mitzvah for one of his kind, but not for one who is not of his kind. A tumtum cannot facilitate the performance of the mitzvah [for anyone], whether of his kind or not of his kind, for if [the layer of skin covering] the tumtum's [genitalia] is cut open, it is possible that it will be discovered that the tumtum is a male, but it is possible that it will be discovered that the tumtum is a female.
ב
כל מי שאינו חייב בדבר אינו מוציא את החייב ידי חובתו. לפיכך אשה או קטן שתקעו בשופר השומע מהן לא יצא. אנדרוגינוס מוציא את מינו ואינו מוציא את שאינו מינו. טומטום אינו מוציא לא את מינו ולא שאינו מינו. שהטומטום שנקרע אפשר שימצא זכר ואפשר שימצא נקבה:
3
A person who is half slave and half free cannot even facilitate the performance of the mitzvah for himself, because the aspect of himself which is a slave cannot facilitate the performance of the mitzvah for the aspect of himself which is free.
How should he fulfill his obligation? He should hear a free man blow the shofar.
ג
וכן מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין אינו מוציא אפילו עצמו שאין צד עבדות שבו מוציא צד חירות שבו. אלא כיצד יצא ידי חובתו שישמע מבן חורין שיתקע לו:
4
A person who occupies himself with blowing the shofar in order to learn does not fulfill his obligation. Similarly, one who hears the shofar from a person who blows it casually does not fulfill his obligation.
If the person hearing had the intention of fulfilling his obligation, but the person blowing did not have the intention of facilitating the latter's performance of the mitzvah, or the person blowing had the intention of facilitating his colleague's performance of the mitzvah, but the person hearing did not have the intention of fulfilling his obligation, [the person hearing] did not fulfill his obligation. Rather, both the person hearing and the one allowing him to hear must have the [proper] intention.
ד
המתעסק בתקיעת שופר להתלמד לא יצא חובתו. וכן השומע מן המתעסק לא יצא. נתכוון שומע לצאת ידי חובתו ולא נתכוון התוקע להוציאו או שנתכוון התוקע להוציאו ולא נתכוון השומע לצאת לא יצא ידי חובתו. עד שיתכוין שומע ומשמיע:
5
If a person blew the shofar with the intention of enabling all those hearing his blowing to perform the mitzvah, and a listener heard while having the intention to fulfill his obligation - even though the person blowing did not have a specific intention that this individual would hear his blowing, nor did he know about him - the listener has fulfilled his obligation, because the blower had in mind all those who heard him.
Accordingly, if a person was traveling on a journey or was sitting in his home and heard the teki'ot from the person leading the congregation, he has fulfilled his obligation if he had that intention, since the leader of the congregation had the intention of enabling the many to fulfill their obligation.
ה
מי שתקע ונתכוון להוציא כל השומע תקיעתו ושמע השומע ונתכוון לצאת ידי חובתו אע"פ שאין התוקע מתכוין לזה פלוני ששמע תקיעתו ואינו יודעו יצא. שהרי נתכוון לכל מי שישמענו. לפיכך מי שהיה מהלך בדרך או יושב בתוך ביתו ושמע התקיעות משליח ציבור יצא אם נתכוון לצאת. שהרי שליח צבור מתכוין להוציא את הרבים ידי חובתן:
6
If the festival of Rosh Hashanah falls on the Sabbath, the shofar is not sounded in every place. [This law was enacted] even though blowing [the shofar] was forbidden only as sh'vut.
It would be appropriate for [the shofar] to be sounded, for a positive commandment of the Torah should supersede sh'vut instituted by the Sages. If so, why is the shofar not sounded?
Because of a decree [of the Sages] lest a person take it in his hands and carry it to a colleague so that the latter can blow for him, and [in the process,] carry it four cubits in the public domain or transfer it from one domain to another, and thus violate a prohibition punishable by being stoned to death. [This is necessary because] all are obligated in the mitzvah of blowing the shofar, but not all are skilled in it.
ו
יום טוב של ראש השנה שחל להיות בשבת אין תוקעין בשופר בכל מקום. אף על פי שהתקיעה משום שבות ומן הדין היה שתוקעין יבא עשה של תורה וידחה שבות של דבריהם. ולמה אין תוקעין גזירה שמא יטלנו בידו ויוליכנו למי שיתקע לו ויעבירנו ארבע אמות ברשות הרבים. או יוציאו מרשות לרשות ויבא לידי איסור סקילה. שהכל חייבים בתקיעה ואין הכל בקיאין לתקוע:
7
Children who have not reached an age at which they can be educated: We need not prevent them from blowing [the shofar] on a Sabbath which is not the festival of Rosh Hashanah, so that they will learn [to blow].
An adult is permitted to be involved in the instruction [of children in the blowing of shofar] on the festival. [This applies] concerning both children who have reached an age at which they can be educated and those who have not reached that age, for blowing [the shofar] is prohibited only as sh'vut.
ז
התינוקות שלא הגיעו לחנוך אין מעכבין אותן מלתקוע בשבת שאינה יום טוב של ראש השנה כדי שילמדו. ומותר לגדול שיתעסק עמהן כדי ללמדן. ביום טוב. בין קטן שהגיע לחינוך בין קטן שלא הגיע לחינוך. שהתקיעה אינה אסורה אלא משום שבות:
8
When [the Sages] decreed not to sound [the shofar] on the Sabbath, they applied that decree only to places which lacked a court. However, while the Temple was standing and the Supreme Court was seated in Jerusalem, everyone would sound the shofar in Jerusalem throughout the entire period the court held its sessions there.
[This did not apply] to the people of Jerusalem alone. Rather, every city that was within the outer limits of Jerusalem and [whose inhabitants] could:
see Jerusalem - i.e., excluding those within a wadi;
hear the shofar blown in Jerusalem - i.e., excluding those on the mountaintops; and
travel to Jerusalem - i.e., excluding those separated by a wadi from the city
the people of these cities would blow the shofar on the Sabbath as in Jerusalem. However, in the other cities of Israel, they would not sound [the shofar on the Sabbath].
ח
כשגזרו שלא לתקוע בשבת לא גזרו אלא במקום שאין בו בית דין. אבל בזמן שהיה בית המקדש קיים והיה בית דין הגדול בירושלים היו הכל תוקעין בירושלים בשבת כל זמן שבית דין יושבין. ולא אנשי ירושלים בלבד אלא כל עיר שהיתה בתוך תחום ירושלים. והיתה רואה ירושלים לא שתהיה בתוך הנחל. והיתה שומעת קול תקיעת ירושלים לא שתהיה בראש ההר. והיתה יכולה לבוא בירושלים לא שיהיה נהר מפסיק ביניהם. אנשי אותה העיר היו תוקעים בשבת בירושלים. אבל בשאר ערי ישראל לא היו תוקעין:
9
At present, while the Temple is destroyed, wherever a court whose judges received semichah in Eretz Yisrael permanently holds sessions, the shofar is sounded on the Sabbath. Furthermore, the shofar is sounded on the Sabbath only in a court that has sanctified the new moon. However, the shofar will not be sounded in other courts, even though their judges have received semichah. Also, the shofar is sounded only in the presence of a high court.
It may be sounded during the entire time they are in session. Even after they have begun preparing to rise - as long as they have not risen - the shofar may be sounded before them. However, outside the court, the shofar may not be sounded.
Why is the shofar allowed to be sounded in the court? Because the court is scrupulous [in the observance of the mitzvot] and, in its presence, those who blow the shofar will not carry the shofar in the public domain, for the court will warn the people and inform them.
ט
ובזמן הזה שחרב בית המקדש כל מקום שיש בו בית דין קבוע והוא שיהיה סמוך בארץ ישראל תוקעין בו בשבת. ואין תוקעין בשבת אלא בבית דין שקידשו את החדש אבל שאר בתי דינין אין תוקעין בהן אף על פי שהן סמוכין. ואין תוקעין אלא בפני בית דין גדול בלבד כל זמן שהן יושבין ואפילו ננערו לעמוד ולא עמדו תוקעין בפניהם. אבל חוץ לבית דין אין תוקעין. ולמה תוקעין בפני בית דין מפני שבית דין זריזין הן ולא יבאו התוקעין להעביר השופר בפניהם ברשות הרבים שבית דין מזהירין את העם ומודיעין אותן:
10
In the present age, when we celebrate Rosh Hashanah in the exile for two days, the shofar is sounded on the second day just as it is sounded on the first.
If the first day falls on the Sabbath, those who were not in the presence of a court fit to blow the shofar on the Sabbath may blow the shofar on the second day alone.
• Hayom Yom: Today's Hayom Yom
• Shabbat, 17 Kislev, 5777 · 17 December 2016
• "Today's Day"
• 
Tuesday, Kislev 17, 5704
Torah lessons: Chumash: Vayeishev, Shlishi with Rashi.
Tehillim: 83-87.
Tanya: I have heard (p. 627)...suffice for the knowing. (p. 631).
Chassidus Chabad opens the gates to the chambers of chochma and bina, enabling one to know and to recognize - with intellectual comprehension - "He who spoke and the world came into being.1 It awakens the feelings of the heart so that it is aroused with the emotion engendered by that particular intellectual comprehension.2 And Chassidus Chabad shows the way that each individual - commensurate with his innate abilities - can "approach the Sacred," to serve G-d with his mind and heart.
FOOTNOTES
1.See Siddur p. 30, line 37 (Baruch she'amar); compare Tehillim 33:9.
2.Of G-d. A specific intellectual contemplation arouses (or engenders) a specific emotion related to it.
• Daily Thought:
Pocket Protection

Our minds sit nestled in a pocket of natural events, sewn with the thread of outrageous miracles.
The pocket protects us: Exposed to the raw light of those miracles, we would be paralyzed with awe, incapable of continuing with life.[Tanya, Book II, chapter 4. Shavuot 5737:23. 19 Kislev 5734:3.]
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